Unique natural history of an EGFR mutated adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Supportive care alone cannot be indicated for cancers for which established standard therapy exists unless there is a specific reason. Due to the refusal of standard therapy by the patient after proper explanation of the therapy, we experienced a long-term follow-up of >10 years with supportive care alone in an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutated lung cancer patient.

CASE

A 70-year-old woman was referred due to the right lung with some ground glass opacities (GGOs). One of the GGOs which was resected in another hospital had been confirmed to be EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma. Although EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) was explained to be the standard therapy, the patient refused receiving the therapy and wished to follow up imaging of the remaining GGOs. During the follow-up period of 13 years, the each GGO showed a gradual increase. The doubling time of the largest GGO and that of serum carcinoembryonic antigen was > 2,000 days, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Although very rare, some of EGFR mutated lung adenocarcinoma might have a very slow progression. Clinical course of this patient provides useful information to the clinical practice of future patients who may have similar clinical courses.

Association Between Nonadherence and Transient Hyperuricemia in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation

BACKGROUND

Nonadherence among pediatric transplant recipients is a significant problem that reduces graft survival and leads to poor kidney graft outcomes. It is, however, extremely difficult to detect during a regular follow-up. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the risk factors involved in nonadherence, focusing on unexplained transient hyperuricemia in pediatric kidney transplant (KTx) recipients at a single pediatric center.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 167 patients who underwent KTx at our pediatric center. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the risk of nonadherence using the following factors: age, sex, body mass index SD score, transient hyperuricemia, hypertension, and follow-up period.

RESULTS

Nonadherence was identified in 19 patients (11%), with the average (SD) age and post-KTx duration at diagnosis being 17.21 (4.73) years and 79.21 (38.77) months, respectively. Thirty-four patients (20%) were diagnosed with transient hyperuricemia at a median of 14 months after KTx. On multivariate Cox regression analysis, transient hyperuricemia was the only independent risk factor for nonadherence after KTx.

CONCLUSIONS

Transient hyperuricemia was identified as one of the risk factors for nonadherence after KTx; therefore, careful monitoring for transient hyperuricemia may allow early detection of nonadherence.

Do fathers have sufficient knowledge to administer medicine to children correctly?

Background

Recently, the father's involvement in childcare is increasing in Japan. Inappropriate use of medication for children at home has been reported worldwide, however, the most responsible person was likely to be the mother. We aimed to compare the knowledge related to administering medication to children between fathers and mothers among Japanese parents.

Methods

An online survey regarding medication administration to children was conducted in March 2022. Parents living with preschool children were recruited and categorized by four factors: sex (fathers and mothers), age of children, regular medication, and the difficulty level in giving medicine to their own children. The cross-sectional data were collected for each category. The knowledge related to administering medication to children was measured using ten statements such as “Children can be given a reduced dose of adult medicine” using a 5-point Likert scale. The answer “disagree” was defined as correct understanding and was compared between fathers and mothers (Chi-square test).

Results

The participants were 145 fathers and 128 mothers. The percentage of fathers who answered all questions correctly or all questions incorrectly was 9.0% (mothers = 13.3%) and 25.5% (mothers = 13.3%) respectively. Each statement was answered correctly by fathers 20.0-57.9% and by mothers 25.8-71.9% and fathers were less likely to have the correct knowledge than mothers (6 items, p < 0.05). The biggest difference between those two groups was the statement of “Children should be given more than the proper dose for rapid effect”. Furthermore, the fathers having some difficulties in giving medicine had lower awareness about appropriate medication use than fathers having no difficulties.

Conclusions

Fathers were more likely to have lower knowledge related to administering medication to children than mothers. Medical professionals like pharmacists will need to support fathers.

Key messages

Late-onset pulmonary and cardiac toxicities in a patient treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy

BACKGROUND

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in organs throughout the body. Of the irAEs, ICPI-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the most notable one that can be life-threatening. No less than that, ICPI-induced cardiac irAEs are serious ones and are recently attracting attention. IrAEs usually develop within a few months after the initiation of ICPI treatment, but some of them occur after a long period of time from the start of treatment.

CASE

A 60-year-old male patient with squamous cell carcinoma developed ICPI-induced ILD more than 2 years after the initiation of ICPI therapy. A few months after the ICPI-induced ILD improved, he developed heart failure, which was presumed to be caused by impaired cardiac ejection. Both irAEs improved without administration of corticosteroids.

