1
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Vasamsetti SB, Coppin E, Zhang X, Florentin J, Koul S, Götberg M, Clugston AS, Thoma F, Sembrat J, Bullock GC, Kostka D, St Croix CM, Chattopadhyay A, Rojas M, Mulukutla SR, Dutta P. Apoptosis of hematopoietic progenitor-derived adipose tissue-resident macrophages contributes to insulin resistance after myocardial infarction. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/553/eaaw0638. [PMID: 32718989 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with insulin resistance have high risk of cardiovascular disease such as myocardial infarction (MI). However, it is not known whether MI can initiate or aggravate insulin resistance. We observed that patients with ST-elevation MI and mice with MI had de novo hyperglycemia and features of insulin resistance, respectively. In mouse models of both myocardial and skeletal muscle injury, we observed that the number of visceral adipose tissue (VAT)-resident macrophages decreased because of apoptosis after these distant organ injuries. Patients displayed a similar decrease in VAT-resident macrophage numbers and developed systemic insulin resistance after ST-elevation MI. Loss of VAT-resident macrophages after MI injury led to systemic insulin resistance in non-diabetic mice. Danger signaling-associated protein high mobility group box 1 was released by the dead myocardium after MI in rodents and triggered macrophage apoptosis via Toll-like receptor 4. The VAT-resident macrophage population in the steady state in mice was transcriptomically distinct from macrophages in the brain, skin, kidney, bone marrow, lungs, and liver and was derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells just after birth. Mechanistically, VAT-resident macrophage apoptosis and de novo insulin resistance in mouse models of MI were linked to diminished concentrations of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and adiponectin. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of adipose tissue-resident macrophages in sensing remote organ injury and promoting MI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Babu Vasamsetti
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Emilie Coppin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz Institute on Aging- Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jonathan Florentin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sasha Koul
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Matthias Götberg
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Andrew S Clugston
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Floyd Thoma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John Sembrat
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Grant C Bullock
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | - Mauricio Rojas
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Suresh R Mulukutla
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Partha Dutta
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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2
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Florentin J, Zhao J, Tai YY, Vasamsetti SB, O’Neil SP, Kumar R, Arunkumar A, Watson A, Sembrat J, Bullock GC, Sanders L, Kassa B, Rojas M, Graham BB, Chan SY, Dutta P. Interleukin-6 mediates neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow in pulmonary hypertension. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:374-384. [PMID: 33420357 PMCID: PMC8027442 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, such as neutrophils, are produced in the bone marrow in high quantities and are important in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension (PH). Although neutrophil recruitment into sites of inflammation has been well studied, the mechanisms of neutrophil egress from the bone marrow are not well understood. Using computational flow cytometry, we observed increased neutrophils in the lungs of patients and mice with PH. Moreover, we found elevated levels of IL-6 in the blood and lungs of patients and mice with PH. We observed that transgenic mice overexpressing Il-6 in the lungs displayed elevated neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and exaggerated neutrophil recruitment to the lungs, resulting in exacerbated pulmonary vascular remodeling, and dysfunctional hemodynamics. Mechanistically, we found that IL-6-induced neutrophil egress from the bone marrow was dependent on interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4)-mediated CX3CR1 expression in neutrophils. Consequently, Cx3cr1 genetic deficiency in hematopoietic cells in Il-6-transgenic mice significantly reduced neutrophil egress from bone marrow and decreased neutrophil counts in the lungs, thus ameliorating pulmonary remodeling and hemodynamics. In summary, these findings define a novel mechanism of IL-6-induced neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and reveal a new therapeutic target to curtail neutrophil-mediated inflammation in pulmonary vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Florentin
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jingsi Zhao
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Yi-Yin Tai
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Sathish Babu Vasamsetti
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Scott P. O’Neil
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, Building 100, 2nd floor, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Anagha Arunkumar
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Annie Watson
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - John Sembrat
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Grant C. Bullock
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Division of Hematopathology, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Linda Sanders
