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Duration Ratings as an Index of Processing Resources Required for Cognitive Tasks. The Journal of General Psychology 2009; 124:49-76. [DOI: 10.1080/00221309709595507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Alcohol and estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Direct and mediated effects on cognitive component processes. Neuropsychobiology 2008; 58:104-10. [PMID: 18843196 PMCID: PMC2723943 DOI: 10.1159/000162357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The literature remains contentious regarding the separate and combined effects of moderate drinking and estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on cognition. In the current study, the authors sought to disentangle the predictive utility of alcohol use, ERT and their interaction on the episodic and semantic memory stores of postmenopausal women. It was predicted that relationships between moderate drinking, ERT and cognition would be attenuated by demographic and health-related factors. Postmenopausal women (n = 298) completed a battery of cognitive tests designed to assess speed and accuracy of episodic and knowledge-based cognitive processing. Potentially confounding variables were categorized and tested as mediators in hierarchical regression analyses. Moderate drinking was a weak predictor of episodic availability prior to removal of potential mediators. ERT use was a significant predictor of episodic and knowledge-based availability; no mediators were identified. Alcohol moderated ERT, as a combined alcohol/ERT variable was shown to be related to cognition. Neither moderate drinking nor ERT use was associated with cognitive speed. These findings suggest that positive relationships between alcohol and cognition are likely mediated by other variables, and should not be regarded as a benefit of drinking. Further, results support ERT as a predictor of knowledge-based and episodic availability, independent of mood stabilization or socioeconomic influences. Finally, alcohol and ERT appear to interact to impact both episodic and knowledge-based performance.
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Alcohol and the Human Experience: Guest Editors' Introduction. The Journal of General Psychology 2006. [DOI: 10.3200/genp.133.4.325-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Alcohol affects several neurotransmitter systems within the brain. In this article, the author describes its effects on 5 major ones: glutamate, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, and opioid systems. The author also notes the interactions and interdependencies of these transmitters, and provides details on both immediate effects and long-term adaptations. Last, the author explains several psychopharmacological treatments for alcoholism and the effects of these treatments on transmitters, and draws conclusions.
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Abstract
Lavie and Cox (1997, Psychological Science, 8, 395) suggested that stimuli outside the focus of attention can have more distracting effects when the task requires less attention than when it requires more. This idea provides an explanation for the proposed dissociation found between two forms of attentional control (Folk & Remington, 1998, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 847). This proposal was based on a red (green) distractor that captured attention when a red (green) target was used, but not when a green (red) target was used, and the further result that, if there were no distractor, reaction times were faster than with either type of distractor. We tested whether a target that requires serial search would eliminate the dissociation. With the same targets used by Folk and Remington (ones that can be found with parallel search), we also obtained a dissociation. However, with the serial-search targets, dissociation was not found. Our interpretation is that the dissociation represents two forms of the same attentional process.
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Attentional capture with various distractor and target types. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 2001; 63:979-90. [PMID: 11578059 DOI: 10.3758/bf03194517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effects of nonpredictive distractors that involved changes in luminance, size, or shape were examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, with two types of distractors (onsets and offsets), accuracy was better on trials when the distractor was near the location of either an offset or an onset target than on trials when the distractor was in a different location from that of the target, demonstrating attentional capture. Capture occurred both when the type of target (onset or offset) was blocked and therefore predictable and also when the type of target was mixed within blocks and therefore not predictable. Further experiments indicated that distractors captured attention even when the change to distractor did not create a new perceptual object. Neither a singleton-detection mode, nor a contingent involuntary orienting hypothesis, nor creation of a new object seems to explain all of these data adequately. Rather, capture may depend on a number of factors in the task.
