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Raja H, Lodhi S. Assessing the readability and quality of online information on anosmia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2024; 106:178-184. [PMID: 37051757 PMCID: PMC10830341 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2022.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anosmia can have a significant impact on well-being and quality of life. Due to an ageing population and the coronavirus disease 2019, increasing numbers of patients are seeking online information on anosmia. This report systematically assesses the readability and quality of online information on anosmia. METHODS The terms 'anosmia' and 'loss of smell' were entered into Google. The first 50 websites generated for each search term were screened. Readability was assessed using the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index and Gunning Fog Index (GFI). Quality was assessed using the DISCERN instrument. Spearman's correlation between quality and readability was calculated. RESULTS A total of 79 websites met the inclusion criteria. The mean and 95% confidence interval for the FRES, FKGL, SMOG, GFI and DISCERN scores were 46.31 (42.94-49.68), 12.00 (11.27-12.73), 10.70 (10.16-11.23), 14.62 (13.85-15.39) and 2.90 (2.69-3.11), respectively. Significant negative correlation was noted between the DISCERN and FRES (rs=-0.500; p<0.05). DISCUSSION Online information on anosmia is written above the recommended reading age guidance in the UK, and has moderate deficiencies in quality. As a result, the information may be used inappropriately and could result in worse health outcomes. We recommend that patients are directed to websites produced by health providers or nonprofit organisations that develop material for patient health education. CONCLUSIONS Online information on anosmia is of low readability and moderate quality. Healthcare professionals should direct patients towards high-quality resources written for the layperson.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raja
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S Lodhi
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Raja H, Almansoor ZR. Assessing the readability and quality of online information on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2024; 106:45-50. [PMID: 36748797 PMCID: PMC10757881 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2022.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. It can have a significant impact on quality of life, with individuals often seeking information online for reassurance and education. The aim of this study is to assess the readability and quality of online information on BPPV. METHODS The terms 'benign paroxysmal positional vertigo' and 'BPPV' were entered into Google. The first 50 websites generated for each search term were screened. Readability was assessed using the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index and Gunning Fog Index (GFOG). Quality was assessed using the DISCERN instrument. Spearman's correlation between quality and readability was calculated. RESULTS A total of 39 websites met the inclusion criteria. The mean and 95% confidence intervals for the FRES, FKGL, SMOG, GFOG and DISCERN scores were 50.2 (46.1-54.3), 10.6 (9.87-11.4), 10.1 (9.5-10.7), 13.6 (12.7-14.4) and 36.7 (34.6-38.7), respectively. Weak correlation was noted between DISCERN and FRES (rs = -0.23, p = 0.17). CONCLUSION Online information on BPPV is generally of poor quality and low readability. It is essential that healthcare professionals inform their patients of this limitation and advocate for improved online patient education resources that are both high quality and easy to comprehend.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raja
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Raja H, Lai K, Sunkaraneni V. Cocaine screening in patients undergoing nasal reconstructive surgery: a cross-sectional, survey-based study of UK rhinology consultants. J Laryngol Otol 2023; 137:1149-1153. [PMID: 36856000 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215123000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the current practices of the UK rhinology consultant body in regard to cocaine screening in nasal reconstructive surgery. METHOD A 12-question online survey was distributed to rhinology consultants (October 2021 to February 2022) currently practising in the UK. RESULTS A total of 55 consultants responded. Fifty-three per cent asked patients about cocaine use prior to consideration of surgery, and 45 per cent performed cocaine testing prior to consideration of surgery. Of these, the majority employed urine testing alone (60 per cent), with hair testing being less common as a single screening modality (4 per cent). Sixteen per cent opted for both urine and hair testing. The most common reasons for not performing cocaine testing included patient history or clinical examination that was not suggestive of cocaine use (44 per cent), lack of formal guidelines (33 per cent) and lack of testing availability (27 per cent). Sixty-four per cent were in favour of a national policy for cocaine screening. CONCLUSION There is marked variation in cocaine screening practices for nasal reconstructive surgery among UK rhinologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raja
- ENT Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Lai
- ENT Department, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, UK
| | - V Sunkaraneni
- ENT Department, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
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Raja H, Fitzpatrick N. Assessing the readability and quality of online information on Bell's palsy. J Laryngol Otol 2023; 137:1130-1134. [PMID: 36524547 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215122002626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the readability and quality of current online information on Bell's palsy. METHOD A Google search using the terms 'Bell's palsy' and 'facial palsy' was performed separately. The first three pages of results were analysed. Readability was assessed using Flesch Reading Ease Score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, the Gunning-Fog Index and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook. Quality was assessed using the Discern tool. Spearman's correlation between quality and readability was calculated. RESULTS A total of 31 websites met the inclusion criteria. The mean Flesch Reading Ease Score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, the Gunning Fox Index and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook scores were 52.45 (95 per cent confidence interval = 47.01-57.86), 10.50 (95 per cent confidence interval = 9.42-11.58), 12.76 (95 per cent confidence interval = 11.68-13.85) and 9.36 (95 per cent confidence interval = 8.52-10.20), respectively. The average Discern score was 44 (95 per cent confidence interval = 40.88-47.12). A negligible correlation was noted between the Discern and Flesch Reading Ease Score (rs = -0.05, p = 0.80). CONCLUSION Online information on Bell's palsy is generally of fair quality but is written above the recommended reading age guidance in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raja