CONCLUSION

Although rare, these irAEs may appear even after a long period of time from the start of administration, and chest physicians should be careful of late-onset irAEs.

Awareness of knowledge related to administering medication for children by mothers among pharmacists

Background

Inappropriate medication use for children by caregivers such as mothers and nursery staff has been reported in Japan. The pharmacists have the responsibility to support adequate medication administration and should consult effectively. However, it is not clear how much pharmacists are aware of the knowledge of medication use by caregivers. This study aimed to examine the knowledge related to administering medication for children among mothers and nursery staff and to evaluate the awareness of that understanding among pharmacists.

Methods

Three online surveys involving 600 mothers living with nursery school children, 558 nursery staff at nursery schools, and 584 pharmacists in Japan were conducted separately (Cross-sectional data, in 2019/2021). Ten statements about the knowledge related to administering medication for children such as “You could give the medicine that has been prescribed before if similar symptoms are shown”, “You should give children the medicine using favorite beverages such as milk and juice, regardless of the kind of medicine” were shown and measured using a 5-point Likert scale. The answer: “disagree”, was considered as correct understanding. The pharmacists were asked how much they think mothers/nursery staff answered correctly using a 5-point Likert scale.

Results

The proportion of correct answers for ten statements by mothers and nursery staff were 35.8%-76.0% and 43.0%-69.9%, respectively. Most answers from pharmacists were in the category range of 40%-59%. Only 11.5%-33.0% of pharmacists chose the correct category in each of ten items with mothers' answers and 24.0%-83.4% of them had lower awareness.

Conclusions

Overall, the pharmacists were less likely to be aware of the mothers'/nursery staff members' knowledge related to administering medication. The pharmacists need to instruct mothers to administer medication after confirming their understanding at the pharmacy.

Key messages

The awareness of knowledge related to administering medication for children by mothers and nursery staff among pharmacists was lower than the answers. The pharmacists need to instruct mothers to administer medication at the pharmacy after confirming their understanding of medication use.

Environment related practices for emergency response to infectious disease outbreak on cruise ships

Issue/problem

COVID-19 pandemic halted cruise operations globally. This project explored strategies and measures that could be adopted internationally for mitigating a disease outbreak on-board of a cruise ship by bringing evidence-based recommendations for an emergency response against current COVID-19 outbreak and future infectious threats.

Description of the problem

Research took place in October 2020-March 2021. Methods comprised of: a) consultation sessions with five international experts on public health, epidemiology, tourism and cruise management, b) both systematic and narrative literature reviews. Present guidance analysed why cruise ships promote an opportunistic environment for infectious outbreaks, along with a strategy for reducing the risks among passengers and crew.

Results

Results were organised under four main themes: a) advice on surface interactions and virus viability; b) prevention and control measures; c) suggestions on short and long term responses; d) advice on thermal and ventilation conditions and how they affect virus transmission. The guidance was very similar to other built environment contexts, ignoring the particularities of sociospatial interactions in cruise ships. Moreover, there was limited provision for the wellbeing and mental health during the outbreak.

Lessons

This project summarised recommendations for the preparedness of cruise ships during a pandemic from ports, off-board and on-board measures to repatriation. Demonstrated the importance of spatial characteristics in the preparedness of a ship. Pointed the effect pandemic can have upon crew and passengers. This needs to be taken into account when operations restart. Cruise experience would have to change due to covid-19, especially when social activity on board has to be restricted. The importance of future studies focusing on how this change will impact cruise industry arose, including crew hygiene, safety and supporting mental health during outbreaks.

Key messages

Multi-disciplinary approach on providing a set of recommendations for emergency response to infectious disease outbreak on cruise ships including environmental preparedness. Actions should include also the mental health of crew and passengers on copying with stress during infectious outbreaks.

Association between maternal factors and appropriate medication for nursery school children in Japan

Background

Inappropriate medication use for children by caregivers has been reported in Japan. We focused on the factors which could be associated with health literacy (HL) and knowledge of medication (KM). We aimed to examine the association between appropriate use for nursery school children and maternal socioeconomic status (SES) or behavior related to medication adherence among mothers in Japan.