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Time course of attention effects with abrupt-onset and offset single- and multiple-element precues. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2000; 112:411-36. [PMID: 10696272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Large differences between the time course of attentional responsiveness to onset single-element precues (onset singles) and to onset multiple-element precues (onset multiples) have suggested differences in the way attention is controlled. In five experiments here, singles presented as offsets produced rapid attention buildup, attentional decay across longer precue-to-target delays, and attentional capture, as do onset singles, suggesting exogenous attentional control; both offset and onset multiples produced gradual onset of attentional effects without subsequent attentional decay, suggesting endogenous attentional control; and onset and offset singles produced higher accuracy than onset and offset multiples. Thus, the dynamic quality of a sudden onset is not sufficient explanation for the exogenous attentional control produced by a single-element peripheral precue.
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Attention effects of abrupt-onset precues with central, single-element, and multiple-element precues. Conscious Cogn 1999; 8:510-28. [PMID: 10600248 DOI: 10.1006/ccog.1999.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous processes of attention have been inferred with different types of precues used in allocation of attention to a target location. In the present research, a comparison was made between the typical peripheral single-element precue (SEP), a central precue, and a multiple-element precue (MEP) in order to further understanding of the processes involved in allocation of attention. Two precues were used on each trial in these experiments. An abrupt-onset precue appeared with an SEP, an MEP, or a central precue and was followed 50 or 300 ms later by a screen containing a target and two distractor characters. The abrupt-onset precue and the other precue each could be valid or invalid in indicating the location of the target, as in the study by Juola, Koshino, and Warner (1995). Response times to the targets showed that validity effects of the abrupt-onset precue and the MEP or central precue were additive, whereas those of the abrupt-onset precue and the SEP were interactive. These data suggest that, like a central precue, an MEP is an endogenous precue that guides conscious control of attention and has its attentional effects at a different processing level from an SEP, which is an exogenous precue and may compete for attentional resources with an abrupt-onset precue.
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Influences of target and nontarget shapes on target identification. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s004260050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR), first described in 1984, was considered to be a general phenomenon for ensuring that attention would be allocated to successive stimuli in the environment. In the present research, IOR was expressed in forced-choice identification tasks with either reaction time or accuracy as the dependent measure. Thus, the generality of IOR was supported, because response inhibition cannot explain IOR found with accuracy measures. Concepts from the variable and permeable filters metaphor are used to suggest how changes in attention can change expression of IOR by rapid variation in perceptual threshold.
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Time Course of Attention Effects with Abrupt-Onset and Offset Single- and Multiple-Element Precues. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/1423639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Attention effects of moving and stationary single-element and multiple-element precues: limits of automaticity. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1998; 60:873-87. [PMID: 9682611 DOI: 10.3758/bf03206070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A multiple-element precue (MEP), in which one unique element defines the actual precue, results in efficient precuing for identification of a target. The time course for identification in this case is similar to that for a central precue, even though it is presented peripherally (Chastain, 1996; Chastain & Cheal, in press). Five experiments were conducted to gain further information on the function of MEPs and to question what advantage prior knowledge of the precue may give. In Experiments 1 and 2, it was shown that for "pop-out" features, accuracy of identification of a target was higher if the precue type was known in advance. In contrast, as shown in Experiments 3, 4, and 5, when the precue was defined by apparent motion, there was no difference in accuracy due to advanced knowledge of the precue. Further, accuracy was considerably better for motion precues than for stationary precues.
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Parafoveal identification asymmetry: interactive effects of shape and color. GENETIC, SOCIAL, AND GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY MONOGRAPHS 1998; 124:211-28. [PMID: 9597746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
If two adjacent letters project to the parafoveal region of the retina, both accuracy and discriminability measures have revealed that a letter flanked to its foveal side is identified more accurately than a letter the same distance from the fovea that is flanked to its peripheral side. This parafoveal identification asymmetry is greater if the letters are dissimilar in shape than if they are similar. Color and brightness were introduced as variables in the present experiments. The identification asymmetry was greatest for dissimilar letters in different (complementary) colors. Although those colors differed also in brightness, two letters that were achromatic but merely different in brightness did not produce an asymmetry interaction with shape. Interletter separation was varied between .15 and 1.95 deg, and the pattern of results just described persisted across both distances. The synergistic interaction of shape relation and color relation in determining the amount of identification asymmetry suggests that color and shape affect perceptual processing at the same level.
