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Ewing AP, Chang GC, Henry AV, Brown JA, Alalwan MA, Boyd DT, Marshall D, McElwain S, Best AL, Parvanta CF, Levin BL, Meade CD, Gwede CK. Lifestyle Related Cancer Risk and Protective Behaviors Vary among a Convenient Sample of Physically Active, Young-to-Middle-Aged Adults 18-49. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6305. [PMID: 37444152 PMCID: PMC10341878 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
It is an assumption that physically active adults lead an overall healthy lifestyle. To examine this assumption, we administered a cross-sectional, web-based survey to a sample of young-to-middle-aged US adults between 18 and 49 who self-reported participation in at least one recreational sporting event in the past month. Logistic regressions were conducted to examine demographic characteristics associated with cancer risk and protective behaviors. Gender was represented equally (N = 938), and the average age was 32 years (SD: 8.4). Most participants reported >three days of moderate- to high-intensity physical activity (79%), but not meeting fruit and vegetable consumption guidelines (78%). Many reported current tobacco use (32%), binge drinking at least once in the past 30 days (62%), and suboptimal sun protection use (67%). Participation in lifestyle-related cancer risk and protective behaviors varied based on age, sex, education, routine doctor visits, perceived overall health, health-information-seeking behavior (how participants obtained health information), or team-based sport participation in regression models. Future interventions should be tailored to address varied cancer risk profiles among even physically active adults to encourage multiple healthy behavior changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldenise P. Ewing
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.C.C.); (A.V.H.); (M.A.A.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Gregory C. Chang
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.C.C.); (A.V.H.); (M.A.A.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Abhishek V. Henry
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.C.C.); (A.V.H.); (M.A.A.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Jordyn A. Brown
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Mahmood A. Alalwan
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.C.C.); (A.V.H.); (M.A.A.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Donte T. Boyd
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Daniel Marshall
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.C.C.); (A.V.H.); (M.A.A.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Skylar McElwain
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.C.C.); (A.V.H.); (M.A.A.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Alicia L. Best
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.L.B.); (C.F.P.); (B.L.L.)
| | - Claudia F. Parvanta
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.L.B.); (C.F.P.); (B.L.L.)
| | - Bruce L. Levin
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.L.B.); (C.F.P.); (B.L.L.)
| | - Cathy D. Meade
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (C.D.M.); (C.K.G.)
| | - Clement K. Gwede
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (C.D.M.); (C.K.G.)
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Chang GC, West CA, Kim E, Low AJ, Lancaster KE, Behel SS, Hong SY, Miller LA, Silver R, Mgomella GS, Imaa J, Maokola WM, Carpino T, Hrusa G, Bray RM, Mwila A, Musuka G, O'Connell C, McCracken S, Voetsch AC. Hazardous alcohol use and HIV indicators in six African countries: results from the Population-based HIV Impact Assessments, 2015-2017. J Int AIDS Soc 2022; 25:e26029. [PMID: 36408717 PMCID: PMC9677379 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hazardous alcohol use (HAU), defined as a pattern of alcohol consumption that increases the risk of harmful consequences for the user or others, is associated with an elevated risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and poor health outcomes. We describe the association between people living with HIV (PLHIV) who report HAU and key HIV indicators. Gaps in current literature in estimating HAU on HIV outcomes at the regional level of Eastern and Southern Africa still exist and our analysis aims to address this issue. METHODS We used weighted pooled data (2015-2017) from the nationally representative Population-based HIV Impact Assessments among adults who provided written consent aged 18-59 years from Eswatini, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. We estimated differences in the prevalence of HIV infection and The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 indicators between PLHIV by HAU status using log-binomial regression, stratified by sex. HAU was determined using the Alcohol Use Identification Test-Consumption. RESULTS Among the 9755 women and 4444 men who tested HIV positive, 6.6% of women and 21.8% of men engaged in HAU. Women who reported HAU were more likely to be HIV positive (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.18-1.46) compared to those who did not report HAU. For the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets, women who engaged in HAU were more likely to be unaware of their HIV-positive status (aPR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01-1.47) and not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (aPR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.26-2.37). Men who engaged in HAU were more likely to be unaware of their HIV-positive status (aPR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.39-1.76) and not on ART (aPR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.30-2.29). No difference in viral load suppression, defined as <1000 copies/ml of HIV RNA, was seen by sex. CONCLUSIONS PLHIV who engage in HAU were more likely to have suboptimal outcomes along the HIV care continuum when compared to those who did not engage in HAU. Targeted interventions, such as alcohol screening for HAU in HIV testing and treatment settings and HIV prevention efforts in alcohol-based venues, may help countries reach HIV epidemic control by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Chang
