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Dahmer MK, Yang G, Zhang M, Quasney MW, Sapru A, Weeks HM, Sinha P, Curley MAQ, Delucchi KL, Calfee CS, Flori H, Matthay MA, Bateman ST, Berg MD, Borasino S, Bysani GK, Cowl AS, Bowens CD, Faustino VS, Fineman LD, Godshall AJ, Hirshberg EL, Kirby AL, McLaughlin GE, Medar SS, Oren PP, Schneider JB, Schwarz AJ, Shanley TP, Source LR, Truemper EJ, Vender Heyden MA, Wittmayer K, Zuppa AF, Wypij D. Identification of phenotypes in paediatric patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a latent class analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2022; 10:289-297. [PMID: 34883088 PMCID: PMC8897230 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous latent class analysis of adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) identified two phenotypes, distinguished by the degree of inflammation. We aimed to identify phenotypes in children with ARDS in whom developmental differences might be important, using a latent class analysis approach similar to that used in adults. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of data aggregated from the Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure (RESTORE) clinical trial and the Genetic Variation and Biomarkers in Children with Acute Lung Injury (BALI) ancillary study. We used latent class analysis, which included demographic, clinical, and plasma biomarker variables, to identify paediatric ARDS (PARDS) phenotypes within a cohort of children included in the RESTORE and BALI studies. The association of phenotypes with clinically relevant outcomes and the performance of paediatric data in adult ARDS classification algorithms were also assessed. FINDINGS 304 children with PARDS were included in this secondary analysis. Using latent class analysis, a two-class model was a better fit for the cohort than a one-class model (p<0·001). Latent class analysis identified two classes: class 1 (181 [60%] of 304 patients with PARDS) and class 2 (123 [40%] of 304 patients with PARDS), referred to as phenotype 1 and 2 hereafter. Phenotype 2 was characterised by higher concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers, a higher incidence of vasopressor use, and more frequent diagnosis of sepsis, consistent with the adult hyperinflammatory phenotype. All levels of severity of PARDS were observed across both phenotypes. Children with the hyperinflammatory phenotype (phenotype 2) had worse clinical outcomes than those with the hypoinflammatory phenotype (phenotype 1), with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (median 10·0 days [IQR 6·3-21·0] for phenotype 2 vs 6·6 days [4·1-10·8] for phenotype 1, p<0·0001), and higher incidence of mortality (17 [13·8%] of 123 patients vs four [2·2%] of 181 patients, p=0·0001). When using adult phenotype classification algorithms in children, the soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFr1), vasopressor use, and interleukin (IL)-6 variables gave an area under the curve (AUC) of 0·956, and the sTNFr1, vasopressor use, and IL-8 variables gave an AUC of 0·954, compared with the gold standard of latent class analysis. INTERPRETATION Latent class analysis identified two phenotypes in children with ARDS with characteristics similar to those in adults, including worse outcomes among patients with the hyperinflammatory phenotype. PARDS phenotypes should be considered in design and analysis of future clinical trials in children. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Dahmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Guangyu Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael W Quasney
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Heidi M. Weeks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pratik Sinha
- Department of Anesthesia, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Martha AQ Curley
- Department of Family and Community Health (School of Nursing), Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine (Perelman School of Medicine) University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Research Institute; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kevin L Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heidi Flori
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Bysani GK, Rucoba RJ, Noah ZL. Treatment of hydrocarbon pneumonitis. High frequency jet ventilation as an alternative to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Chest 1994; 106:300-3. [PMID: 8020296 DOI: 10.1378/chest.106.1.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A child presented with hydrocarbon ingestion leading to pneumonitis and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Treatment with conventional ventilation in this child led to very high pressures and pulmonary air leaks. Treatment with high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) resulted in less barotrauma, resolution of air leak, and clinical improvement. Thus, HFJV is an acceptable alternative to both conventional ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of hydrocarbon pneumonitis leading to ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Bysani
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are a major cause of damage occurring in ischemic tissue after reperfusion. During reperfusion transitional metals such as iron are required for reactive oxygen species to mediate their major toxic effects. Xanthine oxidase is an important source of reactive oxygen species during ischemia-reperfusion injury, but not in all organs or species. Because cytochrome P-450 enzymes are an important pulmonary source of superoxide anion (O2-.) generation under basal conditions and during hyperoxia, and provide iron catalysts necessary for hydroxyl radical (.OH) formation and propagation of lipid peroxidation, we postulated that cytochrome P-450 might have a potential role in mediating ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this report, we explored the role of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in a rabbit model of reperfusion lung injury. The