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Laudisa F. How and when did locality become 'local realism'? A historical and critical analysis (1963-1978). Stud Hist Philos Sci 2023; 97:44-57. [PMID: 36549108 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The history of the debates on the foundational implications of the Bell non-locality theorem displayed very soon a tendency to put the theorem in a perspective that was not entirely motivated by its very assumptions, in particular in terms of a 'local-realistic' narrative, according to which a major target of the theorem would be the very possibility to conceive quantum theory as a theory concerning 'real' stuff in the world out-there. I present here a historico-critical analysis of the stages, between 1963 and 1978, through which the locality condition of the original Bell theorem almost undiscernibly turned into a 'local realism' condition, a circumstance which too often has affected the analysis of how serious the consequences of the Bell theorem turn out to be. In particular, the analysis puts into focus the interpretive oscillations and inconsistencies surrounding 'local realism', that emerge in the very descriptions that many leading figures provided themselves of the deep work they devoted to the theorem and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Laudisa
- Department of Philosophy and Humanities, University of Trento, Via Tommaso Gar 14, 38122, Trento, Italy.
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2
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Jacobs C. The metaphysics of fibre bundles. Stud Hist Philos Sci 2023; 97:34-43. [PMID: 36525712 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Dewar (2019) has suggested that one can apply the strategy of 'sophistication'-as exemplified by sophisticated substantivalism as a response to the diffeomorphism invariance of General Relativity-to gauge theories such as electrodynamics. This requires a shift to the formalism of fibre bundles. In this paper, I develop and defend this suggestion. Where my approach differs from previous discussions is that I focus on the metaphysical picture underlying the fibre bundle formalism. In particular, I aim to affirm the physical reality of gauge properties. I argue that this allows for a local and separable explanation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Its puzzling features are explained by a form of holism inherent to fibre bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Jacobs
- Merton College, University of Oxford, Merton Street, Oxford, OX1 4JD, UK.
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3
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Matthews LJ. Half a century later and we're back where we started: How the problem of locality turned in to the problem of portability. Stud Hist Philos Sci 2022; 91:1-9. [PMID: 34781197 PMCID: PMC8837680 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the 1970s, Lewontin sparked a debate about a problem of locality, by making the case that any given heritability estimate is local to the original population and environment studied, and could not be generalized to other populations and environments. Nearly 50 years later, a new problem of portability has emerged: the predictive accuracy of polygenic scores diminishes when applied to populations whose characteristics are different from the original population sample. This paper briefly reviews the nature of each problem and analyzes their similarities and differences in three areas: 1) conceptual underpinnings, 2) causal explanations, and 3) practical, social, and political implications. Although conceptually and methodologically different from the problem of locality in important respects, the problem of portability facing contemporary genomics today should come as no surprise, as it is an inevitable outcome of the kinds of problematic inferences detailed by Lewontin nearly half a century ago.
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Abstract
In our contribution, we first make fundamental considerations on the medial constitution of the Covid 19 crisis as well as on the concept of crisis itself. Subsequently, an extensive corpus of notices and other communiqués from four European countries - France, Germany, Austria and Sweden - is analysed under the aspect of their materiality, mediality and locality as well as the respective discursive functions. From a temporal perspective, three phases of the use of communicates in the pandemic are assumed. From a fundamental perspective, we then look at the property of areality, which is characteristic of public communicates of the type studied. Areality is understood as the range or scope of the communicates with their specific conditions of reception and compliance. The hypothesis we are pursuing is that a typology of the communicates can be established under the aspect of their areality, thus enabling deeper insights into their social and communicative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmtraud Behr
- Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris 3, Paris, Frankreich
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5
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Brunet TDP. Local causation. Synthese 2021; 199:10885-10908. [PMID: 34970012 PMCID: PMC8668861 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-021-03272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The counterfactual and regularity theories are universal accounts of causation. I argue that these should be generalized to produce local accounts of causation. A hallmark of universal accounts of causation is the assumption that apparent variation in causation between locations must be explained by differences in background causal conditions, by features of the causal-nexus or causing-complex. The local account of causation presented here rejects this assumption, allowing for genuine variation in causation to be explained by differences in location. I argue that local accounts of causation are plausible, and have pragmatic, empirical and theoretical advantages over universal accounts. I then report on the use of presheaves as models of local causation. The use of presheaves as models of local variation has precedents in algebraic geometry, category theory and physics; they are here used as models of local causal variation. The paper presents this idea as stemming from an approach using presheaves as models of local truth. Finally, I argue that a proper balance between universal and local causation can be assuaged by moving from presheaves to fully-fledged sheaf models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. P. Brunet
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RH UK
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6
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Stabinger S, Peer D, Rodríguez-Sánchez A. Arguments for the unsuitability of convolutional neural networks for non-local tasks. Neural Netw 2021; 142:171-9. [PMID: 34000564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Convolutional neural networks have established themselves over the past years as the state of the art method for image classification, and for many datasets, they even surpass humans in categorizing images. Unfortunately, the same architectures perform much worse when they have to compare parts of an image to each other to correctly classify this image. Until now, no well-formed theoretical argument has been presented to explain this deficiency. In this paper, we will argue that convolutional layers are of little use for such problems, since comparison tasks are global by nature, but convolutional layers are local by design. We will use this insight to reformulate a comparison task into a sorting task and use findings on sorting networks to propose a lower bound for the number of parameters a neural network needs to solve comparison tasks in a generalizable way. We will use this lower bound to argue that attention, as well as iterative/recurrent processing, is needed to prevent a combinatorial explosion.