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Building RC2, 9th floor, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Biruk Kassa
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, Building 100, 2nd floor, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Brian B. Graham
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Building RC2, 9th floor, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Partha Dutta
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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3
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Gbotosho OT, Kapetanaki MG, Ross M, Ghosh S, Weidert F, Bullock GC, Watkins S, Ofori-Acquah SF, Kato GJ. Nrf2 deficiency in mice attenuates erythropoietic stress-related macrophage hypercellularity. Exp Hematol 2020; 84:19-28.e4. [PMID: 32151553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and spleen depends on intricate interactions between the resident macrophages and erythroblasts. Our study focuses on identifying the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) during recovery from stress erythropoiesis. To that end, we induced stress erythropoiesis in Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2-null mice and evaluated macrophage subsets known to support erythropoiesis and erythroid cell populations. Our results confirm macrophage and erythroid hypercellularity after acute blood loss. Importantly, Nrf2 depletion results in a marked numerical reduction of F4/80+/CD169+/CD11b+ macrophages, which is more prominent under the induction of stress erythropoiesis. The observed macrophage deficiency is concomitant to a significantly impaired erythroid response to acute stress erythropoiesis in both murine bone marrow and murine spleen. Additionally, peripheral blood reticulocyte count as a response to acute blood loss is delayed in Nrf2-deficient mice compared with age-matched controls (11.0 ± 0.6% vs. 14.8 ± 0.6%, p ≤ 0.001). Interestingly, we observe macrophage hypercellularity in conjunction with erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow during stress erythropoiesis in Nrf2+/+ controls, with both impaired in Nrf2-/- mice. We further confirm the finding of macrophage hypercellularity in another model of erythroid hyperplasia, the transgenic sickle cell mouse, characterized by hemolytic anemia and chronic stress erythropoiesis. Our results revealed the role of Nrf2 in stress erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and that macrophage hypercellularity occurs concurrently with erythroid expansion during stress erythropoiesis. Macrophage hypercellularity is a previously underappreciated feature of stress erythropoiesis in sickle cell disease and recovery from blood loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwabukola T Gbotosho
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maria G Kapetanaki
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Samit Ghosh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Translational and International Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Frances Weidert
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Grant C Bullock
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Solomon F Ofori-Acquah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Translational and International Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
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4
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Gbotosho OT, Ghosh S, Kapetanaki MG, Lin Y, Weidert F, Bullock GC, Ofori-Acquah SF, Kato GJ. Cardiac expression of HMOX1 and PGF in sickle cell mice and haem-treated wild type mice dominates organ expression profiles via Nrf2 (Nfe2l2). Br J Haematol 2019; 187:666-675. [PMID: 31389006 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haemolysis is a major feature of sickle cell disease (SCD) that contributes to organ damage. It is well established that haem, a product of haemolysis, induces expression of the enzyme that degrades it, haem oxygenase-1 (HMOX1). We have also shown that haem induces expression of placental growth factor (PGF), but the organ specificity of these responses has not been well-defined. As expected, we found high level expression of Hmox1 and Pgf transcripts in the reticuloendothelial system organs of transgenic sickle cell mice, but surprisingly strong expression in the heart (P < 0·0001). This pattern was largely replicated in wild type mice by intravenous injection of exogenous haem. In the heart, haem induced unexpectedly strong mRNA responses for Hmox1 (18-fold), Pgf (4-fold), and the haem transporter Slc48a1 (also termed Hrg1; 2·4-fold). This was comparable to the liver, the principal known haem-detoxifying organ. The NFE2L2 (also termed NRF2) transcription factor mediated much of the haem induction of Hmox1 and Hrg1 in all organs, but less so for Pgf. Our results indicate that the heart expresses haem response pathway genes at surprisingly high basal levels and shares with the liver a similar transcriptional response to circulating haem. The role of the heart in haem response should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwabukola T Gbotosho
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samit Ghosh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Center for Translational and International Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria G Kapetanaki
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yu Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frances Weidert
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Grant C Bullock
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Solomon F Ofori-Acquah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Center for Translational and International Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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5