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Abstract
The effect of nontargets on the identification of targets in the location-cuing paradigm was investigated in order to determine whether observers consistently allocate their attention to a validly cued location and whether the effect of nontargets is to facilitate or to inhibit performance. In four experiments, the effects of a single matching nontarget or a single nonmatching nontarget were compared. In each experiment, it was shown that observers consistently allocate their attention to a cued location when a precue appears and that performance is inhibited more by nonmatching nontargets in the display than it is facilitated by matching nontargets.
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Multiple-element line segment precues: orientation and location effects on attention. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1996; 58:1015-25. [PMID: 8920838 DOI: 10.3758/bf03206829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that a uniquely oriented line segment located at the end of the directional flow produced by the alignment of the long axes of identically oriented background segments will not be detected as rapidly as when the segment appears at locations within the flow. The hypothesis was supported with response time measured in Experiment 1. A location-cuing task was used in the last two experiments, with the unique segment becoming a precue to indicate the location of an upcoming target character, accuracy was the dependent measure. Poorer detection of the unique segment at end-of-flow locations was shown not to be due to a local configuration effect produced by the uniquely oriented segment in conjunction with the segment on either side. The time course of attentional development with multiple-segment precue displays was comparable to that with an arrow at fixation as the precue, and slower than that with a line segment appearing alone.
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Attention and nontarget effects in the location-cuing paradigm. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1996; 58:300-9. [PMID: 8838172 DOI: 10.3758/bf03211883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted in order to determine whether irrelevant items presented outside the focus of attention would affect the identification of a precued target. A peripheral cue indicated one of eight possible locations in a circular array, centered on fixation with a radius of 5.25 degrees. After a variable interval (0-200 msec), eight characters were presented briefly and masked. In each experiment, there was an effect of the identity of the characters at the seven noncued locations (the nontargets) on the accuracy of identification of the target. When there were more nontargets identical to the target, accuracy was higher than when there were fewer nontargets identical to the target. Nontargets consistently affected performance despite incentives to focus only on the target.
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Experiment spot-checks: a method for assessing the educational value of undergraduate participation in research. IRB 1995; 17:4-6. [PMID: 11654217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Experiment Spot-Checks: A Method for Assessing the Educational Value of Undergraduate Participation in Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.2307/3564152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mood and Lexical Access of Positive, Negative, and Neutral Words. The Journal of General Psychology 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1995.9921228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Location coding with symbols resembling letter strokes is better than with whole letters. Acta Psychol (Amst) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6918(94)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Letter Detection in Multiple-Meaning Words: One Lexical Entry or Two? The Journal of General Psychology 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1993.9711158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Time-course of sensitivity changes as attention shifts to an unpredictable location. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1992; 119:105-11. [PMID: 1506842 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1992.9921164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Shifting visual attention is often described as analogous to a spotlight moving through empty space between locations. In the present experiment, a peripheral precue summoned attention to an initial location, and 200 ms later a second peripheral cue appeared beside one of two possible second locations, each 14 degrees away from the initial location. The target was twice as likely to appear at the location that had been indicated by the immediately preceding cue as at the location that had been previously cued or that would be cued. Fine-grained temporal analyses indicated that, as attention was shifted, sensitivity to information at the second location gradually increased while sensitivity at the first location simultaneously decreased. Average sensitivity over the two locations during the shift remained significantly greater than average sensitivity immediately following the initial precue. In contrast, an attentional "spotlight" moving from the first to the second location would produce a decrease in average sensitivity to its initial level while the spotlight was between locations.