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7
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Aguilar M, Ferré P, Gavilán JM, Hinojosa JA, Demestre J. The actress was on the balcony, after all: Eye-tracking locality and PR-availability effects in Spanish. Cognition 2021; 211:104624. [PMID: 33647749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between syntactic ambiguity and locality has been a reliable cornerstone in theories of language comprehension with one exception: non-local preferences in object-modifying relative clauses preceded by two potential hosts (DP1 of DP2 RC). We test the offline and online effects of the availability of an alternative structure, the pseudo-relative, on the parsing of relative clauses. It has been claimed that pseudo-relatives are preferred to relative clauses because of their simplicity at the structural, interpretive and pragmatic levels, and act as a confound in the attachment literature (Grillo, 2012; Grillo & Costa, 2014). Our results show that attachment preferences are modulated by the availability of pseudo-relatives in offline and online tests. However, when this factor is controlled, parsing of relative clauses in Spanish is initially ruled by principles of locality, which can eventually be overridden by other factors.
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Stone K, von der Malsburg T, Vasishth S. The effect of decay and lexical uncertainty on processing long-distance dependencies in reading. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10438. [PMID: 33362963 PMCID: PMC7750004 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To make sense of a sentence, a reader must keep track of dependent relationships between words, such as between a verb and its particle (e.g. turn the music down). In languages such as German, verb-particle dependencies often span long distances, with the particle only appearing at the end of the clause. This means that it may be necessary to process a large amount of intervening sentence material before the full verb of the sentence is known. To facilitate processing, previous studies have shown that readers can preactivate the lexical information of neighbouring upcoming words, but less is known about whether such preactivation can be sustained over longer distances. We asked the question, do readers preactivate lexical information about long-distance verb particles? In one self-paced reading and one eye tracking experiment, we delayed the appearance of an obligatory verb particle that varied only in the predictability of its lexical identity. We additionally manipulated the length of the delay in order to test two contrasting accounts of dependency processing: that increased distance between dependent elements may sharpen expectation of the distant word and facilitate its processing (an antilocality effect), or that it may slow processing via temporal activation decay (a locality effect). We isolated decay by delaying the particle with a neutral noun modifier containing no information about the identity of the upcoming particle, and no known sources of interference or working memory load. Under the assumption that readers would preactivate the lexical representations of plausible verb particles, we hypothesised that a smaller number of plausible particles would lead to stronger preactivation of each particle, and thus higher predictability of the target. This in turn should have made predictable target particles more resistant to the effects of decay than less predictable target particles. The eye tracking experiment provided evidence that higher predictability did facilitate reading times, but found evidence against any effect of decay or its interaction with predictability. The self-paced reading study provided evidence against any effect of predictability or temporal decay, or their interaction. In sum, we provide evidence from eye movements that readers preactivate long-distance lexical content and that adding neutral sentence information does not induce detectable decay of this activation. The findings are consistent with accounts suggesting that delaying dependency resolution may only affect processing if the intervening information either confirms expectations or adds to working memory load, and that temporal activation decay alone may not be a major predictor of processing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Stone
- Department of Linguistics, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Titus von der Malsburg
- Department of Linguistics, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shravan Vasishth
- Department of Linguistics, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Sakurai M, Adu-Gyamfi B. Disaster-resilient communication ecosystem in an inclusive society - A case of foreigners in Japan. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2020; 51:101804. [PMID: 32834978 PMCID: PMC7428713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of foreign residents and tourists in Japan has been dramatically increasing in recent years. Despite the fact that Japan is prone to natural disasters, with each climate-related event turning into an emergency such as with record rainfalls, floods and mudslides almost every year, non-Japanese communication infrastructure and everyday disaster drills for foreigners have received little attention. This study aims to understand how a resilient communication ecosystem forms in various disaster contexts involving foreigners. Within a framework of information ecology we try to get an overview of the communication ecosystem in literature and outline its structure and trends in social media use. Our empirical case study uses Twitter API and R programming software to extract and analyze tweets in English during Typhoon 19 (Hagibis) in October 2019. It reveals that many information sources transmit warnings and evacuation orders through social media but do not convey a sense of locality and precise instructions on how to act. For future disaster preparedness, we argue that the municipal government, as a responsible agent, should (1) make available instructional information in foreign languages on social media, (2) transfer such information through collaboration with transmitters, and (3) examine the use of local hashtags in social media to strengthen non-Japanese speaker's capacity to adapt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Sakurai