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Potoka KP, Wood KC, Baust JJ, Bueno M, Hahn SA, Vanderpool RR, Bachman T, Mallampalli GM, Osei-Hwedieh DO, Schrott V, Sun B, Bullock GC, Becker-Pelster EM, Wittwer M, Stampfuss J, Mathar I, Stasch JP, Truebel H, Sandner P, Mora AL, Straub AC, Gladwin MT. Nitric Oxide-Independent Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Activation Improves Vascular Function and Cardiac Remodeling in Sickle Cell Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:636-647. [PMID: 29268036 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0292oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with intravascular hemolysis and oxidative inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) signaling. BAY 54-6544 is a small-molecule activator of oxidized soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), which, unlike endogenous NO and the sGC stimulator, BAY 41-8543, preferentially binds and activates heme-free, NO-insensitive sGC to restore enzymatic cGMP production. We tested orally delivered sGC activator, BAY 54-6544 (17 mg/kg/d), sGC stimulator, BAY 41-8543, sildenafil, and placebo for 4-12 weeks in the Berkeley transgenic mouse model of SCD (BERK-SCD) and their hemizygous (Hemi) littermate controls (BERK-Hemi). Right ventricular (RV) maximum systolic pressure (RVmaxSP) was measured using micro right-heart catheterization. RV hypertrophy (RVH) was determined using Fulton's index and RV corrected weight (ratio of RV to tibia). Pulmonary artery vasoreactivity was tested for endothelium-dependent and -independent vessel relaxation. Right-heart catheterization revealed higher RVmaxSP and RVH in BERK-SCD versus BERK-Hemi, which worsened with age. Treatment with the sGC activator more effectively lowered RVmaxSP and RVH, with 90-day treatment delivering superior results, when compared with other treatments and placebo groups. In myography experiments, acetylcholine-induced (endothelium-dependent) and sodium-nitroprusside-induced (endothelium-independent NO donor) relaxation of the pulmonary artery harvested from placebo-treated BERK-SCD was impaired relative to BERK-Hemi but improved after therapy with sGC activator. By contrast, no significant effect for sGC stimulator or sildenafil was observed in BERK-SCD. These findings suggest that sGC is oxidized in the pulmonary arteries of transgenic SCD mice, leading to blunted responses to NO, and that the sGC activator, BAY 54-6544, may represent a novel therapy for SCD-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin P Potoka
- 1 Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics.,2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Katherine C Wood
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine.,3 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey J Baust
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Marta Bueno
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine.,4 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott A Hahn
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Tim Bachman
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Grace M Mallampalli
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine.,3 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Valerie Schrott
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Bin Sun
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Grant C Bullock
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hubert Truebel
- 5 Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany.,6 University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Peter Sandner
- 5 Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany.,8 Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Ana L Mora
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine.,4 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam C Straub
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine.,9 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- 2 Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine.,4 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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6
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Qayyum S, Bullock GC, Swerdlow SH, Brower R, Nikiforova M, Aggarwal N. Diagnostic Utility of Isolated Tube C Positivity in T-Cell Receptor β Testing Using BIOMED-2 Primers. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 151:386-394. [PMID: 30534953 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement studies are widely used for assessing T-cell clonality. The frequency and significance of clonal peaks restricted to TCR β (TCRB) tube C are uncertain. We retrospectively reviewed 80 TCR studies performed on bone marrow/peripheral blood. METHODS TCRB and TCR γ (TCRG) analyses were performed using BIOMED-2 primers. A peak was considered clonal or atypical if it was reproducible and 5× or more or 3× to 5× polyclonal background, respectively. RESULTS TCRB analysis demonstrated 12 (15%) of 80 cases with one to four isolated peaks in tube C (>3×) with polyclonal pattern in tubes A and B. TCRG analysis was monoclonal in two cases (both definite T-cell neoplasms), polyclonal in four, and oligoclonal in six. Of the 10 cases without clone in TCRG, six had autoimmune disorder and none had T-cell neoplasm. CONCLUSIONS Peaks restricted to TCRB tube C in the TCR analysis may be misleading, as it is often not indicative of an overt T-cell neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Qayyum
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Grant C Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Steven H Swerdlow
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Raven Brower