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Is rapid performance improvement across short precue-target delays due to masking from peripheral precues? Acta Psychol (Amst) 1992; 79:101-14. [PMID: 1598841 DOI: 10.1016/0001-6918(92)90027-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lateral masking in more rapid performance improvement with peripheral than with central precuing was investigated. A peripheral precue to the inside of the target location provided less masking at zero precue-target delay than a precue to the outside (experiment 1) or a precue involving a partial target at the target location (experiment 2). There was no significant interaction between precue-target delay and precue type in a comparison of inside precues and precues involving a briefly-brightened box around the target location, although overall performance was significantly poorer with the latter (experiment 3). Performance was better at short precue-target delays with inside precues than with central precues (experiment 4), yet it did not improve significantly more rapidly. Minimizing lateral masking with peripheral precues thus eliminates the dramatic performance improvement sometimes observed across short precue-target delays, causing performance to be consistently better than with central precues across these delays.
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Abstract
Two discrimination experiments were run to investigate analog versus discrete properties of a shift of visual spatial attention. Central cuing was used in Experiment 1, whereas peripheral cuing was used in Experiment 2. Presentation of a probe stimulus between fixation and the target (Distance 1), opposite fixation from the target (Distance 3), or away from an imaginary line running from the target through fixation (Distance 2) permitted a fine-grained analysis of attention at those loci across target-probe delays. D-prime analyses in both experiments suggest that attention is shifted in a discrete manner between locations. Sensitivity to probes was generally greater when the probe was aligned with the target and fixation, with Distance 3 equal to Distance 1, than when it was away (at Distance 2). Analysis of sensitivity to targets across cue-probe delays suggests that attention was directed to the probe upon its appearance.
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Effects of abruptly appearing clutter on a peripherally precued covert attention shift. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1991; 118:31-44. [PMID: 2037843 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1991.9711131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of clutter that appears abruptly with the target during covert shifts of attention to a precued target location in the visual field were studied. The delay between the appearance of the precue and that of the target with clutter was varied within each block. Blocked conditions included clutter density, the similarity between the shape of the clutter character and that of the target, and whether a clutter character appeared in each path between fixation and the target. Also, a no-clutter control condition was run in this totally within-subject design. Implications of the results for early versus late-selection models of attention were assessed.
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A test of perceptual enhancement with peripherally presented letter pairs. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1990; 117:295-301. [PMID: 2213000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine whether sensitivity to a member of a pair of stimulus letters projecting to the parafovae would be improved by presenting that member at fixation. The effect was examined for the pair member appearing at a constant distance from fixation, which always was flanked to its inner or outer side. Contrary to expectations based upon results reported by Geiger and Lettvin (1986), observed accuracy changes were found to be due to response bias rather than to sensitivity enhancement.
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Abstract
Errors in reporting a cued target letter appearing among a string of letters more often reflect the mislocation of a letter appearing elsewhere in the string than the intrusion of one not in the string. The current experiment was conducted to determine the representation of letters at the stage at which errors occur. Four letters (from a set of 12 chosen to contain counterpart pairs that were similar physically, phonemically, or both physically and phonemically) appeared in each exposure, with the target letter indicated by a cue in the postexposure mask. Letter strings presented to one group of subjects were flanked on either side by a pound sign (#) to assess the effect of lateral masking on the terminal letter in the string. Physical similarity dictated the pattern of mislocations between counterparts, suggesting a physical rather than phonemic or abstract representation. Lateral masking played no significant role in the difference between intrusions and mislocations.
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Effects of relative position and shape relation on gap detection with geometric form pairs. Acta Psychol (Amst) 1989; 72:13-23. [PMID: 2801170 DOI: 10.1016/0001-6918(89)90048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A letter presented parafoveally is better identified when flanked by a letter to its foveal side than when flanked by a letter to its peripheral side if the letters are different in shape. If the letters are similar, relative position does not affect identifiability. Whereas some articles in the literature suggest that this effect may not extend to geometric forms, results of the first experiment showed that it does. Results of the second experiment revealed that the strength of the significant interaction between relative position and shape relation remains constant over a range of eccentricities (2-20 deg were tested) extending above and below as well as to the left and right of fixation. Results are compared with predictions from a model that can account for the relative position-shape relation interaction.