- Center for Global Communications, International University of Japan, Japan
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10
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Farooq R, Khan H, Khan MA, Aslam M. Socioeconomic and demographic factors determining the underweight prevalence among children under-five in Punjab. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1817. [PMID: 33256664 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Underweight prevalence continues to be major public health challenge worldwide, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. This study is focused on socio-economic and demographic aspects of underweight prevalence among children under-five in Punjab. Methods In this study, several socioeconomic and demographic factors are considered using MICS-4 data-set. Only those variables which are usually described in the nutritional studies of children were picked. Covariates include: the age of children, sex of the children, age of mother, total number of children born to women, family wealth index quintile, source of drinking water, type of sanitation, place of residence, parents’ education and occupation. All Categorical variables are effect coded. The child’s age and the mother’s age are assumed to be nonlinear, geographical region is spatial effect, while other variables are parametric in nature. Since, the response is binary, covariate comprises linear terms, nonlinear effects of continues covariates and geographic effects, so we have use Geo-additive models (based on Fully Bayesian approach) with binomial family under logit link. Statistical analysis is performed on Statistical package R using Bayes X and R2 Bayes X Libraries. Results Underweight status of children was found to be positively associated with number of under-five children in household, total number of children ever born to women and age of mother when the child was born. Whereas, it negatively associated with place of residence, parent’s education and family wealth index quintile. On the regional effect, the Southern Punjab has higher prevalence of underweight compared to Central and Northern Punjab. Conclusion Similarity of our results with several other studies demonstrate that the Geo-additive models are an ideal substitute of other statistical models to analyze the underweight prevalence among children. Moreover, our findings suggest the Punjab Government, to introduce target-oriented programs such as poverty reduction and enhancement of education and health facilities for poor population and disadvantaged regions, especially Southern Punjab. Supplementary Information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12889-020-09675-5.
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Rektorisova M, Hrbek V, Jiru M, Ovesna J, Hajslova J. Variability in S-Alk(en)yl-L-Cysteine Sulfoxides in Garlic within a Seven-Month Period Determined by a Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2020; 75:376-382. [PMID: 32399667 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The composition of garlic (Allium sativum L.) may vary among cultivars and, moreover, change over time, thereby affecting both biological activity and flavour. Thus, it is important to identify the trends in the content of bioactive compounds in garlic, by reliable analytical methods. This study was focused on the key sulfur-containing compounds, S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides (alliin, isoalliin, methiin, propiin), which were quantified by a fast liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Several garlic cultivars were monitored repeatedly within seven months: one month before harvest maturity; at harvest maturity; and after two and six months of storage. The results showed not only a high variability among individual cultivars, but also among samples of the same cultivar grown at different localities. During storage, a significant increase in isoalliin content (up to 54-fold after six months) occurred. Nevertheless, none of the cultivars showed significantly different properties compared to others, suggesting that many other factors affect garlic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Rektorisova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 6, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Hrbek
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 6, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Jiru
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 6, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Ovesna
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Drnovska 507/73, 6, 161 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 6, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Pitts JB. Conservation of Energy: Missing Features in Its Nature and Justification and Why They Matter. Found Sci 2020; 26:559-584. [PMID: 34759713 PMCID: PMC8570307 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-020-09657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Misconceptions about energy conservation abound due to the gap between physics and secondary school chemistry. This paper surveys this difference and its relevance to the 1690s-2010s Leibnizian argument that mind-body interaction is impossible due to conservation laws. Justifications for energy conservation are partly empirical, such as Joule's paddle wheel experiment, and partly theoretical, such as Lagrange's statement in 1811 that energy is conserved if the potential energy does not depend on time. In 1918 Noether generalized results like Lagrange's and proved a converse: symmetries imply conservation laws and vice versa. Conservation holds if and only if nature is uniform. The rise of field physics during the 1860s-1920s implied that energy is located in particular places and conservation is primordially local: energy cannot disappear in Cambridge and reappear in Lincoln instantaneously or later; neither can it simply disappear in Cambridge or simply appear in Lincoln. A global conservation law can be inferred in some circumstances. Einstein's General Relativity, which stimulated Noether's work, is another source of difficulty for conservation laws. As is too rarely realized, the theory admits conserved quantities due to symmetries of the Lagrangian, like other theories. Indeed General Relativity has more symmetries and hence (at least formally) more conserved energies. An argument akin to Leibniz's finally gets some force. While the mathematics is too advanced for secondary school, the ideas that conservation is tied to uniformities of nature and that energy is in particular places, are accessible. Improved science teaching would serve the truth and enhance the social credibility of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Brian Pitts