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Marina Nikiforova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nidhi Aggarwal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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7
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Lendermon EA, Dodd-O JM, Coon TA, Wang X, Ensor CR, Cardenes N, Koodray CL, Heusey HL, Bennewitz MF, Sundd P, Bullock GC, Popescu I, Guo L, O'Donnell CP, Rojas M, McDyer JF. Azithromycin Fails to Prevent Accelerated Airway Obliteration in T-bet -/- Mouse Lung Allograft Recipients. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:1566-1574. [PMID: 29880387 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute and chronic lung allograft rejection have yet to be clearly defined, and obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) remains the primary limitation to survival in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). We have previously shown that T-bet-deficient recipients of full major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched, orthotopic left lung transplants develop accelerated obliterative airway disease (OAD) in the setting of acute cellular rejection characterized by robust alloimmune CD8+ interleukin (IL)-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ responses that are attenuated with neutralization of IL-17. Azithromycin has been shown to be beneficial in some LTRs with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome/OB. Here, we evaluated the effects of azithromycin on rejection pathology and T-cell effector responses in T-bet-/- recipients of lung transplants. METHODS Orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed in BALB/c → B6 wild type or BALB/c → B6 T-bet-/- strain combinations as previously described. Mice treated with azithromycin received 10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg subcutaneously daily. Lung allograft histopathology was analyzed at day 10 or day 21 post-transplantation, and neutrophil staining for quantification was performed using anti-myeloperoxidase. Allograft mononuclear cells were isolated at day 10 for T-cell effector cytokine response assessment using flow cytometry. RESULTS We show that while azithromycin significantly decreases lung allograft neutrophilia and CXCL1 levels and attenuates allospecific CD8+ IL-17 responses early post-transplantation, OAD persists in T-bet-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that lung allograft neutrophilia is not essential for the development of OAD in this model and suggest allospecific T-cell responses that remain despite marked attenuation of CD8+ IL-17 are sufficient for obliterative airway inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lendermon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - J M Dodd-O
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - T A Coon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - X Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C R Ensor
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - N Cardenes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C L Koodray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H L Heusey
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M F Bennewitz
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - P Sundd
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - G C Bullock
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - I Popescu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - L Guo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C P O'Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J F McDyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Vogel S, Bodenstein R, Chen Q, Feil S, Feil R, Rheinlaender J, Schäffer TE, Bohn E, Frick JS, Borst O, Münzer P, Walker B, Markel J, Csanyi G, Pagano PJ, Loughran P, Jessup ME, Watkins SC, Bullock GC, Sperry JL, Zuckerbraun BS, Billiar TR, Lotze MT, Gawaz M, Neal MD. Platelet-derived HMGB1 is a critical mediator of thrombosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4638-54. [PMID: 26551681 DOI: 10.1172/jci81660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis and inflammation are intricately linked in several major clinical disorders, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute ischemic events. The damage-associated molecular pattern molecule high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is upregulated by activated platelets in multiple inflammatory diseases; however, the contribution of platelet-derived HMGB1 in thrombosis remains unexplored. Here, we generated transgenic mice with platelet-specific ablation of HMGB1 and determined that platelet-derived HMGB1 is a critical mediator of thrombosis. Mice lacking HMGB1 in platelets exhibited increased bleeding times as well as reduced thrombus formation, platelet aggregation, inflammation, and organ damage during experimental trauma/hemorrhagic shock. Platelets were the major source of HMGB1 within thrombi. In trauma patients, HMGB1 expression on the surface of circulating platelets was markedly upregulated. Moreover, evaluation of isolated platelets revealed that HMGB1 is critical for regulating platelet activation, granule secretion, adhesion, and spreading. These effects were mediated via TLR4- and MyD88-dependent recruitment of platelet guanylyl cyclase (GC) toward the plasma membrane, followed by MyD88/GC complex formation and activation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI). Thus, we establish platelet-derived HMGB1 as an important mediator of thrombosis and identify a HMGB1-driven link between MyD88 and GC/cGKI in platelets. Additionally, these findings suggest a potential therapeutic target for patients sustaining trauma and other inflammatory disorders associated with abnormal coagulation.
