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Faber J, Wilde EA, Hanten G, Ewing-Cobbs L, Aitken ME, Yallampalli R, MacLeod MC, Mullins SH, Chu ZD, Li X, Hunter JV, Noble-Haeusslein L, Levin HS. Ten-year outcome of early childhood traumatic brain injury: Diffusion tensor imaging of the ventral striatum in relation to executive functioning. Brain Inj 2016; 30:1635-1641. [PMID: 27680309 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1199910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The long-term effects of TBI on verbal fluency and related structures, as well as the relation between cognition and structural integrity, were evaluated. It was hypothesized that the group with TBI would evidence poorer performance on cognitive measures and a decrease in structural integrity. RESEARCH DESIGN Between a paediatric group with TBI and a group of typically-developing children, the long-term effects of traumatic brain injury were investigated in relation to both structural integrity and cognition. Common metrics for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used as indicators of white matter integrity. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Using DTI, this study examined ventral striatum (VS) integrity in 21 patients aged 10-18 years sustaining moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) 5-15 years earlier and 16 demographically comparable subjects. All participants completed Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS) sub-tests. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The group with TBI exhibited lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and executive functioning performance and higher apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). DTI metrics correlated with D-KEFS performance (right VS FA with Inhibition errors, right VS ADC with Letter Fluency, left VS FA and ADC with Category Switching). CONCLUSIONS TBI affects VS integrity, even in a chronic phase, and may contribute to executive functioning deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Faber
- a Rice University , Houston , TX , USA.,b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - E A Wilde
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.,c Department of Neurology.,d Department of Radiology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,e Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - G Hanten
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - L Ewing-Cobbs
- f Children's Learning Institute and Department of Pediatrics , University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - M E Aitken
- g Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - R Yallampalli
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.,e Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - M C MacLeod
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - S H Mullins
- g Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Z D Chu
- d Department of Radiology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,h Department of Pediatric Radiology , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - X Li
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - J V Hunter
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.,d Department of Radiology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,h Department of Pediatric Radiology , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - L Noble-Haeusslein
- i Departments of Neurosurgical Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - H S Levin
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.,c Department of Neurology.,e Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
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Abstract
Metacognition is one of the cognitive processes included under the general term executive functions. The executive functions are widely held to be under the control of the prefrontal cortex, an area often damaged after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We examined the metacognitive processing of a group of 9 children with TBI, and a group of 9 healthy, age-matched control children. Children with TBI showed significant impairments in their accuracy of prediction of the ease with which an item would be learned and their ability to predict recall of an item after a 2-hr delay. No significant differences in recall performance between the TBI and control groups were exhibited. The results are interpreted as suggesting an impairment in metacognitive processing resulting from frontal lobe damage after TBI in children. Additional research is necessary to confirm the relation of frontal lobe pathology and severity of injury to metacognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hanten
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, 6560 Fannin, Suite 1144, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
A developmental case of phonological short-term memory deficit was studied in a highly educated subject. The subject, BS, who had obtained a Ph.D. in molecular biology, demonstrated striking deficits on some short-term memory tasks, particularly for auditorily presented nonword lists. With visual presentation and with meaningful words, he often scored at a normal level. The results indicate a deficit in retaining phonological information but an ability to use visual, lexical, and semantic information to boost recall. Despite this phonological short-term memory deficit, BS scored at a normal level on a syntactic comprehension test and on reading of nonwords. He was impaired, however, on repeated list learning, learning of foreign vocabulary, and transcribing dictated materials. The implications of these results for models of short-term memory and the uses of phonological retention in cognitive processing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hanten