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of History and Heritage, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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Shin SP, Nam Jin C, Chang Sohn H, Lee J. Parvicapsula curvatura n. sp. in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and phylogenetic characteristics of the genus Parvicapsula. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 130:199-207. [PMID: 30259872 DOI: 10.3354/dao03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parvicapsula curvatura n. sp. (Myxozoa; Bivalvulida) was found in the urinary bladder of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus cultured in a fish farm on Jeju Island, ROK. When laterally viewed, the parasite has asymmetrical curved spores that measure 9.6-11.6 µm in length. Furthermore, it has 2 subspherical polar capsules at the apex. Based on the phenotypical traits, it is most similar to P. limandae but differs in the shape of polar capsule, locality, and host specificity (family level). BLAST analysis indicated that P. curvatura was closest to P. unicornis and P. petuniae via 18S and 28S rDNA sequences, respectively. The 18S rDNA from P. curvatura was used in molecular phylogenetic analyses of Parvicapsula spp. to examine the congruence of phylogeny with spore morphology, locality, and host specificity. The results demonstrated that the spore morphotype was correlated with the phylogeny of the genus Parvicapsula, and the parasites have speciated into an oblong and semicircular spore type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, ROK
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Haddican B, Holmberg A. Object symmetry effects in Germanic: Evidence for the role of case. Nat Lang Linguist Theory 2018; 37:91-122. [PMID: 30774171 PMCID: PMC6349805 DOI: 10.1007/s11049-018-9404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on passive symmetry effects in Germanic. We describe two large-sample judgment experiments with native speakers of Norwegian and Swedish, two partially symmetric passive languages. The results fail to support predictions of Anagnostopoulou's (2003) seminal locality approach to passive symmetry in these languages. We propose that constraints on object ordering in these varieties are better modeled on a revised version of classic case-based theories. On this approach, patterns of object ordering are governed by variation in the way that case is assigned to objects. In addition, the Norwegian results suggest a shape conservation effect in object shift contexts not previously reported in the literature. Theme-recipient orders in Norwegian object shift contexts are available for just those speakers who also accept theme-recipient orders in active non-object shift contexts. This object ordering constraint applies in the same environment that another, much better described ordering constraint applies, namely Holmberg's Generalization effects. We show that these results are explained by Fox and Pesetsky's (2005) cyclic linearization algorithm together with the assumption that theme-recipient orders vP-internally reflect short theme-movement above the recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Haddican
- CUNY-Queens College and Graduate Center, New York, United States
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15
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Fukamachi K. Sustainability of terraced paddy fields in traditional satoyama landscapes of Japan. J Environ Manage 2017; 202:543-549. [PMID: 27923517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Terraced paddy fields are essential components of the traditional cultural landscape of Japan, the satoyama landscape. They have been sustainably cultivated in a variety of ecological and social environments through time, and are highly valued as local resources with multiple functions. This paper reviews the recent nationwide movement for conservation of satoyama landscapes and shows that over the last decades, the government has increasingly created policies based on national regulation or international frameworks that concern the culture and environment in rural areas. Recent measures for the sustainability of terraced paddy fields do not only focus on rice terraces, but are directed at each satoyama landscape as a whole under careful consideration of how landscape elements are connected while taking into account the unique features of each area. Nevertheless, it has become difficult to ensure the continued use and maintenance of terraced rice paddies both in depopulated and suburban satoyama landscapes. The motivation for conserving satoyama landscapes, including those with terraced rice paddies, can be found in the awareness and appreciation of the unique characteristics of each locality that offer opportunities that can only be experienced in that particular area. A satoyama landscape that offers such opportunities allows continuity of traditional practices while integrating necessary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsue Fukamachi
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Abstract