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When shape information from a foveal nontarget affects gap detection accuracy in a parafoveal target. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1989; 116:5-16. [PMID: 2926378 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1989.9711105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects on gap detection accuracy of information at fixation concerning a parafoveally presented target form's global shape were determined in three experiments. Shape information was not directly relevant to the correct response regarding the presence of the gap. Tests were conducted to determine whether costs and benefits were associated with shape information, whether the effectiveness of shape information was sensitive to spatial attention, and whether subjects could volitionally suppress the nontarget information if it became apparent from preattentive analysis that it would not be helpful. Results were positive in all instances. Conclusions were that the foveal information was subject to early selection and that therefore it was not processed automatically.
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Does order of letter analysis contribute to the parafoveal identification asymmetry? THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1988; 115:397-402. [PMID: 3210001 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1988.9710576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A parafoveally presented target character usually is identified more accurately when flanked by a nontarget character to its foveal side than when flanked by one to its peripheral side. An outside-in process of analysis produced by uncertainty about the target's position could contribute to this asymmetry. Current results revealed a greater asymmetry with relative target position blocked than with it mixed over trials, suggesting that target position uncertainty leads to inside-out, rather than outside-in, analysis.
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Target letter inclusion in single and multiple word substrings and identification accuracy. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1988; 115:141-9. [PMID: 3385413 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1988.9711097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In experiment 1, target letter discrimination in quadrigrams containing multiple subwords was found to be no more accurate than target letter discrimination in strings of four unrelated letters. Discrimination in quadrigrams, each including the target letter and a one-word trigram of which the target was not a part, was significantly poorer than discrimination in either of the other two types. In Experiment 2, a possible explanation of the latter result involving capacity limitations was eliminated by presenting the target above or below the other letters, which were presented in the same order as in corresponding strings in Experiment 1. The results are explained with respect to the interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception, with a modification proposed involving inhibitory connections between word nodes.
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Feature perturbations are no guessing strategy artifact. Acta Psychol (Amst) 1987; 65:1-12. [PMID: 3618291 DOI: 10.1016/0001-6918(87)90043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Visually-presented letter strings typically are encoded phonologically: some converging evidence. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1987; 114:147-56. [PMID: 3585296 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1987.9711065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to show that phonological encoding is typical for visually-presented letter strings, and that an interactive activation model with a phonological route to the mental lexicon accounts adequately for the word-superiority effect. In Experiment 1, pseudohomophones produced a word-superiority effect that was as great as that produced by words. More accurate target discrimination in homophones than in nonhomophones in Experiment 2 was interpreted to mean that excitability of entries in the mental lexicon increases with frequency of access. Target discrimination accuracy was inversely related to the phonological complexity of strings containing targets in Experiment 3, supposedly because lexical access through which target discrimination is enhanced becomes more difficult as phonological complexity increases.
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Abstract
Between April 1982 and June 1983 four children 3 to 24 months of age were referred for evaluation of neurologic abnormalities found to be compatible with vaccine-related poliovirus infection, which had not been suspected by referring physicians. Patients were epidemiologically unrelated residents of Indiana, and none had prior symptoms suggestive of immunodeficiency. All had received poliovirus vaccine orally (first dose in three, fourth dose in one) and a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis injection in the left anterior thigh within 30 days of symptoms. A vaccine-like strain of poliovirus was isolated from each patient, and each had symptoms (left leg paralysis in three; developmental regression, spasticity, and progressive fatal cerebral atrophy in one) persisting for at least 6 months. Immune function was normal in two with poliovirus type 3 infection, and abnormal (hypogammaglobulinemia, combined immunodeficiency) in two with type 1 and type 2 infection, respectively. The incidence of observed vaccine-related poliovirus infection in Indiana recipients of orally administered poliovirus vaccine was 0.058 per 100,000 per year, significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than predicted.