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9
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Stowman AM, Hsia LL, Kanner WA, Mahadevan MS, Bullock GC, Patterson JW. Multiple cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders showing a retained tumor clone by T-cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis: a case series of four patients and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:e62-71. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Stowman
- Departments of Pathology, Dermatopathology, Dermatology, and Clinical Pathology; University of Virginia Health System; Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Ling-Lun Hsia
- Department of Dermatology; East Carolina University; Greenville NC USA
| | - William A. Kanner
- Departments of Pathology, Dermatopathology, and Clinical Pathology; University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville; Greenville SC USA
| | - Mani S. Mahadevan
- Departments of Pathology, Dermatopathology, Dermatology, and Clinical Pathology; University of Virginia Health System; Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Grant C. Bullock
- Department of Clinical Pathology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - James W. Patterson
- Departments of Pathology, Dermatopathology, Dermatology, and Clinical Pathology; University of Virginia Health System; Charlottesville VA USA
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10
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Cathro HP, Bullock GC, Bonatti H, Meriden Z, Cook S, Aguilera N. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders are not associated with IgG4 sclerosing disease. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:897-903. [PMID: 25298125 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the majority of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) cases are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 20-42% of cases are EBV negative (EBV-N). The antigenic stimulus that drives EBV-N PTLD is unknown, but is likely heterogeneous. A common feature of PTLD, regardless of EBV status, is an abnormal polytypic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Immunglobulin-G4 (IgG4) syndrome is also characterized by a polytypic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with a predominance of IgG4-positive (IgG4-P) plasma cells. METHODS We investigated the possibility of an association between EBV-N PTLD and IgG4 syndrome. Of 33 evaluated PTLD cases, 9 (27%) were EBV-N. EBV-N PTLD cases showed longer transplantation-to-diagnosis times than EBV-positive cases. RESULTS A single patient had a preceding benign duodenal biopsy with focally prominent IgG4-P plasma cells; however, no clinical data supported IgG4 syndrome, precluding an association between IgG4 syndrome and subsequent EBV-N PTLD in this patient. CONCLUSION As none of 29 evaluable cases of PTLD (including all 9 EBV-N cases) were associated with an increase in IgG4-P plasma cells, IgG4 syndrome does not appear to play a role in the etiology of EBV-N PTLD. The significance of these findings and the current understanding of the etiology of EBV-N PTLD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Cathro
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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11
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Richardson CL, Delehanty LL, Bullock GC, Rival CM, Tung KS, Kimpel DL, Gardenghi S, Rivella S, Goldfarb AN. Isocitrate ameliorates anemia by suppressing the erythroid iron restriction response. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3614-23. [PMID: 23863711 DOI: 10.1172/jci68487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique sensitivity of early red cell progenitors to iron deprivation, known as the erythroid iron restriction response, serves as a basis for human anemias globally. This response impairs erythropoietin-driven erythropoiesis and underlies erythropoietic repression in iron deficiency anemia. Mechanistically, the erythroid iron restriction response results from inactivation of aconitase enzymes and can be suppressed by providing the aconitase product isocitrate. Recent studies have implicated the erythroid iron restriction response in anemia of chronic disease and inflammation (ACDI), offering new therapeutic avenues for a major clinical problem; however, inflammatory signals may also directly repress erythropoiesis in ACDI. Here, we show that suppression of the erythroid iron restriction response by isocitrate administration corrected anemia and erythropoietic defects in rats with ACDI. In vitro studies demonstrated that erythroid repression by inflammatory signaling is potently modulated by the erythroid iron restriction response in a kinase-dependent pathway involving induction of the erythroid-inhibitory transcription factor PU.1. These results reveal the integration of iron and inflammatory inputs in a therapeutically tractable erythropoietic regulatory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanté L Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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12