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA,PHI/CDC Global Health Fellowship ProgramOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christine A. West
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Evelyn Kim
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionLilongweMalawi
| | | | - Kathryn E. Lancaster
- Division of EpidemiologyCollege of Public HealthThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Stephanie S. Behel
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Steven Y. Hong
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionWindhoekNamibia
| | - Leigh Ann Miller
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Rachel Silver
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - George S. Mgomella
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Jennifer Imaa
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Werner M. Maokola
- National AIDS Control ProgrammeMinistry of HealthCommunity DevelopmentGenderElderly and ChildrenDar es SalaamTanzania
| | | | - Gili Hrusa
- ICAP at Columbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Annie Mwila
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionLusakaZambia
| | | | - Christopher O'Connell
- Center for Substance Abuse PreventionSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services AdministrationRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Stephen McCracken
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Andrew C. Voetsch
- Division of Global HIV and TBCenter for Global HealthUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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West CA, Chang GC, W Currie D, Bray R, Kinchen S, Behel S, McCullough-Sanden R, Low A, Bissek A, Shang JD, Ndongmo CB, Dokubo EK, Balachandra S, Lobognon LR, Dube L, Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H, Li M, Pasipamire M, Getaneh Y, Lulseged S, Eshetu F, Kingwara L, Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Tlhomola M, Ramphalla P, Kalua T, F Auld A, B Williams D, Remera E, Rwibasira GN, Mugisha V, Malamba SS, Mushi J, Jalloh MF, Mgomella GS, Kirungi WL, Biraro S, C Awor A, Barradas DT, Mugurungi O, H Rogers J, Bronson M, M Bodika S, Ajiboye A, Gaffga N, Moore C, Patel HK, C Voetsch A. Unawareness of HIV Infection Among Men Aged 15-59 Years in 13 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Population-Based HIV Impact Assessments, 2015-2019. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 87:S97-S106. [PMID: 34166316 PMCID: PMC8711576 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying men living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is critical to end the epidemic. We describe the underlying factors of unawareness among men aged 15-59 years who ever tested for HIV in 13 SSA countries. METHODS Using pooled data from the nationally representative Population-based HIV Impact Assessments, we fit a log-binomial regression model to identify characteristics related to HIV positivity among HIV-positive unaware and HIV-negative men ever tested for HIV. RESULTS A total of 114,776 men were interviewed and tested for HIV; 4.4% were HIV-positive. Of those, 33.7% were unaware of their HIV-positive status, (range: 20.2%-58.7%, in Rwanda and Cote d'Ivoire). Most unaware men reported they had ever received an HIV test (63.0%). Age, region, marital status, and education were significantly associated with HIV positivity. Men who had HIV-positive sexual partners (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 5.73; confidence interval [95% CI]: 4.13 to 7.95) or sexual partners with unknown HIV status (aPR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.89 to 2.84) were more likely to be HIV-positive unaware, as were men who tested more than 12 months compared with HIV-negative men who tested within 12 months before the interview (aPR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.91). Tuberculosis diagnosis and not being circumcised were also associated with HIV positivity. CONCLUSION Targeting subgroups of men at risk for infection who once tested negative could improve yield of testing programs. Interventions include improving partner testing, frequency of testing, outreach and educational strategies, and availability of HIV testing where men are accessing routine health services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory C Chang
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC
- ASPPH/PHI/CDC HIV Surveillance Fellowship
| | - Dustin W Currie
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | | | - Steve Kinchen
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | - Stephanie Behel
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | - Rachel McCullough-Sanden
- ASPPH/PHI/CDC HIV Surveillance Fellowship
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Cameroon
| | - Andrea Low
- ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | | | - Judith D Shang
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Cameroon
