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Shin SP, Sohn HC, Jin CN, Lee J. Evaluation of the effect of protease inhibitors on the viability of Miamiensis avidus using the WST-1 assay. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102093. [PMID: 32120050 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Miamiensis avidus causes scuticociliatosis in cultured olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus), leading to economic losses in aquaculture in Korea. Quantitative evaluation of the viability of M. avidus is important to develop an effective vaccine or chemotherapeutic agent against it. We used a colorimetric assay based on the reduction of 2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (WST-1) to quantify the viability of M. avidus. Using this method, we investigated the effect of protease inhibitors on the viability of M. avidus. The assay showed a clear difference in the optical density (OD) of over 104 ciliates, and the metalloprotease inhibitors 1, 10-phenanthroline and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduced the viability of M. avidus by more than 90% when used at concentration of 5 mM and 100 μM, respectively. However, different morphological changes in the parasite were observed when exposed to these two inhibitors. These results indicate that the WST-1 assay is a simple and reliable method to quantify the viability of M. avidus, and metalloproteases are excellent targets for the development of agents and vaccines to control M. avidus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institue, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institue, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Nam Jin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institue, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institue, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Shin SP, Jin CN, Sohn HC, Lee J. Kudoa ogawai (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) Infection in Cultured Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:439-444. [PMID: 31533413 PMCID: PMC6753299 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since Kudoa septempuntata was identified as a causative agent of food poisoning associated with raw olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, interest and concern regarding the parasite have increased. However, there have been no investigations or reports of other Kudoa species infecting the fish (except for K. paralichthys, which infects the brain) in Korea. We found cysts filled with myxospores of Kudoa species in muscles of cultured olive flounder specimens and identified these to the species level. Mature spores were quadrate, measuring 8.7±0.5 μm in length, 9.2±0.4 μm in thickness, and 12.9±0.6 μm in width. The spores containing 4 polar capsules had a length of 2.1±0.2 μm and a width of 1.8±0.3 μm. The partial 18S and 28S rDNA of isolates showed 99–100% similarities with K. ogawai. Using these morphological and molecular analyses, the species was identified as K. ogawai. This study is the first report of K. ogawai infection in cultured olive flounder in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea
| | - Chang Nam Jin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea
| | - Han Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea
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Shin SP, Jin CN, Sohn HC, Yokoyama H, Lee J. A new species Myxodavisia jejuensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Sinuolineidae) isolated from cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in South Korea. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3105-3112. [PMID: 31522298 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new myxosporean parasite, Myxodavisia jejuensis n. sp. (Myxozoa; Bivalvulida) is described from the urinary bladder of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus cultured on Jeju Island, Korea. Two long lateral appendages with whip-like extensions were attached to mature spores of triangular to semi-circular shape. The spores were measured at 13.1 ± 1.1 μm in length, 17.2 ± 1.0 μm in thickness, and 13.1 ± 1.0 μm in width. Two spherical polar capsules, with a diameter of 5.0 ± 0.4 μm, were observed on opposite sides in the middle of the spore. The suture line was straight or slightly sinuous on the middle of spores. The 18S rDNA from M. jejuensis n. sp. was used in BLAST and molecular phylogenetic analysis. The results demonstrated that M. jejuensis n. sp. was closest to Sinuolinea capsularis and that the infection site tropism was correlated with the phylogeny of marine myxosporeans. In addition, we designed specific primers to detect the 18S rDNA gene of M. jejuensis n. sp.; the results showed specific amplification in M. jejuensis n. sp. among the myxosporeans isolated from the urinary bladder of the cultured olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Nam Jin
- Department of Marine Life Science & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Life Science & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Shin SP, Jin CN, Sohn HC, Lee J. Sinuolinea capsularis (Myxosporea: Sinuolineidae) Isolated from Urinary Bladder of Cultured Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:127-134. [PMID: 31104404 PMCID: PMC6526207 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Sinuolinea capsularis Davis, 1917 is myxosporean that infect the urinary system of the host fish. Insufficient morphological and molecular data of S. capsularis exits, and it is therefore difficult to make an accurate identification of the parasite. We tried a series of morphological and molecular analysis to identify an myxosporean isolated from urinary bladder of cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, from Jeju island in the Republic of Korea. Some of them were observed under a light microscope and SEM, and remain samples were used molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Mature spores were subspherical, measuring 13.9±0.6 μm in length and 13.8±0.8 μm in width. Two spherical polar capsules on opposite sides in the middle of the spore had a diameter range of 4.3±0.4 μm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that spores a severely twisted the suture line. By the morphological comparison and analysis, it was identified as S. capsularis. In addition, we obtained the partial 18S rDNA of S. capsularis and first registered it in NCBI. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. capsularis clustered with Zschokkella subclade infecting the urinary system of marine fish, and it supported the infection site tropism effect on phylogeny of marine myxosporeans as well as the origin of Sinuolinea is not monophyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea
| | - Chang Nam Jin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea
| | - Han Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Korea
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Shin SP, Sohn HC, Jin CN, Kang BJ, Lee J. Quantitative investigation of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infection and relative condition factor in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel). J Fish Dis 2019; 42:159-165. [PMID: 30488964 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxum leei has been reported to cause emaciation disease in various fish species. To determine the effect of parasite intensity on cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, we investigated the relationship between the relative condition factor (rCF = CF/standard CF × 100) and parasite load with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the challenge test. A total of 57 cultured olive flounders were obtained from 11 fish farms and divided into five groups based on their rCF. We investigated the parasite intensity in the posterior intestine of the fish. The parasite load was closely matched to severe loss of body weight. In addition, olive flounders were inoculated either orally or anally with intestinal scrapings of infected fish or phosphate-buffered saline. The fish were reared at natural water temperature and transferred to different tanks, and the water temperature was adjusted to 20°C after 6 weeks of inoculation. When the water temperature was increased to 20°C, the rCF decreased in the experimentally infected group. The results demonstrated that qPCR can be utilized to determine the relative abundance of E. leei in olive flounders and water temperature is an important factor to track the progress of the emaciation disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Han Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Life Science & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Chang Nam Jin
- Department of Marine Life Science & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Bong Jo Kang
- Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Shin SP, Nam Jin C, Chang Sohn H, Lee J. Parvicapsula curvatura n. sp. in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and phylogenetic characteristics of the genus Parvicapsula. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 130:199-207. [PMID: 30259872 DOI: 10.3354/dao03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parvicapsula curvatura n. sp. (Myxozoa; Bivalvulida) was found in the urinary bladder of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus cultured in a fish farm on Jeju Island, ROK. When laterally viewed, the parasite has asymmetrical curved spores that measure 9.6-11.6 µm in length. Furthermore, it has 2 subspherical polar capsules at the apex. Based on the phenotypical traits, it is most similar to P. limandae but differs in the shape of polar capsule, locality, and host specificity (family level). BLAST analysis indicated that P. curvatura was closest to P. unicornis and P. petuniae via 18S and 28S rDNA sequences, respectively. The 18S rDNA from P. curvatura was used in molecular phylogenetic analyses of Parvicapsula spp. to examine the congruence of phylogeny with spore morphology, locality, and host specificity. The results demonstrated that the spore morphotype was correlated with the phylogeny of the genus Parvicapsula, and the parasites have speciated into an oblong and semicircular spore type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, ROK
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Cho MH, Kim CY, Moon K, Chung KB, Yim CJ, Ko DH, Sohn HC, Jeon H. Change in the interfacial reaction of Hf-silicate film as a function of thickness and stoichiometry. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:034705. [PMID: 18647036 DOI: 10.1063/1.2955461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium energy ion scattering and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy are used to investigate the depth of the interfacial reaction of Hf-silicate film. The interfacial reaction is critically affected by the film thickness and the mole fraction of HfO(2) in silicate film. The interfacial compressive strain generated at the surface of the Si substrate is dependent on the film thickness during the postannealing process in film with a thickness of approximately 4 nm. Finally, the phase separation phenomenon demonstrates critically different behaviors at different film thicknesses and stoichiometries because the diffusion of Si from interface to surface is dependent on these factors. Moreover, the oxidation by oxygen impurity in the inert ambient causes SiO(2) top formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Cho
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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