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Figure mislocalizations as predicted from feature perturbation theory. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 1986; 40:83-96. [PMID: 3730956 DOI: 10.1037/h0080092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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42
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Evidence for feature perturbations from character misidentifications. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1986; 39:301-6. [PMID: 3737360 DOI: 10.3758/bf03204940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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43
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Facilitation in letter detection with sequentially presented homophonic strings. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1986; 113:75-80. [PMID: 3701306 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1986.9710543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A consistent phonology between sequentially presented pseudoword quadrigrams was found to improve performance in a letter-detection task. Each of 8 subjects was required to judge whether an M appeared in either the initial or terminal position of letter strings. The letter N was used as a foil. For each presentation, two quadrigrams appeared sequentially, the first for 20 ms and the second for a duration that allowed approximately 75% overall accuracy. The strings differed only by the letter next to the one on the opposite end of the string from the M or N. Subjects were not told that two strings were exposed on each presentation, and when asked, none reported having been aware of this. Nevertheless, detection was significantly better when the two strings were homophones (e.g., SERM, SIRM) than when they were not (e.g., SARM, SORM). Results are discussed in terms of phonological access to the mental lexicon.
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Positional differences in performance on members of confusable and nonconfusable letter pairs. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1985; 11:752-64. [PMID: 2934506 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.11.6.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A parafoveally presented letter is more accurately identified when flanked by a letter to its foveal side than when flanked by one to its peripheral side, but only if the two letters are nonconfusable. With confusable letters there is no such relative position effect. Four experiments indicated that the basis for this confusability-asymmetry interaction is not criterion or response bias, but rather that it occurs earlier in visual processing. In Experiment 1 the interaction was found when only one pair member was reported, thus eliminating response bias requiring the report of both letters as the source of the effect. In Experiment 2 the data were subjected to signal detection analysis, and the interaction persisted. In Experiment 3 pair members were presented simultaneously or in rapid sequence, and the interaction was found only with simultaneous presentations. In Experiment 4 letters were used with upper- and lowercase counterparts that were quite different in shape. Uppercase letters that were most and least confusable for each subject were paired for presentation in their upper case form or in mixed-case form. The interaction occurred only with upper-case pairs.
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Nontarget columns and parafoveal target identification: some limits on previously observed effects. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1984; 46:237-45. [PMID: 6494377 DOI: 10.1007/bf00308886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Directional letter-by-letter analysis and the word-superiority effect. Mem Cognit 1984; 12:195-201. [PMID: 6727641 DOI: 10.3758/bf03198434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
A phonological route to the mental lexicon was demonstrated in two experiments. Each involved a target discrimination task in which the target was the first or last letter of a quadrigram. Half the quadrigrams were pseudohomophones (identical in sound but not in spelling to an English word) and the other half were nonhomophones (pronounceable but neither spelled like nor sounding like any English word). In Experiment 1 each pseudohomophone had a nonhomophone counterpart produced by changing only the letter on the opposite end of the string from the target. In Experiment 2 the nonhomophone counterparts were produced by changing only the letter next to the one on the opposite end of the string from the target; thus the extreme letters were the same for both types of quadrigrams. Performance was significantly better on pseudohomophones than on nonhomophones in both experiments.
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Abstract
The degree to which the identification of a parafoveally presented letter target was impaired by being flanked by a foveal or peripheral nontarget at a target-mask interval of zero, 75, or 150 msec, was examined. Peripheral placement of the nontarget was more disruptive than foveal placement, and this asymmetry was significantly more pronounced at a 75-msec interval than at either of the other two. This finding is consonant with explanations of the asymmetry based on target visibility rather than on criterion or response factors.
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