P-450 inhibitors 8-methoxypsoralen, piperonyl butoxide, and cimetidine markedly decreased lung edema from transvascular fluid flux. Cimetidine prevented the reperfusion-related increase in lung microvascular permeability, as measured by movement of 125I-albumin from the vascular space into lung water and alveolar fluid. P-450 inhibitors also prevented the increase in lung tissue levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive products in the model. P-450 inhibitors did not block enhanced O2-. generation by ischemic reperfused lungs, measured by in vivo reduction of succinylated ferricytochrome c in lung perfusate, but did prevent the increase in non-protein-bound low molecular weight chelates of iron after reperfusion. Thus, cytochrome P-450 enzymes are not likely a major source of enhanced O2-. generation, but serve as an important source of iron in mediating oxidant injury to the rabbit lung during reperfusion. These results suggest an important role of cytochrome P-450 in reperfusion injury to the lung and suggest potential new therapies for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Bysani
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Tennessee, Memphis
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Abstract
The specific binding of radiolabeled polymyxin B (PmB) to rat alveolar macrophages was investigated. PmB retained its ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor production by macrophages as long as one of five amino groups on PmB was unbound. Binding was saturable and temperature- and time-dependent, reaching steady state by 30 min at 37 degrees C and by 18 h at 4 degrees C. Macrophages had approximately 1.6 X 10(7) (Kd = 0.28 nM) PmB binding sites per cell. Lipid A had no appreciable effect on the number of sites. Binding did not occur to rat platelets, L929 fibroblast cells, a rat thymoma cell line, or precursor monocytic and myeloid cell lines. Precursor cells activated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate acquired binding similar to that seen in alveolar macrophages, but L929 fibroblasts did not. Binding sites were sensitive to trypsin but not to phospholipase C. PmB may interact with specific binding sites involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced activation, production, or release of tumor necrosis factor by macrophages, inhibiting the effects of lipopolysaccharide on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Bysani
- Cardiopulmonary-Critical Care Division, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis
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Kennedy TP, Michael JR, Hoidal JR, Hasty D, Sciuto AM, Hopkins C, Lazar R, Bysani GK, Tolley E, Gurtner GH. Dibutyryl cAMP, aminophylline, and beta-adrenergic agonists protect against pulmonary edema caused by phosgene. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989; 67:2542-52. [PMID: 2558103 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.6.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosgene is a toxic oxidant gas that causes the adult respiratory distress syndrome in exposed workers. Phosgene exposure markedly increased lung weight gain in buffer-perfused isolated rabbit lungs (31 +/- 5 g over 60 min after phosgene vs. 7.7 +/- 1.2 in control lungs, P less than 0.01) and markedly increased the lung leak index for 125I-albumin (0.28 +/- 0.03 after phosgene vs. 0.02 +/- 0.01 in control lungs, P less than 0.01). Pretreatment with dibutyryl adenosine 3',5' -cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP), aminophylline, or terbutaline plus isoproterenol prevented the increase in lung weight caused by phosgene (31 +/- 5 g phosgene, 11.7 +/- 2.8 DBcAMP, 7.5 +/- 2.5 aminophylline, 6.1 +/- 1 terbutaline and isoproterenol, 6.1 +/- 1.2 control + aminophylline, and 7.7 +/- 1.2 control; all treatments were P less than 0.01 vs. the untreated phosgene group and not significantly different from control lungs). Pretreatment with aminophylline prevented the increase in lung leak index for 125I-albumin (0.28 +/- 0.03 after phosgene vs. 0.06 +/- 0.02 in aminophylline-treated lungs, P less than 0.01). Posttreatment with aminophylline and terbutaline also prevented the increase in lung weight caused by phosgene. These results indicate that phosgene dramatically increases the movement of fluid and protein across the pulmonary vasculature and that treatment with DBcAMP, aminophylline, terbutaline, or isoproterenol markedly reduces the pulmonary edema caused by phosgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Kennedy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tennessee Center for Health Sciences, Memphis 38101
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Stokes DC, Shenep JL, Fishman M, Hildner WK, Bysani GK, Rufus K. Polymyxin B prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from alveolar macrophages. J Infect Dis 1989; 160:52-7. [PMID: 2543712 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/160.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyxin B (PmB) blocks many of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide by mechanisms that are not yet understood. The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by isolated rat alveolar macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide and macrophage-activating factor was blocked by PmB at concentrations of 100, 10, and 1 micrograms/ml. Gentamicin enhanced rather than inhibited TNF production at the 100-micrograms/ml concentrations and had no effect at low concentration. Similar inhibitory effects were induced by PmB in an in vivo model in which rat macrophage TNF production was stimulated by intratracheally injected lipopolysaccharide. Because many of the effects of lipopolysaccharide are mediated by TNF, this inhibition provides a mechanism to explain the protection afforded by PmB against lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Stokes
- Cardiopulmonary Division, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101-0318
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