Methods

The data regarding the conditions of medication for children (aged from six months to six years old) at home and in nursery school by the online survey from April to May 2019 was used. Maternal SES, such as education, occupational status, and economic conditions, were asked via a self-administered questionnaire. Maternal behaviors were measured using a 5-point Likert scale and classified into two groups. HL and KM were scored and divided into two categories. Appropriate medication use was evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale for the statement “I give my child medicine as per instructions,” and the answers were classified into two groups. Poisson regression was employed to investigate the association. Age, maternal SES, chronic disease of children, birth order, HL, and KM were used as covariates.

Results

A total of 233 (38.8%) of 600 mothers aged 24-48 years, reported appropriate medication use for children. None of the maternal SES was statistically significant. After adjustment, the individuals, who consent to prescribed medications for children, were 2.16 times (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.64-2.86) more likely to use medicine appropriately compared with their counterparts. ’To be able to consult with pharmacists’ were also statistically significant (Prevalence Ratio=2.14, 95% CI:1.63-2.81).

Conclusions

The mothers, who consent to prescribed medications for children, who consult with pharmacists were more likely to use medicine appropriately. Community pharmacists could support those to improve their skills.

Key messages

The maternal behaviors related to adherence were associated with appropriate medication for children among Japanese mothers, although none of the maternal SES was statistically significant. Community pharmacists could support mothers and contribute appropriate medical treatment for children.

Preparation and characterization of SNO-PEG-hemoglobin as a candidate for oxygen transporting material

Acellular hemoglobin (Hb) derivates developed as oxygen carriers are known to cause hypertensive reactions due to their nitric oxide (NO) scavenging action. To modulate this undesired activity, we have developed a new Hb derivative, s-nitrosylated polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified hemoglobin (SNO-PEG-Hb), which can deliver oxygen and NO. After human Hb was modified with PEG to increase its molecular weight, the free sulfhydryl groups of Hb were s-nitrosylated with s-nitrosoglutathione. Administration of unmodified Hb into anesthetized rats caused a hypertensive reaction, while s-nitrosylated Hb derivatives such as SNO-Hb and SNO-PEG-Hb did not raise blood pressure. The plasma half-lives of heme and NO bound to SNO-PEG-Hb were 11.5 and 2.4 hours respectively, indicating that the s-nitrosylated Hb derivative may act as a slow-releasing agent for NO. Based on these findings, SNO-PEG-Hb is a useful candidate for a blood substitute and tool for oxygen therapeutics.

Diets with no or low amounts of dietary fiber can reduce small intestinal ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs

Recent progress in endoscopic techniques has revealed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often cause ulcers in the small intestine in humans, but effective therapy is not available at present. In the present study, we investigated the effects of feeding condition and the amount of dietary fiber (DF) in the diet on the formation of gastrointestinal ulcers induced by NSAIDs in dogs. Several types of diets containing various percentages of DF were given to dogs. Indomethacin (1 or 3 mg/kg, p.o.), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg, s.c.), or fulnixin (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered once daily at 10 a.m. after a morning meal or without a morning meal (fasted condition) for 3 - 7 days. Gastrointestinal lesions were examined 24 h after the final dose of the drugs. When indomethacin (3 mg/kg) was administered after a morning meal (fed condition) for 7 days, it produced many lesions in the small intestine. However, when it was given in the fasted condition without the morning meal, the lesions were markedly decreased. All the NSAIDs given after feeding of regular dry food containing 6% DF once a day for 3 days produced many lesions in the small intestine. The lesions were decreased or increased in dogs given prescription diets containing low DF (1.1%) and high DF (15.4%), respectively. Furthermore, lesions were not observed in dogs given canned diet containing very low DF (< 0.1%), whereas lesions appeared again in dogs given canned diet supplemented with cellulose (3 or 10%) but not with pectin (10%). These results suggested that both feeding condition and insoluble DF, such as cellulose in the diet, play an important role in the formation of NSAID-induced small intestinal lesions, and that a diet with no or low amounts of DF may decrease gastrointestinal side-effects associated with the use of NSAIDs.