| | - Clement B Ndongmo
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Cameroon
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Zambia
| | - Emily K Dokubo
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Cameroon
| | | | - Legre R Lobognon
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Lenhle Dube
- National AIDS Program/Ministry of Health, Eswatini
| | | | - Michelle Li
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Eswatini
| | | | | | | | - Frehywot Eshetu
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Ethiopia
| | - Leonard Kingwara
- National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kenya
| | | | | | - Puleng Ramphalla
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Lesotho
| | | | - Andrew F Auld
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Malawi
| | - Daniel B Williams
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Namibia
| | | | | | - Veronicah Mugisha
- ICAP at Columbia University, Rwanda
- ICAP at Columbia University, Tanzania
| | - Samuel S Malamba
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Rwanda
| | - Jeremiah Mushi
- National AIDS Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Tanzania
| | - Mohamed F Jalloh
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Tanzania
| | - George S Mgomella
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Tanzania
| | | | | | - Anna C Awor
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Uganda
| | | | | | - John H Rogers
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC Zimbabwe
| | - Megan Bronson
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | | | | | - Nicholas Gaffga
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | - Carole Moore
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | - Hetal K Patel
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC
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Li Z, Jones C, Ejigu GS, George N, Geller AL, Chang GC, Adamski A, Igboh LS, Merrill RD, Ricks P, Mirza SA, Lynch M. Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction - characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities. Global Health 2021; 17:28. [PMID: 33731178 PMCID: PMC7968140 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Three months after the first reported cases, COVID-19 had spread to nearly 90% of World Health Organization (WHO) member states and only 24 countries had not reported cases as of 30 March 2020. This analysis aimed to 1) assess characteristics, capability to detect and monitor COVID-19, and disease control measures in these 24 countries, 2) understand potential factors for the reported delayed COVID-19 introduction, and 3) identify gaps and opportunities for outbreak preparedness, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We collected and analyzed publicly available information on country characteristics, COVID-19 testing, influenza surveillance, border measures, and preparedness activities in these countries. We also assessed the association between the temporal spread of COVID-19 in all countries with reported cases with globalization indicator and geographic location. Results Temporal spreading of COVID-19 was strongly associated with countries’ globalization indicator and geographic location. Most of the 24 countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction were LMICs; 88% were small island or landlocked developing countries. As of 30 March 2020, only 38% of these countries reported in-country COVID-19 testing capability, and 71% reported conducting influenza surveillance during the past year. All had implemented two or more border measures, (e.g., travel restrictions and border closures) and multiple preparedness activities (e.g., national preparedness plans and school closing). Conclusions Limited testing capacity suggests that most of the 24 delayed countries may have lacked the capability to detect and identify cases early through sentinel and case-based surveillance. Low global connectedness, geographic isolation, and border measures were common among these countries and may have contributed to the delayed introduction of COVID-19 into these countries. This paper contributes to identifying opportunities for pandemic preparedness, such as increasing disease detection, surveillance, and international collaborations. As the global situation continues to evolve, it is essential for countries to improve and prioritize their capacities to rapidly prevent, detect, and respond, not only for COVID-19, but also for future outbreaks. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-021-00678-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Cynthia Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Girum S Ejigu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Nisha George
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Amanda L Geller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Gregory C Chang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Alys Adamski
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Ledor S Igboh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Rebecca D Merrill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Philip Ricks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Sara A Mirza
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Michael Lynch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Abstract