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Fitzpatrick
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Raja H, Patel K. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: assessing the readability and quality of online information. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2023; 105:639-644. [PMID: 36374281 PMCID: PMC10471431 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2022.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the readability and quality of online information on functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODS The term 'functional endoscopic sinus surgery' was entered into the Google, Bing and Yahoo search engines. The first 30 websites for each search engine were screened. Readability was assessed using the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade (FKG), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index, and Gunning Fog Index (GFI). Quality was assessed using the DISCERN instrument. Spearman's correlation between quality and readability was calculated. RESULTS Thirty-three websites met the inclusion criteria. The mean and standard deviations for the FRES, FKG, SMOG, GFI, and DISCERN scores were 49 (13.1), 10.9 (2.5), 10.2 (1.9), 13.6 (2.4), and 51.1 (12.8), respectively. A positive correlation was noted between the FRES and DISCERN (R=0.357, p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS Online information on FESS is generally written above the recommended reading levels and of fair quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raja
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - K Patel
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Wise K, Ebrahim S, Raja H. 888 Utility of a Virtual Mock Interview Course to Prepare Trainees on UK Core Surgical Training Interviews – a Cross-Sectional Study. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac269.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
To assess the usefulness of a virtual mock interview course to prepare trainees for UK Core Surgical Training (CST) interviews.
Method
Junior doctors interested in applying for CST attended a one-day interview course delivered by highly ranked surgical trainees. All attendees were invited to complete pre- and post-interview course questionnaires to assess usefulness in improving the confidence and preparedness for interviews.
Results
A total of 60 trainees attended the course with an 87% (52/60) response rate to both pre- and post-course surveys. Most trainees were FY2 doctors (50%) applying to CST for the first time (78%). Before the course, 60% of attendees reported feeling “not so confident” for their upcoming interview; 38% of participants felt “somewhat confident” whilst 2% reported feeling “very confident.” 100% of doctors found the pre-mock interview presentations “very useful” or “extremely useful”. Matched data revealed an improvement in attendees’ overall confidence (p<0.0001), with 98% reporting they felt “somewhat” or “very confident” and 2% reporting feeling “extremely confident” about upcoming interviews.
Conclusions
We demonstrate evidence of a successful CST virtual mock interview course that significantly aids preparation and improves confidence for junior doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wise
- Ealing Hospital , London , United Kingdom
| | - S Ebrahim
- General Surgery Department, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital , Luton , United Kingdom
| | - H Raja
- General Surgery Department, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital , Luton , United Kingdom
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Raja H, Shaw S, Graham C, Kothari P, Patel S, Biswas D. An unusual case of stridor: supraglottic inverted papilloma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2021; 104:e116-e118. [PMID: 34825830 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inverted papillomas are rare benign neoplasms that typically originate in the sinonasal area of middle-aged men. We report the first case of a supraglottic inverted papilloma presenting with stridor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raja
- Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S Shaw
- Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, UK
| | - C Graham
- Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - P Kothari
- Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S Patel
- Bedford Hospital, Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - D Biswas
- Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Raja H, Ebrahim S. 1668 Buying Your Way into A Run-Through Surgical Training Post: The Way Forward? Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Competition for core surgical training (CST) applications has increased significantly over the last few years. This has been largely attributable to the introduction of limited run-through surgical posts which avoids the bottleneck at ST3 applications. We sought to assess how financial factors may affect current or potential future surgical trainees in their pursuit for run-through posts.
Method
A 10-point questionnaire was designed to assess various financial considerations for surgical trainees applying to the 2021 CST cycle who had the sole goal of securing a run-through post. Results were analysed using Chi-squared test.
Results
Of the 40 respondents, 95% were foundation doctors and 5% were core trainees. There was a significant association between willingness to achieve full marks in the CST interview and attending an interview course and obtaining 1-1 coaching sessions (p < 0.05). Familial income was not found to be a significant barrier to spending money on interview courses and coaching sessions (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Applicants are willing to pay a significant premium to secure a run-through surgical post. Further research is required to fully understand the reasons behind this phenomenon and the impact on those from widening participation backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raja
- Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - S Ebrahim
- Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, United Kingdom
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Zahoor U, Malik C, Raja H, Ramaraju S, Sri-Ram K. 729 Effect Of COVID-19 On Orthopaedic Trauma Admissions in A London District General Hospital. Br J Surg 2021. [PMCID: PMC8135889 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab134.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has presented orthopaedic services with new challenges across all aspects of healthcare delivery. This study explores the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on trauma admissions at a London District General Hospital.
Method
Data was collected retrospectively from electronic patient records during the lockdown period (16th March -30thApril 2020) and compared to the same dates in 2019. Patient age, date and time of admission, operation and anaesthesia timings and length of stay (LOS) were analysed.