Kartagener's syndrome presenting in old age

It is considered that Kartagener's syndrome is caused by ciliary dysfunction. This syndrome is characterized by the clinical triad of bronchiectasis, sinusitis, and dextrocardia. We describe an elderly patient with Kartagener's syndrome who reached advanced age. We suppose that it may be possible for patients with Kartagener's syndrome to live a full span with optimal therapy for respiratory tract infection and control progression of this disease. Chronic Respiratory Disease 2007; 4: 75—76

Early Pathophysiologic Feature of Arthropathy in Juvenile Dogs Induced by Ofloxacin, a Quinolone Antimicrobial Agent

Arthropathy in dogs induced by ofloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent, was pathophysiologically investigated. In the in vivo studies, ofloxacin was administered orally once or twice at 20 mg/kg/day to male juvenile (3-month-old, n = 3) or adult (36-month-old, n = 2) dogs, and the humeral and femoral heads were examined pathologically. Unlike adult dogs, fluid-filled vesicles were macroscopically observed on the articular surfaces of one juvenile dog 24 hours after a single treatment with ofloxacin. These lesions were seen in all juvenile dogs by twice dosing. Microscopically, fissures or cavity formations in the middle zone of the articular cartilage were noted only in juvenile dogs. Furthermore, the cartilage matrix from the abnormal area to the articular surface showed a decreased safranin-O staining intensity, suggesting proteoglycan depletion. Ultrastructurally, chondrocytes in the middle zone of juvenile dogs displayed dilatation of the cisternae in the rough endoplasmic reticulum as an initial hallmark. In the in vitro studies, chondrocytes isolated from the articular cartilage of naive juvenile dogs were exposed to ofloxacin at 6.3–100 μg/ml for 24 hours. Although no changes were noted in the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, or proteoglycan release at concentrations of up to 100 μg/ml, the proteoglycan synthesis was evidently decreased in a dose-dependent manner from 12.5 μg/ml. The results obtained suggest that the inhibitory action of ofloxacin on proteoglycan syntheses in the chondrocytes may largely contribute to the early morphologic features in the articular cartilage of the juvenile dog.

Do Recent Advances in MR Technologies Contribute to Better Gamma Knife Radiosurgery Treatment Results for Brain Metastases?

The detection of intracerebral lesions has improved greatly with advancements in MR imaging, especially the greater sensitivity of the 1.5 Tesla unit versus the older 1.0 Tesla unit. We aimed to determine whether improvements in MR imaging have actually improved diagnostic capabilities and treatment outcomes in gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for brain metastases (METs). Ours was a retrospective study of a consecutive series of 1179 patients (441 females, 738 males, mean age: 63 years, range: 19–92 years) with brain METs who underwent GKRS from 1998 to 2004. Our treatment policy was to irradiate all lesions visible on MR images during a single GKRS session. Mean and median tumor numbers were seven and three (range; 1–74). The 1179 patients were divided into two groups: a 1.0 T-group of 660 patients examined using a 1.0 Tesla MR unit before August, 2002, and a 1.5 T-group of 519 examined using a 1.5 Tesla MR unit after September 2002. In the 1.5 T-group, lesion volumes as small as 0.004 cc were detected with a 5 mm slice thickness. The corresponding lesion size was 0.013 cc in the 1.0 T-group. One or more lesions invisible on a 5 mm slice study were additionally detected on a 2 mm slice study in 47.8% of patients in the 1.0 T-group and 25.2% in the 1.5 T-group (p<.0001). The median survival time (MST) in the 1.5 T-group was significantly longer than that in the 1.0 T-group (8.4 vs. 6.3 months, p=.0004). Due to biases in patient numbers between the two groups, we analyzed subgroups with KPS of 80% or better, no neurological deficits, stable primary tumors, lung cancer, tumor numbers of four or less and tumor volumes of 10.0 cc or smaller. In every subgroup analysis, the MSTs of the 1.5-Tesla group were significantly longer than those of the 1.0-Tesla group. The prognosis of a cancer patient is undoubtedly influenced by multiple factors. Nevertheless, we conclude that application of the 1.5 Tesla MR unit has had a favorable impact on diagnosis and GKRS treatment results in patients with brain METs.

A mutein of human basic fibroblast growth factor TGP-580 accelerates colonic ulcer healing by stimulating angiogenesis in the ulcer bed in rats