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Talbot AL, Bullock GC, Delehanty LL, Sattler M, Zhao ZJ, Goldfarb AN. Aconitase regulation of erythropoiesis correlates with a novel licensing function in erythropoietin-induced ERK signaling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23850. [PMID: 21887333 PMCID: PMC3161794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythroid development requires the action of erythropoietin (EPO) on committed progenitors to match red cell output to demand. In this process, iron acts as a critical cofactor, with iron deficiency blunting EPO-responsiveness of erythroid progenitors. Aconitase enzymes have recently been identified as possible signal integration elements that couple erythropoiesis with iron availability. In the current study, a regulatory role for aconitase during erythropoiesis was ascertained using a direct inhibitory strategy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In C57BL/6 mice, infusion of an aconitase active-site inhibitor caused a hypoplastic anemia and suppressed responsiveness to hemolytic challenge. In a murine model of polycythemia vera, aconitase inhibition rapidly normalized red cell counts, but did not perturb other lineages. In primary erythroid progenitor cultures, aconitase inhibition impaired proliferation and maturation but had no effect on viability or ATP levels. This inhibition correlated with a blockade in EPO signal transmission specifically via ERK, with preservation of JAK2-STAT5 and Akt activation. Correspondingly, a physical interaction between ERK and mitochondrial aconitase was identified and found to be sensitive to aconitase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Direct aconitase inhibition interferes with erythropoiesis in vivo and in vitro, confirming a lineage-selective regulatory role involving its enzymatic activity. This inhibition spares metabolic function but impedes EPO-induced ERK signaling and disturbs a newly identified ERK-aconitase physical interaction. We propose a model in which aconitase functions as a licensing factor in ERK-dependent proliferation and differentiation, thereby providing a regulatory input for iron in EPO-dependent erythropoiesis. Directly targeting aconitase may provide an alternative to phlebotomy in the treatment of polycythemia vera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Talbot
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Grant C. Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lorrie L. Delehanty
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Adam N. Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Meriden Z, Bullock GC, Bagg A, Bonatti H, Cousar JB, Lopes MB, Robbins MK, Cathro HP. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease involving the pituitary gland. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1641-5. [PMID: 20656316 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are heterogeneous lesions with variable morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular characteristics. Multiple distinct primary lesions can occur in PTLD, rarely with both B-cell and T-cell characteristics. Lesions can involve both grafted organs and other sites; however, PTLD involving the pituitary gland has not been previously reported. We describe a patient who developed Epstein-Barr virus-negative PTLD 13 years posttransplantation involving the terminal ileum and pituitary, which was simultaneously involved by a pituitary adenoma. Immunohistochemistry of the pituitary lesion showed expression of CD79a, CD3, and CD7 with clonal rearrangements of both T-cell receptor gamma chain (TRG@) and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH@) genes. The terminal ileal lesion was immunophenotypically and molecularly distinct. This is the first report of pituitary PTLD and illustrates the potentially complex nature of PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zina Meriden
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800214, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann M Mikesh
- Department of Pathology , Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris M Haverstick
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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16
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Bullock GC, Bruns DE, Haverstick DM. Hepatitis C Genotype Determination by Melting Curve Analysis with a Single Set of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Probes. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.12.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The genotype of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a predictor of antiviral therapeutic response. We describe an approach for HCV genotype determination by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis.
Methods: After automated nucleic acid extraction, we used reverse transcription-PCR in a block cycler to amplify nucleotides 6–329 of the 5′-untranslated region of HCV. The product was further amplified by single-tube real-time seminested PCR in a LightCyclerTM instrument (Roche). The final product was analyzed by melting curves with the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes. The FRET sensor probe was directed at nucleotides 151–170 of type 1 HCV and was designed to distinguish types 1a/b, 2a/c, 2b, 3a, and 4, with melting temperatures (Tms) predicted to differ by 1 °C. Genotypes were compared in a blinded fashion with those of the INNO-LiPATM test (Bayer Diagnostics) on 111 serum samples.
Results: In preliminary experiments, the Mg2+ concentration was found to be critical in allowing clear separation of melting points, with the best separation at a Mg2+ concentration of 2 mmol/L. The results for 111 samples clustered at expected Tms for genotypes 1a/b (n = 78), 2a/c (n = 2), 2b (n = 11), 3a (n = 14), and 4 (n = 2). Of the 111 samples, results for 110 were concordant with the comparison method at the level of type 1, 2, 3, or 4. Subtyping results were discordant for two samples, both of type 2. For 108 samples concordant with INNO-LiPA at the genotype and subtype levels, the mean Tms were 64.1, 59.5, 54.2, 52.6, and 50.1 °C for types 1a/b, 2a/c, 4, 2b, and 3a, respectively, with SDs of 0.2, 0.3, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.3 °C. All 78 samples identified as type 1 were concordant with results of the comparison method.