Results
Fewer trauma patients were admitted in 2020 (108 vs. 65). Additionally, there was a patient demographics shift, with mean age increasing from 55.6 years to 64.1 years (p = 0.038). Falls remained the leading cause of injury, although the proportion dropped from 75% to 62%. Anaesthesia duration was longer in 2020 (136 vs 83 minutes, p < 0.00001). Similarly, there was a 13.6% increase in median operation length. Finally, although LOS was similar, admission-operation was greatly reduced in 2020 (1.22 days vs 4.74, p < 0.0000001).
Conclusions
Orthopaedic trauma care remains a vital service, particularly in high-volume hospitals. By understanding the effects of the lockdown on trauma admissions, healthcare managers can more effectively plan for future changes in non-emergent trauma service delivery as we move towards easing lockdown restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zahoor
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Malik
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Raja
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Ramaraju
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Sri-Ram
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Ortega Franco A, Tay R, Raja H, Ackermann C, Carter M, Lindsay C, Hughes S, Cove-Smith L, Taylor P, Summers Y, Blackhall F, Califano R. 108P Pembrolizumab in pre-treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts): Impact of blood-based biomarkers on survival outcomes. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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11
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Pihlak R, Almond R, Srivastava P, Raja H, Broadbent R, Hopewell L, Higham C, Lamarca A, Hubner R, Valle J, McNamara M. Effects of random glucose (Glc) levels on outcomes of patients (pts) with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy282.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pardes AM, Beach ZM, Raja H, Rodriguez AB, Freedman BR, Soslowsky LJ. Aging leads to inferior Achilles tendon mechanics and altered ankle function in rodents. J Biomech 2017; 60:30-38. [PMID: 28683928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon is increasingly common in the middle aged population. However, the cause for the particularly high incidence of injury in this age group is not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify age-specific differences in the Achilles tendon-muscle complex using an animal model. Functional measures were performed in vivo and tissues were harvested following euthanasia for mechanical, structural, and histological analysis from young, middle aged, and old rats. Numerous alterations in tendon properties were detected across age groups, including inferior material properties (maximum stress, modulus) with increasing age. Differences in function were also observed, as older animals exhibited increased ankle joint passive stiffness and decreased propulsion force during locomotion. Macroscale differences in tendon organization were not observed, although cell density and nuclear shape did vary between age groups. Muscle fiber size and type distribution were not notably affected by age, indicating that other factors may be more responsible for age-specific Achilles tendon rupture rates. This study improves our understanding of the role of aging in Achilles tendon biomechanics and ankle function, and helps provide a potential explanation for the disparate incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures in varying age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pardes
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Z M Beach
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Raja
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A B Rodriguez
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B R Freedman
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Raja H, Moschonas D, Haldar N, Misra K, Kelleher J. Single centre experience from the accuracy of conventional 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis and pre-operative staging of prostate cancer. Int J Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Raja H, Subramanyam SG, Govindaraj S, Babu MK. A rare cause of massive lymphadenopathy. Indian J Surg Oncol 2012; 2:212-4. [PMID: 22942615 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-011-0102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosai Dorfman Disease is a rare disease presenting mainly as painless enlargement of cervical lymph nodes. It is a benign disorder showing unique histological features characterized by reactive proliferation of sinus histiocytes. In 40% of cases, extranodal sites may be involved. The condition has to be differentiated from certain types of B cell lymphoma showing similar features. We report here a 17 year old male presenting with nodal and extranodal involvement of Rosai Dorfman Disease.
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Raja H, Charaklias N, Clamp PJ. Re: Foreign body removal from the nose: positioning the child. Clin Otolaryngol 2009; 34:265. [PMID: 19531194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clamp P, Verey C, Raja H. Educating patients regarding nasal irrigation using Internet video tutorials. Clin Otolaryngol 2009; 34:398. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.01955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wieraszko A, Hogan MV, El-Sherif Y, Tesoriero J, Raja H. The influence of melatonin on the hippocampal glutamergic system. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.81.s1.11_9.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alhamarneh O, Raja H, England RJA. Inadequate analgesic prescription increases secondary post-tonsillectomy bleed rates: a completed audit loop. J Laryngol Otol 2007; 122:719-21. [PMID: 17666144 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215107000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A significantly greater than normal secondary haemorrhage rate was noted in patients who had undergone tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy as waiting list 'initiative' cases within an alternative healthcare provider setting, compared with patients undergoing the same surgery within a primary healthcare trust (17.8 vs 3.9 per cent, respectively; p 0.1). We conclude that adequate analgesia, for the first week post-tonsillectomy, is essential in order to keep the secondary haemorrhage rate within an acceptable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Alhamarneh
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hull Royal Infirmary, UK.
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Wieraszko A, Ahmed Z, Armani J, Maqsood N, Philips S, Raja H. Neurophysiological Effects Induced in the Nervous Tissue by Low-Frequency, Pulsed Magnetic Fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10669-005-4277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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