Previously, we reported that TGP-580, a mutein of human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), accelerated the healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. In the present study, we examined the effect of TGP-580 on the healing of colonic ulcers. In male Sprague Dawley rats, ulcers were induced in the colon 6 cm from the anus by enema of 50 μl of 3% N-ethylmaleimide, a sulfhydryl alkylator. The lesions were examined under a dissecting microscope (x10). The concentration of bFGF in the ulcerated colon was measured by enzyme immunoassay, and both the distribution of bFGF and the density of microvessels in the ulcer bed were examined by immunohistochemical staining. The content of bFGF in the ulcerated colon was markedly increased associated with ulcer healing, and ulcer healing was significantly delayed by intravenous administration of a monoclonal antibody for bFGF (MAb 3H3) once daily for 10 days. In the ulcer bed, many cells such as fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and macrophages were positively stained with bFGF antiserum. TGP-580, human bFGF or dexamethasone was given intracolonally twice daily for 10 days, starting the day after ulcer induction. TGP-580 (0.2 - 20 μg/ml, 200 μl/rat) dose-dependently accelerated ulcer healing, and its effect was more than 10 times stronger than that of human bFGF. Density (μm/0.01 mm(2)) of microvessels in the ulcer bed was significantly increased by treatment with TGP-580, and there was a good correlation between the density of microvessels and the decrease of ulcerated area (R(2) = 0.633). On the other hand dexamethasone (20 μg/ml) inhibited angiogenesis in the ulcer bed and delayed ulcer healing. These results suggest that angiogenesis in the ulcer bed plays an important role in ulcer healing, and that bFGF mutein TGP-580 accelerated colonic ulcer healing, at least in part, by stimulating angiogenesis, whereas glucocorticoids may delay the healing by inhibiting angiogenesis.

Are tyrosine residues involved in the photoconversion of the water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein of Chenopodium album?

Non-photosynthetic and hydrophilic chlorophyll (Chl) proteins, called water-soluble Chl-binding proteins (WSCPs), are distributed in various species of Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae and Brassicaceae. Based on their photoconvertibility, WSCPs are categorised into two classes: Class I (photoconvertible) and Class II (non-photoconvertible). Chenopodium album WSCP (CaWSCP; Class I) is able to convert the chlorin skeleton of Chl a into a bacteriochlorin-like skeleton under light in the presence of molecular oxygen. Potassium iodide (KI) is a strong inhibitor of the photoconversion. Because KI attacks tyrosine residues in proteins, tyrosine residues in CaWSCP are considered to be important amino acid residues for the photoconversion. Recently, we identified the gene encoding CaWSCP and found that the mature region of CaWSCP contained four tyrosine residues: Tyr13, Tyr14, Tyr87 and Tyr134. To gain insight into the effect of the tyrosine residues on the photoconversion, we constructed 15 mutant proteins (Y13A, Y14A, Y87A, Y134A, Y13-14A, Y13-87A, Y13-134A, Y14-87A, Y14-134A, Y87-134A, Y13-14-87A, Y13-14-134A, Y13-87-134A, Y14-87-134A and Y13-14-87-134A) using site-directed mutagenesis. Amazingly, all the mutant proteins retained not only chlorophyll-binding activity, but also photoconvertibility. Furthermore, we found that KI strongly inhibited the photoconversion of Y13-14-87-134A. These findings indicated that the four tyrosine residues are not essential for the photoconversion.

Relationship between the Peripheral Lymphocyte Response to Mycophenolic Acid in vitro and the Level of ATP in Peripheral CD4+ Lymphocytes before and after Renal Transplantation

OBJECTIVE

The lymphocyte immunosuppressant sensitivity test has been used to predict the pharmacodynamics of immunosuppressive drugs for the purpose of preventing acute rejection and infection after renal transplantation. On the other hand, measuring the ATP levels in peripheral CD4+ lymphocytes is also able to monitor the risks of rejection and infection in transplant recipients. In the present study, we examined the relationship between the mycophenolic acid pharmacodynamics and the ATP levels in peripheral lymphocytes before and after renal transplantation.

METHODS

We examined both the pharmacological efficacy of mycophenolic acid and the lymphocyte ATP levels before and 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the operation in 20 renal transplant recipients. The drug's pharmacological efficacy was evaluated by the 50% inhibitory concentration of the drug against the in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes activated by T cell mitogen. The ATP levels in peripheral CD4+ lymphocytes were measured by the Immuknow assay kit. The relationships between the mycophenolic acid pharmacodynamics and ATP levels in peripheral lymphocytes were examined in these recipients.

RESULTS

The immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolic acid against mitogen-activated lymphocyte proliferation were significantly and positively correlated with the lymphocyte ATP levels, but only at 6 weeks after transplantation. The relationship was not significant before or at 2 or 4 weeks after the operation.

CONCLUSION

Our present data raised the possibility that evaluating the pharmacological efficacy of mycophenolic acid pre-transplantation and monitoring the ATP level 6 weeks after transplantation can predict the risk of rejection and/or infection in renal transplant recipients.