Conclusions: Melting analysis with a single pair of FRET probes can rapidly provide information about HCV genotypes and identifies type 1 samples with high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - David E Bruns
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Doris M Haverstick
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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17
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Bullock GC, Bruns DE, Haverstick DM. Hepatitis C genotype determination by melting curve analysis with a single set of fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes. Clin Chem 2002; 48:2147-54. [PMID: 12446470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genotype of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a predictor of antiviral therapeutic response. We describe an approach for HCV genotype determination by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. METHODS After automated nucleic acid extraction, we used reverse transcription-PCR in a block cycler to amplify nucleotides 6-329 of the 5'-untranslated region of HCV. The product was further amplified by single-tube real-time seminested PCR in a LightCycler instrument (Roche). The final product was analyzed by melting curves with the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes. The FRET sensor probe was directed at nucleotides 151-170 of type 1 HCV and was designed to distinguish types 1a/b, 2a/c, 2b, 3a, and 4, with melting temperatures (T(m)s) predicted to differ by 1 degrees C. Genotypes were compared in a blinded fashion with those of the INNO-LiPA(TM) test (Bayer Diagnostics) on 111 serum samples. RESULTS In preliminary experiments, the Mg(2+) concentration was found to be critical in allowing clear separation of melting points, with the best separation at a Mg(2+) concentration of 2 mmol/L. The results for 111 samples clustered at expected T(m)s for genotypes 1a/b (n = 78), 2a/c (n = 2), 2b (n = 11), 3a (n = 14), and 4 (n = 2). Of the 111 samples, results for 110 were concordant with the comparison method at the level of type 1, 2, 3, or 4. Subtyping results were discordant for two samples, both of type 2. For 108 samples concordant with INNO-LiPA at the genotype and subtype levels, the mean T(m)s were 64.1, 59.5, 54.2, 52.6, and 50.1 degrees C for types 1a/b, 2a/c, 4, 2b, and 3a, respectively, with SDs of 0.2, 0.3, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.3 degrees C. All 78 samples identified as type 1 were concordant with results of the comparison method. CONCLUSIONS Melting analysis with a single pair of FRET probes can rapidly provide information about HCV genotypes and identifies type 1 samples with high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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18
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Abstract
The viral US3 and US6 gene products of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) are sequentially expressed at immediate-early and early times after infection, respectively. They downregulate the surface expression of HLA class I molecules. There are two repeat-containing regulatory regions between the US3 promoter and the US6 transcription unit designated R1 and R2. R2 contains repetitions of the NF-kappa B responsive element and enhances the immediate-early expression of the US3 gene. R1 contains 19 repetitions of a 5'-TRTCG-3' pentanucleotide arranged as everted repeats, inverted repeats, and variably spaced single pentanucleotides. In the context of the viral genome, R1 also enhances immediate-early US3 gene expression by an unknown mechanism (G. C. Bullock, et al., 2001, Virology 288, 164-174). We report a sequence motif within the R1 element that binds a human cell nuclear protein which is antigenically related to the Drosophila boundary element-associated factor (BEAF). The potential role of a 35-kDa cellular protein that binds to sequence motifs within the R1 element in regulating the expression of the CMV US3 immune evasion gene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Bullock
- Program in Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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19
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has several gene products that are important for escape from immune surveillance. These viral gene products downregulate the expression of HLA molecules on the cell surface. The viral US3 and US6 gene products are expressed at immediate-early and early times after infection, respectively. There are two regulatory regions between the US3 and the US6 transcription units. The first region is an NF-kappaB responsive enhancer that promotes the immediate-early expression of the US3 gene and is designated the R2 enhancer. Upstream of the R2 enhancer is a region designated the R1 element that in transient transfection assays behaves as a silencer by repressing the effect of the enhancer on downstream gene expression (A. R. Thrower et al., J. Virol. 1996, 70, 91; Y.-J. Chan et al., J. Virol. 1996, 70, 5312). We constructed recombinant viruses with wild-type or mutated R1 elements. The expression of the US3 gene at 6 h after infection and the US6 gene at 24 h was higher when the R1 element was present. The R1 element in the context of the viral genome is not a silencer of US3 or US6 gene expression. The R1 element has multiple effects on the US3 and US6 RNAs. It enhances the level of US3 and US6 mRNA; it determines the 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation of US6 RNA, and it stabilizes read-through viral RNAs. The potential mechanisms of R1 enhancement of US3 and US6 gene expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bullock