Pymetrozine is a selective insecticide that targets aphids. Published assessments of the effects of pymetrozine on nontarget organisms focus mainly on predatory insects, and they rarely indicate toxicity. In a laboratory bioassay, survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), larvae was not affected by pymetrozine exposure. We subsequently used pymetrozine to implement low-aphid-density treatments in a field experiment that involved separate manipulations of Colorado potato beetle density. Unexpectedly, the addition of Colorado potato beetle adults and eggs did not increase the densities of Colorado potato beetle larvae in plots that were sprayed with pymetrozine (applied with water and an adjuvant). In control plots sprayed with water and adjuvant (without pymetrozine), addition of Colorado potato beetles increased densities of their larvae. Data collected on a smaller scale suggest that a behavioral mechanism underlies the population-level pattern: Colorado potato beetle larvae become more active and are less likely to remain on a host plant after exposure to pymetrozine. Thus, potato, Solanum tuberosum L., growers who use pymetrozine against aphids also might benefit in terms of Colorado potato beetle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Chang
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Chang GC, Chang KM, Wu CL, Chiang CD. Clinical patterns among invasive pulmonary aspergillosis patients with and without recent intensive immunosuppressive therapy. J Formos Med Assoc 2001; 100:762-6. [PMID: 11802536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is usually an acute life-threatening infection in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and in organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In some immunocompetent patients, IPA has a chronic and indolent clinical course. We compared the clinical patterns among IPA patients who had received recent intensive immunosuppressive therapy (RIIT) and those who had not (N-RIIT). METHODS We reviewed the medical records of patients with a diagnosis of IPA made between 1992 and 1999. RIIT was defined as chemotherapy or high-dose corticosteroid therapy (at least 500 mg/d methylprednisolone, or equivalent, for at least 3 d) within 2 weeks before the onset of symptoms. RIIT patients were divided into those with and without malignancy. We compared clinical characteristics including age, sex, chest image patterns, diagnostic methods, culture results, treatment conditions, mortality, and recurrence rate in IPA patients: RIIT versus N-RIIT, and RIIT with and without malignancy. RESULTS A total of 24 patients with IPA, 17 patients who had received RIIT and seven patients who had not (N-RIIT), were included. In the RIIT group, 11 patients had malignancy and six did not. No significant differences in gender, chest image patterns, diagnostic methods, and culture results were found between the RIIT and N-RIIT groups. The N-RIIT group was older and was treated significantly later after the onset of symptoms than the RIIT group (mean +/- standard deviation, SD, 89.43 +/- 129.47 vs 9.70 +/- 9.33 d, p = 0.018). Only one of the seven N-RIIT patients died, while nine of the 17 RIIT patients died (p = 0.08). Among the RIIT patients, five of the six without malignancy died, while four of the 11 patients with malignancy died. IPA recurred in seven of the eight RIIT patients, all of whom had malignancy, but in none of the six N-RIIT patients during a similar follow-up period (mean +/- SD, 16.3 +/- 18.9 vs 27.0 +/- 54.5 mo, p = 0.505). CONCLUSIONS No differences were noted in image and culture studies between RIIT and N-RIIT IPA patients. RIIT IPA patients had acute and fulminant clinical courses, especially patients without malignancy, even though they received treatment with a mean duration of about 10 days starting from the onset of symptoms. All patients with malignancy undergoing further chemotherapy had recurrence of IPA. N-RIIT IPA patients had chronic clinical courses, a trend of lower mortality rate even with delayed diagnosis, and no recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chang GC, Dickey TD. Partitioning in situ total spectral absorption by use of moored spectral absorption-attenuation meters. Appl Opt 1999; 38:3876-3887. [PMID: 18319994 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.003876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
High-temporal-resolution spectral absorption data were acquired by use of one bottom-mounted (approximately 68-m) and three moored spectral absorption and attenuation meters (ac-9 meters at 14, 37, and 52 m) on the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf during the fall 1996 period of the Coastal Mixing and Optics experiment. We employed a previously published spectral absorption model with the data to partition total absorption into absorption by water, phytoplankton, detritus, and gelbstoff (dissolved matter). We validated the model by comparing its results against coincident in vivo absorption coefficients derived from discrete bottle samples. Correlations between modeled and in vivo spectra range from 0.873 to 0.998. We optimized these correlations to determine the model parameters. These parameters could not be determined solely from the moored ac-9 results. Therefore a separate set of absorption measurements (from discrete bottle samples) was necessary to permit values for the model parameters to be determined. Model results allow us to separate particulate and dissolved components of absorption and to examine the temporal variability and the vertical distributions and concentrations of each component, given the total absorption in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Chang
- Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, 6487 Calle Real Unit A, Goleta, California 93177, USA.