Control of algal production in a high rate algal pond: investigation through batch and continuous experiments

For decades, arid and semi-arid regions in Africa have faced issues related to water availability for drinking, irrigation and livestock purposes. To tackle these issues, a laboratory scale greywater treatment system based on high rate algal pond (HRAP) technology was investigated in order to guide the operation of the pilot plant implemented in the 2iE campus in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Because of the high suspended solids concentration generally found in effluents of this system, the aim of this study is to improve the performance of HRAPs in term of algal productivity and removal. To determine the selection mechanism of self-flocculated algae, three sets of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and three sets of continuous flow reactors (CFRs) were operated. Despite operation with the same solids retention time and the similarity of the algal growth rate found in these reactors, the algal productivity was higher in the SBRs owing to the short hydraulic retention time of 10 days in these reactors. By using a volume of CFR with twice the volume of our experimental CFRs, the algal concentration can be controlled during operation under similar physical conditions in both reactors.

Robust platforms for creating organic–inorganic nanocomposite microspheres: decorating polymer microspheres containing mussel-inspired adhesion layers with inorganic nanoparticles

A novel method for creating stable polymer microspheres decorated with inorganic nanoparticles using a mussel-inspired adhesive layer is reported.

Source identification of nitrous oxide on autotrophic partial nitrification in a granular sludge reactor

Emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) during biological wastewater treatment is of growing concern since N2O is a major stratospheric ozone-depleting substance and an important greenhouse gas. The emission of N2O from a lab-scale granular sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for partial nitrification (PN) treating synthetic wastewater without organic carbon was therefore determined in this study, because PN process is known to produce more N2O than conventional nitrification processes. The average N2O emission rate from the SBR was 0.32 ± 0.17 mg-N L(-1) h(-1), corresponding to the average emission of N2O of 0.8 ± 0.4% of the incoming nitrogen load (1.5 ± 0.8% of the converted NH4(+)). Analysis of dynamic concentration profiles during one cycle of the SBR operation demonstrated that N2O concentration in off-gas was the highest just after starting aeration whereas N2O concentration in effluent was gradually increased in the initial 40 min of the aeration period and was decreased thereafter. Isotopomer analysis was conducted to identify the main N2O production pathway in the reactor during one cycle. The hydroxylamine (NH2OH) oxidation pathway accounted for 65% of the total N2O production in the initial phase during one cycle, whereas contribution of the NO2(-) reduction pathway to N2O production was comparable with that of the NH2OH oxidation pathway in the latter phase. In addition, spatial distributions of bacteria and their activities in single microbial granules taken from the reactor were determined with microsensors and by in situ hybridization. Partial nitrification occurred mainly in the oxic surface layer of the granules and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were abundant in this layer. N2O production was also found mainly in the oxic surface layer. Based on these results, although N2O was produced mainly via NH2OH oxidation pathway in the autotrophic partial nitrification reactor, N2O production mechanisms were complex and could involve multiple N2O production pathways.

Technical note: Use of a simplified equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in beef cattle

This study was performed to clarify whether a formula (Holstein equation) based on a single blood sample and the isotonic, nonionic, iodine contrast medium iodixanol in Holstein dairy cows can apply to the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for beef cattle. To verify the application of iodixanol in beef cattle, instead of the standard tracer inulin, both agents were coadministered as a bolus intravenous injection to identical animals at doses of 10 mg of I/kg of BW and 30 mg/kg. Blood was collected 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the injection, and the GFR was determined by the conventional multisample strategies. The GFR values from iodixanol were well consistent with those from inulin, and no effects of BW, age, or parity on GFR estimates were noted. However, the GFR in cattle weighing less than 300 kg, aged<1 yr old, largely fluctuated, presumably due to the rapid ruminal growth and dynamic changes in renal function at young adult ages. Using clinically healthy cattle and those with renal failure, the GFR values estimated from the Holstein equation were in good agreement with those by the multisample method using iodixanol (r=0.89, P=0.01). The results indicate that the simplified Holstein equation using iodixanol can be used for estimating the GFR of beef cattle in the same dose regimen as Holstein dairy cows, and provides a practical and ethical alternative.