- Rice University, University Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Shi D, Winston JH, Blackburn MR, Datta SK, Hanten G, Kellems RE. Diverse genetic regulatory motifs required for murine adenosine deaminase gene expression in the placenta. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:2334-41. [PMID: 8999942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a ubiquitous purine catabolic enzyme whose expression is subject to developmental and tissue-specific regulation. ADA is enriched in trophoblast cells of the chorioallantoic placenta and is essential for embryonic and fetal development. To begin to understand the genetic pathway controlling Ada gene expression in the placenta, we have identified and characterized a 770-base pair fragment located 5.4 kilobase pairs upstream of the Ada transcription initiation site, which directs reporter gene expression to the placenta of transgenic mice. The expression pattern of the reporter gene reflected that of the endogenous Ada gene in the placenta. Sequence analysis revealed potential binding sites for bHLH and GATA transcription factors. DNase I footprinting defined three protein binding regions, one of which was placenta-specific. Mutations in the potential protein binding sites and footprinting regions resulted in loss of placental expression in transgenic mice. These findings indicate that multiple protein binding motifs are necessary for Ada expression in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shi
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Overbeek PA, Aguilar-Cordova E, Hanten G, Schaffner DL, Patel P, Lebovitz RM, Lieberman MW. Coinjection strategy for visual identification of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 1991; 1:31-7. [PMID: 1844573 DOI: 10.1007/bf02512994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice were generated by coinjection of a dominant marker gene that induces fur and eye pigmentation (a tyrosinase minigene) plus an unrelated DNA construction that has a gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) promoter linked to a ras oncogene. Mice transgenic for gamma GT-ras could be identified in the first and all subsequent generations by simple visual inspection for pigmentation. Furthermore, the gamma-glutamyl transferase promoter was active in kidney but not skin of the transgenic mice, indicating that the cointegrated DNA was active and independently expressed. These results confirm that the tyrosinase minigene can be used for coinjections to allow rapid visual identification of transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Overbeek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Taketo M, Schroeder AC, Mobraaten LE, Gunning KB, Hanten G, Fox RR, Roderick TH, Stewart CL, Lilly F, Hansen CT. FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2065-9. [PMID: 1848692 PMCID: PMC51169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FVB/N mice offer a system suitable for most transgenic experiments and subsequent genetic analyses. The inbred FVB/N strain is characterized by vigorous reproductive performance and consistently large litters. Moreover, fertilized FVB/N eggs contain large and prominent pronuclei, which facilitate microinjection of DNA. The phenotype of large pronuclei in the zygote is a dominant trait associated with the FVB/N oocyte but not the FVB/N sperm. In experiments to generate transgenic mice, the same DNA constructs were injected into three different types of zygotes: FVB/N, C57BL/6J, and (C57BL/6J x SJL/J)F1. FVB/N zygotes survived well after injection, and transgenic animals were obtained with efficiencies similar to the F1 zygotes and much better than the C57BL/6J zygotes. Genetic markers of the FVB/N strain have been analyzed for 44 loci that cover 15 chromosomes and were compared with those of commonly used inbred strains. In addition to the albino FVB/N strain, pigmented congenic strains of FVB/N are being constructed. These features make the FVB/N strain advantageous to use for research with transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taketo
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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Liou GI, Geng L, al-Ubaidi MR, Matragoon S, Hanten G, Baehr W, Overbeek PA. Tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice directed by the 5'-flanking sequences of the human gene encoding interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:8373-6. [PMID: 2160453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) is an extracellular protein that has been suggested to participate in the visual process as a carrier for visual retinoids. A chimeric gene composed of the human IRBP promoter fused to the bacterial reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was used to generate transgenic mice. Analysis of six transgenic families revealed that the CAT gene, concomitant with the endogenous IRBP gene, was expressed primarily in the retina and, to a lesser extent, in the pineal gland. These results establish that a 1.3-kilobase fragment from the 5' end of the human IRBP gene is sufficient to direct transgene expression to a visual subdivision of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Liou
- Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Liou GI, Geng L, al-Ubaidi MR, Matragoon S, Hanten G, Baehr W, Overbeek PA. Tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice directed by the 5'-flanking sequences of the human gene encoding interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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