- Program in Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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20
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Lashmit PE, Stinski MF, Murphy EA, Bullock GC. A cis repression sequence adjacent to the transcription start site of the human cytomegalovirus US3 gene is required to down regulate gene expression at early and late times after infection. J Virol 1998; 72:9575-84. [PMID: 9811691 PMCID: PMC110467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.9575-9584.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1998] [Accepted: 08/25/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus has two enhancer-containing immediate-early (IE) promoters with a cis repression sequence (CRS) positioned immediately upstream of the transcription start site, designated the major IE (MIE) promoter and the US3 promoter. The role of the CRS upstream of the US3 transcription start site in the context of the viral genome was determined by comparing the levels of transcription from these two enhancer-containing promoters in recombinant viruses with a wild-type or mutant CRS. Upstream of the CRS of the US3 promoter was either the endogenous enhancer (R2) or silencer (R1). The downstream US3 gene was replaced with the indicator gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Infected permissive human fibroblast cells or nonpermissive, undifferentiated monocytic THP-1 cells were analyzed for expression from the US3 promoter containing either the wild-type or mutant CRS. With the wild-type CRS, the maximum level of transcription in permissive cells was detected within 4 to 6 h after infection and then declined. With the mutant CRS and the R2 enhancer upstream, expression from the US3 promoter continued to increase throughout the viral replication cycle to levels 20- to 40-fold higher than for the wild type. In nonpermissive or permissive monocytic THP-1 cells, expression from the US3 promoter was also significantly higher when the CRS was mutated. Less expression was obtained when only the R1 element was present, but expression was higher when the CRS was mutated. Thus, the CRS in the enhancer-containing US3 promoter appears to allow for a short burst of US3 gene expression followed by repression at early and late times after infection. Overexpression of US3 may be detrimental to viral replication, and its level of expression must be stringently controlled. The role of the CRS and the viral IE86 protein in controlling enhancer-containing promoters is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Lashmit
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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21
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Abstract
The US3 open reading frame of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is transcribed at immediate-early (IE) times after infection. Upstream of the US3 promoter, between -84 and -259 bp relative to the transcription start site, there are five copies of an 18-bp repeat, referred to as 5R2. Between -340 and -560 bp there are seven copies of a 10-bp dyad repeat, referred to as 7R1. We investigated the roles of these repeats in transcription from the US3 promoter in human foreskin fibroblast or HeLa cells. In transient transfection assays, the region containing 5R2 up-regulated transcription and was responsive to the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B. The DNA region containing 7R1 down-regulated transcription from either the US3 promoter or a heterologous promoter in a position- and orientation-independent manner. Mutational analysis and transient transfections indicated that DNA containing the 10-bp dyad or one-half of the dyad was sufficient to cause repression of downstream gene expression. DNA probes containing one or more copies of the pentanucleotide sequence TGTCG specifically bound cellular proteins, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and cold-competition electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Two different DNA-protein complexes were detected with DNA probes containing one or two copies of the pentanucleotide. In HCMV-infected cell nuclear extracts, one of the DNA-protein complexes was present in amounts inversely proportional to the amount of US3 transcription. Its formation was affected by dephosphorylation of the DNA-binding protein(s). Transient dephosphorylation of the cellular repressor protein may occur during HCMV infection. Repression of US3 transcription may relate to the number of pentanucleotides and the cellular proteins that bind to it. Twenty-one copies of a TRTCG motif (R = purine) were found clustered upstream of the US3 gene and also in the modulator upstream of the HCMV IE1 and IE2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Thrower
- Program in Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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