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Yeo L, Woodwyk A, Sood S, Lorenc A, Eichmann M, Pujol-Autonell I, Melchiotti R, Skowera A, Fidanis E, Dolton GM, Tungatt K, Sewell AK, Heck S, Saxena A, Beam CA, Peakman M. Autoreactive T effector memory differentiation mirrors β cell function in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3460-3474. [PMID: 29851415 DOI: 10.1172/jci120555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells with specificity for β cell autoantigens are found in the pancreatic islets, where they are implicated in the destruction of insulin-secreting β cells. In contrast, the disease relevance of β cell-reactive CD8+ T cells that are detectable in the circulation, and their relationship to β cell function, are not known. Here, we tracked multiple, circulating β cell-reactive CD8+ T cell subsets and measured β cell function longitudinally for 2 years, starting immediately after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. We found that change in β cell-specific effector memory CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 was positively correlated with C-peptide change in subjects below 12 years of age. Autoreactive CD57+ effector memory CD8+ T cells bore the signature of enhanced effector function (higher expression of granzyme B, killer-specific protein of 37 kDa, and CD16, and reduced expression of CD28) compared with their CD57- counterparts, and network association modeling indicated that the dynamics of β cell-reactive CD57+ effector memory CD8+ T cell subsets were strongly linked. Thus, coordinated changes in circulating β cell-specific CD8+ T cells within the CD57+ effector memory subset calibrate to functional insulin reserve in type 1 diabetes, providing a tool for immune monitoring and a mechanism-based target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Yeo
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa Woodwyk
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanjana Sood
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Lorenc
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Eichmann
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosella Melchiotti
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ania Skowera
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Efthymios Fidanis
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Garry M Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Tungatt
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Heck
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alka Saxena
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Beam
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,King's Health Partners Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity, London, United Kingdom
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Tan MP, Dolton GM, Gerry AB, Brewer JE, Bennett AD, Pumphrey NJ, Jakobsen BK, Sewell AK. Human leucocyte antigen class I-redirected anti-tumour CD4 + T cells require a higher T cell receptor binding affinity for optimal activity than CD8 + T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:124-137. [PMID: 27324616 PMCID: PMC5167017 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper cells are a valuable component of the immune response towards cancer. Unfortunately, natural tumour‐specific CD4+ T cells occur in low frequency, express relatively low‐affinity T cell receptors (TCRs) and show poor reactivity towards cognate antigen. In addition, the lack of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II expression on most cancers dictates that these cells are often unable to respond to tumour cells directly. These deficiencies can be overcome by transducing primary CD4+ T cells with tumour‐specific HLA class I‐restricted TCRs prior to adoptive transfer. The lack of help from the co‐receptor CD8 glycoprotein in CD4+ cells might result in these cells requiring a different optimal TCR binding affinity. Here we compared primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing wild‐type and a range of affinity‐enhanced TCRs specific for the HLA A*0201‐restricted NY‐ESO‐1‐ and gp100 tumour antigens. Our major findings are: (i) redirected primary CD4+ T cells expressing TCRs of sufficiently high affinity exhibit a wide range of effector functions, including cytotoxicity, in response to cognate peptide; and (ii) optimal TCR binding affinity is higher in CD4+ T cells than CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that the CD4+ T cell component of current adoptive therapies using TCRs optimized for CD8+ T cells is below par and that there is room for substantial improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Tan
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - G M Dolton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A K Sewell
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Ekeruche-Makinde J, Clement M, Cole DK, Edwards ESJ, Ladell K, Miles JJ, Matthews KK, Fuller A, Lloyd KA, Madura F, Dolton GM, Pentier J, Lissina A, Gostick E, Baxter TK, Baker BM, Rizkallah PJ, Price DA, Wooldridge L, Sewell AK. T-cell receptor-optimized peptide skewing of the T-cell repertoire can enhance antigen targeting. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37269-81. [PMID: 22952231 PMCID: PMC3481325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.386409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered peptide antigens that enhance T-cell immunogenicity have been used to improve peptide-based vaccination for a range of diseases. Although this strategy can prime T-cell responses of greater magnitude, the efficacy of constituent T-cell clonotypes within the primed population can be poor. To overcome this limitation, we isolated a CD8+ T-cell clone (MEL5) with an enhanced ability to recognize the HLA A*0201-Melan A27–35 (HLA A*0201-AAGIGILTV) antigen expressed on the surface of malignant melanoma cells. We used combinatorial peptide library screening to design an optimal peptide sequence that enhanced functional activation of the MEL5 clone, but not other CD8+ T-cell clones that recognized HLA A*0201-AAGIGILTV poorly. Structural analysis revealed the potential for new contacts between the MEL5 T-cell receptor and the optimized peptide. Furthermore, the optimized peptide was able to prime CD8+ T-cell populations in peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolates from multiple HLA A*0201+ individuals that were capable of efficient HLA A*0201+ melanoma cell destruction. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that it is possible to design altered peptide antigens for the selection of superior T-cell clonotypes with enhanced antigen recognition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ekeruche-Makinde
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
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Abstract
In this mini-review, we provide an overview of those PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases) that are relevant to the immune response, highlighting the function of a number of intracellular and transmembrane PTPs that have been identified as having important negative regulatory roles on distinct aspects of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dolton
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Research Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
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