Introduction of a degassing membrane technology into anaerobic wastewater treatment

The effectiveness of degasification using a degassing membrane to improve chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was investigated using a bench-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Vacuum degasification was able to transfer dissolved gas in the bulk liquid of the UASB reactor inside the membrane. Such a process might provide thermodynamically favorable conditions for the degradation of organic compounds. The COD-removal efficiency improved from 83% during normal operation to 90% during the degassing operation.

Explicit temperature-based model for anaerobic digestion: application in domestic wastewater treatment in a UASB reactor

Temperature is an important environmental variable that can strongly affect the performance of anaerobic reactors working at ambient temperatures. This study presents a mechanistic mathematical model which depends in an explicit way on the operating temperature. The cardinal temperature model function is proposed to describe the temperature dependence of the kinetic parameters and the experimental data from an UASB-degasification system was used to calibrate and validate the model. The performance of the model is compared with the classic Arrhenius approach. The results showed that the temperature-based model of the anaerobic digestion is able to reproduce a long-term reactor operation in terms of biogas production and the concentration of organic matter at fluctuating ambient temperature.

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in rabbits by a single-sample method using iodixanol

To estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in conscious rabbits, a single-sample method using the non-ionic contrast medium iodixanol was compared with a three-sample method using the standard agent inulin. Iodixanol and inulin were co-administered intravenously to male New Zealand White rabbits at 60 mg I/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively, and blood was collected 30, 60, 90 and 120 min later. Serum iodixanol and inulin concentrations were separately determined by high performance liquid chromatography and colorimetry, respectively. Serum urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine concentrations were also determined. Based on the data from healthy and cisplatin-treated rabbits, the GFR estimated by iodixanol was well consistent with that by inulin. Further, when the GFR decreased to more than 60% of the reference value, serum creatinine concentrations became elevated. However, serum UN concentrations exhibited wide fluctuations, presumably due to a difference in renal handlings. The single-sample method using iodixanol was considered to be an expedient tool in both clinical and research settings, because the stress due to a multi-sample method was reduced.

Diurnal variation in neutrophil function

Neutrophil functions, including chemotaxis, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing capacity of neutrophils, and serum opsonic activity were investigated in 9 young healthy male volunteers. Venous blood of these volunteers was obtained under standardized conditions at 4-h intervals over a 24-h span. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated by a modified Boyden technique, ROS-producing capacity of neutrophils and serum opsonic activity were measured by a simultaneous multiple measurement system based on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and indicated by peak height and peak time. ROS-producing capacity of neutrophils and serum opsonic activity were activated in the daytime, and decreased from night to morning. There were negative correlations between the peak time of the luminol-dependent chemiluminescent response, neutrophil number (p<0.01) and segmented neutrophil number (p>0.01). On the other hand, no significant correlations were noted between serum opsonic activity and IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 or C4. In contrast, the peaks of neutrophil chemotaxis were at the wake-up time (6:00a.m.) and in the evening (6:00p.m.). This study indicates that diurnal variation of neutrophil function exists.

Management of NSAID/aspirin-induced small intestinal damage by GI-sparing NSAIDs, anti-ulcer drugs and food constituents

Recent advances in endoscopic techniques such as capsule endoscopy have revealed that aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often cause mucosal lesions not only in the upper gastrointestinal tract, but also in the small intestine in humans. Gastric and duodenal lesions caused by NSAIDs can be treated with anti-secretory agents such as proton pump inhibitors or histamine H2-receptor antagonists; however, these drugs are ineffective in treating NSAID-induced lesions in the small intestine. Furthermore, there are few effective agents for the treatment of small intestinal lesions. Therefore, identification of effective therapies for the treatment of NSAID/aspirin-induced small intestinal lesions remains an urgent priority. In the present review, we focus on novel pharmacological treatments to prevent or reduce NSAID-induced intestinal lesions, i.e., 1) GI-sparing NSAIDs (NO- or H2S-NSAIDs, NSAIDs mixed with phosphatidylcholine); 2) anti-ulcer drugs such as mucosal protective agents (misoprostol, rebamipide, teprenone, etc.) and anti-secretory agents (lansoprazole, etc.); 3) antibiotics (metronidazole) and probiotics (Lactobacillus sp.); and 4) food constituents (lactoferrin and soluble dietary fibers). We surveyed data from clinical trials evaluating these novel treatments. Also reviewed herein were the pros and cons of the novel protective methods from the standpoint of safety, efficacy, convenience, and cost.