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Luh JJ, Chang GC, Cheng CK, Lai JS, Kuo TS. Isokinetic elbow joint torques estimation from surface EMG and joint kinematic data: using an artificial neural network model. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1999; 9:173-83. [PMID: 10328412 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-6411(98)00030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the relations between electromyographic signal (EMG) and anisometric joint torque remain unpredictable, the aim of this study was to determine the relations between the EMG activity and the isokinetic elbow joint torque via an artificial neural network (ANN) model. This 3-layer feed-forward network was constructed using an error back-propagation algorithm with an adaptive learning rate. The experimental validation was achieved by rectified, low-pass filtered EMG signals from the representative muscles, joint angle and joint angular velocity and measured torque. Learning with a limited set of examples allowed accurate prediction of isokinetic joint torque from novel EMG activities, joint position, joint angular velocity. Sensitivity analysis of the hidden node numbers during the learning and testing phases demonstrated that the choice of numbers of hidden node was not critical except at extreme values of those parameters. Model predictions were well correlated with the experimental data (the mean root-mean-square-difference and correlation coefficient gamma in learning were 0.0290 and 0.998, respectively, and in three different speed testings were 0.1413 and 0.900, respectively). These results suggested that an ANN model can represent the relations between EMG and joint torque/moment in human isokinetic movements. The effect of different adjacent electrode sites was also evaluated and showed the location of electrodes was very important to produce errors in the ANN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Luh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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Abstract
We see the world as three-dimensional, but because the retinal image is flat, we must derive the third dimension, depth, from two-dimensional cues. Image movement provides one of the most potent cues for depth. For example, the shadow of a contorted wire appears flat when the wire is stationary, but rotating the wire causes motion in the shadow, which suddenly appears three-dimensional. The neural mechanism of this effect, known as 'structure-from-motion', has not been discovered. Here we study cortical area MT, a primate region that is involved in visual motion perception. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to fixate their gaze while viewing two-dimensional projections of transparent, revolving cylinders. These stimuli appear to be three-dimensional, but the surface order perceived (front as opposed to back) tends to reverse spontaneously. These reversals occur because the stimulus does not specify which surface is in front or at the back. Monkeys reported which surface order they perceived after viewing the stimulus. In many of the neurons tested, there was a reproducible change in activity that coincided with reversals of the perceived surface order, even though the stimulus remained identical. This suggests that area MT has a basic role in structure-from-motion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Bradley
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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Chen JJ, Yu NY, Huang DG, Ann BT, Chang GC. Applying fuzzy logic to control cycling movement induced by functional electrical stimulation. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 1997; 5:158-69. [PMID: 9184902 DOI: 10.1109/86.593285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the design of a rational stimulation pattern for electrical stimulation and a robust closed-loop control scheme to improve cycling system efficacy for subjects with paraplegia. The stimulation patterns were designed by analyzing gravitation potential needed for the cycling movement of the lower limbs against a frictionless cycling ergometer and the response delay of electrically stimulated muscles. To simplify the cycling control system, the stimulation patterns were fixed and only the single gain of the stimulation patterns was adjusted via a feedback control algorithm. To circumvent the complexity involved with exactly modeling a stimulated muscle and cycling ergometer, a model-free fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was adopted herein for our control scheme. Comparison between FLC and conventional proportional-derivative (PD) controllers demonstrated that the FLC with asymmetrical membership function enabled the subject with paraplegia to maintain varied desired cycling speeds, particularly at lower cycling speed. By incorporating the rational stimulation patterns, the FLC can produce a smooth and prolonged cycling movement deemed necessary for designing various training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Chang GC, Luh JJ, Liao GD, Lai JS, Cheng CK, Kuo BL, Kuo TS. A neuro-control system for the knee joint position control with quadriceps stimulation. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 1997; 5:2-11. [PMID: 9086380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A neuro-control system was designed to control the knee joint to move in accordance with the desired trajectory of movement through stimulation of quadriceps muscle. This control system consisted of a neural controller and a fixed parameter proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback controller, which was designated as a neuro-PID controller. A multilayer feedforward time-delay neural network was used and trained as an inverse model of the functional electrical stimulation (FES)-induced quadriceps-lower leg system for direct feedforward control. The training signals for neural network learning were obtained from experimentation using a low-pass filtered random sequence to reveal the plant characteristics. The Nguyen-Widrow method was used to initialize the neural connection weights. The conjugate gradient descent algorithm was then used to modify these connection weights so as to minimize the errors between the desired outputs and the network outputs. The knee joint angle was controlled with only small deviations along the desired trajectory with the aid of the neural controller. In addition, the PID feedback controller was utilized to compensate for the residual tracking errors caused by disturbances and modeling errors. This control strategy was evaluated on one able-bodied and one paraplegic subject. The neuro-PID controller showed promise as a position controller of knee joint angle with quadriceps stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, R.O.C