Aldosterone-to-renin ratio as a predictor of stroke under conditions of high sodium intake: the Ohasama study

BACKGROUND

Aldosterone is thought to have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. The aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) is more reproducible than aldosterone levels alone and could be an index for inappropriate aldosterone secretion or activity. We previously reported the apparent relation between ARR and hypertension in subjects with high sodium intake. This prospective study investigated the risk of ARR for a first stroke in a general population stratified by sodium intake.

METHODS

We obtained plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) for 883 participants aged ≥ 35 years not receiving antihypertensive treatment in the general population of Ohasama (mean age: 59.0 ± 11.3 years; 65.6% women).

RESULTS

Over a mean of 10.9 follow-up years, 45 strokes occurred. The median PRA, PAC, and ARR were 1.2 ng/ml/h, 6.4 ng/dl, and 5.3 ng/dl per ng/ml/h, respectively. Using Cox regression, we computed hazard ratios adjusted for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and systolic blood pressure. No association between logARR and stroke was observed in subjects overall. However, in subjects with high sodium intake (≥ median of 4,058 mg/day (salt equivalent, 10.5 g/day)), each 1 s.d. increase in logARR was associated with an increased hazard ratio for stroke (hazard ratio: 1.49, P = 0.04). No significant association was observed in subjects with low sodium intake (P = 0.7). When we repeated all the analyses using logPRA or logPAC, no significant associations were found.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that high ARR, that is, relative aldosterone excess, is a predictor for stroke under conditions of high sodium intake.

Interleukin-33 induces interleukin-17F in bronchial epithelial cells

BACKGROUND

IL-33 is clearly expressed in the airway of patients with asthma, but its role in asthma has not yet been fully understood. IL-17F is also involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. However, the regulatory mechanisms of IL-17F expression remain to be defined. To further indentify the role of IL-33 in asthma, we investigated the expression of IL-17F by IL-33 in bronchial epithelial cells and its signaling mechanisms.

METHODS

Bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with IL-33. The levels of IL-17F expression were analyzed using real-time PCR and ELISA. Next, the involvement of ST2, MAP kinases, and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase1 (MSK1) was determined by Western blot analyses. Various kinase inhibitors and anti-ST2 neutralizing Abs were added to the culture to identify the key signaling events leading to the expression of IL-17F, in conjunction with the use of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting MSK1.

RESULTS

IL-33 significantly induced IL-17F gene and protein expression. The receptor for IL-33, ST2, was expressed in bronchial epithelial cells. Among MAP kinases, IL-33 phosphorylated ERK1/2, but not p38MAPK and JNK. It was inhibited by the pretreatment of anti-ST2 neutralizing (blocking) Abs. MEK inhibitor significantly blocked IL-17F production. Moreover, IL-33 phosphorylated MSK1, and MEK inhibitor diminished its phosphorylation. Finally, MSK1 inhibitors and transfection of the siRNAs targeting MSK1 significantly blocked the IL-17F expression.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-33 induces IL-17F via ST2-ERK1/2-MSK1 signaling pathway in bronchial epithelial cells. These data suggest that the IL-33/IL-17F axis is involved in allergic airway inflammation and may be a novel therapeutic target.

Characterization of microbial community structures and their activities in single anaerobic granules by beta imaging, microsensors and fluorescence in situ hybridization

The spatial distribution of microorganisms and their in situ activities in anaerobic granules were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), beta imaging and microsensors. FISH results revealed a layered structure of microorganisms in the granule, where Chloroflexi was present in the outermost layer, Smithella spp. and Syntrophobacter spp. were found in a depth of ca. 100 μm, and Archaea was restricted to the inner layer (below ca. 300 μm from the surface). Substrate uptake patterns elucidated by beta imaging demonstrated that glucose uptake was highest at 50 μm depth, whereas propionate uptake had a peak at 200 μm depth. In addition, microsensor measurements revealed that acid was produced mainly at 100 μm depth and H(2) production was detected at a depth from 100 to 200 μm. H(2) consumption and corresponding CH(4) production were found below 200 μm from the surface. Direct comparison of these results implied sequential degradation of complex organic compounds in anaerobic granules; Chloroflexi contributed to fermentation of organic compounds and acid production in the outermost layer, volatile fatty acids were oxidized and H(2) was produced mainly by Smithella spp. and Syntrophobacter spp. at a depth from 100 to 200 μm, and Archaea produced CH(4) below ca. 300 μm from the surface.