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Chang GC, Kang WJ, Luh JJ, Cheng CK, Lai JS, Chen JJ, Kuo TS. Real-time implementation of electromyogram pattern recognition as a control command of man-machine interface. Med Eng Phys 1996; 18:529-37. [PMID: 8892237 DOI: 10.1016/1350-4533(96)00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a real-time electromyogram (EMG) discrimination system to provide control commands for man-machine interface applications. A host computer with a plug-in data acquisition and processing board containing a TMS320 C31 floating-point digital signal processor was used to attain real-time EMG classification. Two-channel EMG signals were collected by two pairs of surface electrodes located bilaterally between the sternocleidomastoid and the upper trapezius. Five motions of the neck and shoulders were discriminated for each subject. The zero-crossing rate was employed to detect the onset of muscle contraction. The cepstral coefficients, derived from autoregressive coefficients and estimated by a recursive least square algorithm, were used as the recognition features. These features were then discriminated using a modified maximum likelihood distance classifier. The total response time of this EMG discrimination system was achieved about within 0.17 s. Four able bodied and two C5/6 quadriplegic subjects took part in the experiment, and achieved 95% mean recognition rate in discrimination between the five specific motions. The response time and the reliability of recognition indicate that this system has the potential to discriminate body motions for man-machine interface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, ROC
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Rosenthal SA, Linstadt DE, Leibenhaut MH, Andras EJ, Brooks CP, Stickney DR, Chang GC, Wolkov HB, Gilbert RM. Flutamide-associated liver toxicity during treatment with total androgen suppression and radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Radiology 1996; 199:451-5. [PMID: 8668793 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.199.2.8668793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the frequency and severity of toxicity associated with flutamide inpatients treated with total androgen suppression before and during pelvic radiation therapy (RT) for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-five patients with T2b-T4 prostate cancer received flutamide and goserelin acetate for 4 months, with RT beginning at the 3rd month. Treatment records including liver function test (LFT) results at baseline and during treatment were reviewed and toxicities noted. RESULTS In 30 (46%) of 65 patients, flutamide was discontinued prematurely. Primary reasons included elevation in LFT levels (n=14); gastro-intestinal toxicity (n=9); decreased hemoglobin level (n=2); patient refusal (n=2); and arthralgia, rash, and malaise (n=1 each). Hepatotoxicity generally was manifest as asymptomatic transaminase level elevation. Grade 3-4 hepatotoxicity was noted in four of 65 patients. Mean aspartase aminotransferase increased from 23 (baseline) to 67 U/L (during flutamide treatment) (P<.02); mean alanine aminotransferase level increased from 26 (baseline) to 94 U/L (during flutamide treatment) (P<.005). CONCLUSION Flutamide toxicity was common. LFTs should be monitored during flutamide therapy. The role of flutamide in this treatment regimen may need to be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rosenthal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Daels PF, Chang GC, Hansen B, Mohammed HO. Testosterone secretion during early pregnancy in mares. Theriogenology 1996; 45:1211-9. [PMID: 16727877 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(96)00076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1995] [Accepted: 10/03/1995] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the testosterone secretion pattern during the first 80 d of pregnancy in mares and determined the sources that contribute to circulating testosterone levels during this period. Ten untreated, pregnant mares (Group 1), 10 altrenogest-treated, pregnant mares (Group 2), and 10 altrenogest-treated, pregnant mares in which the CL was eliminated by administration of PGF-2alpha on Day 16 (Group 3) were used in this study. Complete luteolysis occurred following PGF-2alpha administration in all mares in Group 3. Six of the 10 mares in Group 3 did not have an active CL until after Day 60 of pregnancy (Group 3a) and were included in the analysis. The remaining four mares developed a new CL on Days 32, 40, 43 and 49 of pregnancy and were excluded from analysis. Mares without a functional CL (Group 3a) had significantly lower testosterone concentrations than mares with a functional CL (Groups 1 and 2), during the period before equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) secretion. At the onset of eCG secretion, testosterone concentrations increased rapidly but the rate of increase decreased with time in mares with a functional CL (Groups 1 and 2). In mares without a functional CL (Group 3a), testosterone concentrations did not increase at the onset of eCG secretion but increased at a gradually increasing rate after Day 50. The lower testosterone concentration in mares without a functional CL before eCG secretion suggests that the CL contributes significantly to the circulating testosterone concentration during the period before eCG secretion. The close time relationship between the onset of eCG secretion and the increase in testosterone secretion in mares with a functional CL and the lack of a testosterone increase in pregnant mares without a functional CL suggest that the increase in testosterone secretion after Day 35 of pregnancy is the result of eCG-stimulated, luteal testosterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Daels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Roberson KM, Edwards DW, Chang GC, Robertson CN. Isolation and characterization of a novel human prostatic stromal cell culture: DuK50. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1995; 31:840-5. [PMID: 8826087 DOI: 10.1007/bf02634567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel human prostatic stromal cell culture, designated DuK50, has been passed in vitro > 12 mo. Tissue cultures were obtained from material harvested within a normal region of a radical prostatectomy specimen. These monolayers exhibited normal fibroblastic characteristics with each cell having a flattened, elongated appearance. Karyotypic analysis revealed a normal, male 46, XY chromosomal content with no numerical or structural abnormalities. DNA analysis using a Cell Analysis Systems Image Analyzer confirmed a euploid DNA content (7.9 pg DNA). Cellular markers for verification of stromal cell type were performed by immunohistochemical techniques. DuK50 stained positive for vimentin and fibronectin. Immunostains for epithelial cytokeratins and prostate-specific antigen were negative, which ruled out contamination with prostatic epithelial cells. Negative immunostaining with desmin monoclonal antibody and light staining with smooth muscle actin alpha is consistent with the staining pattern of myofibroblasts. Response to various androgens, measured by a microculture tetrazolium assay technique, revealed a significant growth stimulation of DuK50. Soft agar invasiveness assays and tumorigenicity studies in nude mice were negative. DuK50 exhibits a rapid doubling time with excellent plating efficiency, thrives in a readily available media supplemented with fetal bovine serum, and passes with routine trypsin protocols. The availability of this prostatic stromal cell culture may facilitate studies on this cell type's role in growth factor modulation, drug and steroid metabolism, and stromal-epithelial interactions in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Roberson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Lung ML, Chang GC, Miller TR, Wara WM, Phillips TL. Genotypic analysis of Epstein-Barr virus isolates associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese immigrants to the United States. Int J Cancer 1994; 59:743-6. [PMID: 7989111 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910590605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
EBV genotypes of first- and second-generation Chinese diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the United States were analyzed by PCR techniques. Previous studies showed a geographical distribution of genotypically distinct sub-types of EBV. Viruses detected at a higher frequency among Chinese NPC patients (Cf) were distinguished from those found in the majority of Caucasian NPC patients (DF) in the United States by polymorphisms in the BamHI F and I regions. Exploiting this distinction, we analyzed the biopsies of Chinese immigrants in the United States for their C/D and F/f genotypes to evaluate the importance of retention of the Cf virus among Chinese NPC patients in a geographical area where the DF virus prevails. This study shows that approximately 45.5 to 50% of first- and second-generation Chinese NPC patients in California harbor the Cf virus, which is present in only 8% of Caucasian NPC patients in California. It is interesting that, while only 48% of the viral isolates from immigrant Chinese to California harbor the "f" variant, 96% harbor the type-C viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon
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Pan BJ, Hong YJ, Chang GC, Wang MT, Cinkotai FF, Ko YC. Excess cancer mortality among children and adolescents in residential districts polluted by petrochemical manufacturing plants in Taiwan. J Toxicol Environ Health 1994; 43:117-29. [PMID: 8078088 DOI: 10.1080/15287399409531908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have collected data on the cancer deaths of children and adolescents 0-19 yr old living in a residential area near 3 large petroleum and petrochemical complexes in and near Kaohsiung city (petrochemical industrial districts, PIDs) in the period of 1971-1990 and compared these with the cancer deaths of children and adolescents 0-19 yr old among the entire population of Taiwan (national reference) and among the residents of 26 administrative districts, comprising all of Kaohsiung city and Kaohsiung county (local reference), except for 8 sparsely populated, rural districts. Having scrutinized all cancer death certificates, we have identified various statistically significant excess deaths, as compared with the national and local reference, due to cancers at all sites. Cancer of the bone, brain, and bladder in boys and girls 0-9 yr and 10-19 yr of age in the 1981-1990 decade that followed the establishment of petrochemical production in the PIDs was studied. However, excess cancer deaths seemed to have clustered in the 10-19 yr age group, who had been potentially exposed to the petrochemical pollutants for the longest period of time from the youngest age. Almost all bone, brain, and bladder cancer deaths registered were within 3 km of the 3 complexes. Bone and brain cancers in particular occurred in girls in the PIDs more frequently than in boys, even though these are believed to occur more in males than females elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Public Health, and Occupational Health Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chang GC, Liu R, Panniers R, Li GC. Rat fibroblasts transfected with the human 70-kDa heat shock gene exhibit altered translation and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha phosphorylation following heat shock. Int J Hyperthermia 1994; 10:325-37. [PMID: 7930798 DOI: 10.3109/02656739409010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock inhibits translation in a wide variety of cells. After heating, eukaryotic initiation factor 2-alpha (eIF-2 alpha) becomes phosphorylated which prevents the binding of Met-tRNA to the 40s ribosomal subunit inhibiting initiation of translation. Thermotolerant cells demonstrate resistance to inhibition of translation by additional heating suggesting that heat shock proteins may help to maintain translational integrity following thermal stress. Here we have examined the effects of increased intracellular levels of hsp70 protein on translation and eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation using rat fibroblasts stably transfected with a cloned human hsp70 gene. We observed a decrease in the rate of translational inhibition following heat shock in both hsp70-transfected and thermotolerant cells. Upon recovery at 37 degrees C, both hsp70-transfected and thermotolerant cells exhibit a faster rate of translational recovery. Utilizing slab gel isoelectric focusing coupled with immunoblotting we demonstrate that 45 degrees C heat shock leads to a rapid 4-5-fold increase in eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation, with little difference seen between control cells and hsp70-transfected cells. However, dephosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha occurs faster in the hsp70-transfected cells. These results suggest that hsp70 may play a role in facilitating the dephosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha as well as reversing the inhibition of translation following heat shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Moh PP, Chang GC, Brueggemeier RW, Lin YC. Effect of gossypol on 5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in adult rat testes. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1993; 82:12-26. [PMID: 8272571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that little to no 5 alpha-reductase can be detected in adult rat testes when progesterone is used as substrate. The 5 alpha-reductase activity in 4-month-old rats and the inhibitory action of gossypol on steroidobiosynthesis were studied. Testicular sections (10 microns thickness) were incubated at 30.5 degrees C in the presence of NADPH with 3H-testosterone and cold testosterone as substrates (9 microM total), and with or without gossypol as the test sample and control, respectively. Endogenous testosterone level was evaluated by radioimmunoassay. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate the substrate and products. Components of interest were collected and their recovery monitored. At 200 microM concentration, gossypol significantly decreased dihydrotestosterone (DHT) formation by 21% when compared to that of control (0.6 pm/mg protein/min), and decreased 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol formation by 35% vs control (2 pm/mg protein/min). In the current study, gossypol was found to have inhibitory effects of noncompetitive nature on 5 alpha-reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to DHT, and on 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD), which interconverts DHT and dihydroandrostanediol.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Moh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1092
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Beleh MA, Brueggemeier RW, Chang GC, Lin YC. Biosynthesis and secretion of growth factor proteins by kidney cells from DES-treated Syrian hamsters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 190:1029-36. [PMID: 8439304 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Long-term estrogen treatment of Syrian hamsters results in the initiation and development of hormone-dependent renal adenocarcinomas. The pathway(s) to neoplastic transformation remain unknown in this animal model of hormonal carcinogenesis. In the present study, short-term primary kidney cell cultures and incubations of freshly prepared kidney slices have been incubated with [35S]-methionine to study the effects of estrogen treatment on protein biosynthesis in the Syrian hamster. An increase in amount of two secreted proteins were observed with an increasing duration of diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment. Further characterization of these proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis identified two proteins present only in treated hamsters, a 20-22 kDa protein and a 16-18 kDa protein with an isoelectric point of 8.5-9.0. Immunoprecipitation using specific antibodies to growth factors, followed by separation on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, showed that kidney slices from five month-treated animals produced a TGF-alpha-like protein and a bFGF-like protein. The induction of these growth factors may play an important role in the tumorigenic process in kidneys of Syrian hamsters, including cell proliferation and vascularization of the tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Beleh
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Abstract
Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to analyze paraffin sections from 12 Caucasian patients, we detected only the prototype F Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 10 specimens from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This is in contrast to the higher frequency of association of "f" variants in NPC biopsies from Southern Chinese. The results of EBV genotyping support evidence that the EBV strains associated with NPC in the Southern Chinese population differ from those found in Caucasians. DNA sequencing confirmed that a simple point mutation is responsible for the restriction-fragment-length polymorphism which distinguishes the prototype F virus from the "f" variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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Reeves MW, Chang GC. Studies on lysosomal acid phosphatase in virus infected HEp-2 cells. Microbios 1971; 4:167-79. [PMID: 4356076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cleveland WW, Chang GC. Male pseudohermaphroditism with female chromosomal constitution. Pediatrics 1965; 36:892-8. [PMID: 5846831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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