An eye-tracking experiment in Danish investigates two dominant accounts of sentence processing: locality-based theories that predict a processing advantage for sentences where the distance between the major syntactic heads is minimized, and the surprisal theory which predicts that processing time increases with big changes in the relative entropy of possible parses, sometimes leading to anti-locality effects. We consider both lexicalised surprisal, expressed in conditional trigram probabilities, and syntactic surprisal expressed in the manipulation of the expectedness of the second NP in Danish constructions with two postverbal NP-objects. An eye-tracking experiment showed a clear advantage for local syntactic relations, with only a marginal effect of lexicalised surprisal and no effect of syntactic surprisal. We conclude that surprisal has a relatively marginal effect, which may be clearest for verbs in verb-final languages, while locality is a robust predictor of sentence processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Winther Balling
- Department of Management, Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Dalgas Have 15, 2000, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Johannes Kizach
- School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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17
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Kanamori T, Takenouchi T. Graph-based composite local Bregman divergences on discrete sample spaces. Neural Netw 2017; 95:44-56. [PMID: 28886404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper develops a general framework of statistical inference on discrete sample spaces, on which a neighborhood system is defined by an undirected graph. The scoring rule is a measure of the goodness of fit for the model to observed samples, and we employ its localized version, local scoring rules, which does not require the normalization constant. We show that the local scoring rule is closely related to a discrepancy measure called composite local Bregman divergence. Then, we investigate the statistical consistency of local scoring rules in terms of the graphical structure of the sample space. Moreover, we propose a robust and computationally efficient estimator based on our framework. In numerical experiments, we investigate the relation between the neighborhood system and estimation accuracy. Also, we numerically evaluate the robustness of localized estimators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kanamori
- Nagoya University, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Furocho, Chikusaku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Takashi Takenouchi
- Future University Hakodate, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 116-2 Kamedanakano, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 040-8655, Japan.
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Rasmussen NE, Schuler W. Left-Corner Parsing With Distributed Associative Memory Produces Surprisal and Locality Effects. Cogn Sci 2017; 42 Suppl 4:1009-1042. [PMID: 28763111 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a left-corner parser implemented within a cognitively and neurologically motivated distributed model of memory. This parser's approach to syntactic ambiguity points toward a tidy account both of surprisal effects and of locality effects, such as the parsing breakdowns caused by center embedding. The model provides an algorithmic-level (Marr, 1982) account of these breakdowns: The structure of the parser's memory and the nature of incremental parsing produce a smooth degradation of processing accuracy for longer center embeddings, and a steeper degradation when they are nested, in line with recall observations by Miller and Isard (1964) and speed-accuracy trade-off observations by McElree et al. (2003). Modeling results show that this effect is distinct from the effects of ambiguity and exceeds the effect of mere sentence length.
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Abstract
This catalogue lists 1,084 species of spiders (three identified to genus only) in 311 genera from 53 families currently recorded from Texas and is based on the "Bibliography of Texas Spiders" published by Bea Vogel in 1970. The online list of species can be found at http://pecanspiders.tamu.edu/spidersoftexas.htm. Many taxonomic revisions have since been published, particularly in the families Araneidae, Gnaphosidae and Leptonetidae. Many genera in other families have been revised. The Anyphaenidae, Ctenidae, Hahniidae, Nesticidae, Sicariidae and Tetragnathidae were also revised. Several families have been added and others split up. Several genera of Corinnidae were transferred to Phrurolithidae and Trachelidae. Two genera from Miturgidae were transferred to Eutichuridae. Zoridae was synonymized under Miturgidae. A single species formerly in Amaurobiidae is now in the Family Amphinectidae. Some trapdoor spiders in the family Ctenizidae have been transferred to Euctenizidae. Gertsch and Mulaik started a list of Texas spiders in 1940. In a letter from Willis J. Gertsch dated October 20, 1982, he stated "Years ago a first listing of the Texas fauna was published by me based largely on Stanley Mulaik material, but it had to be abandoned because of other tasks." This paper is a compendium of the spiders of Texas with distribution, habitat, collecting method and other data available from revisions and collections. This includes many records and unpublished data (including data from three unpublished studies). One of these studies included 16,000 adult spiders belonging to 177 species in 29 families. All specimens in that study were measured and results are in the appendix. Hidalgo County has 340 species recorded with Brazos County at 323 and Travis County at 314 species. These reflect the amount of collecting in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Allen Dean
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Abstract
Previous work on Relative Clause attachment has overlooked a crucial grammatical distinction across both the languages and structures tested: the selective availability of Pseudo Relatives. We reconsider the literature in light of this observation and argue that, all else being equal, local attachment is found with genuine Relative Clauses and that non-local attachment emerges when their surface identical imposters, Pseudo Relatives, are available. Hence, apparent cross-linguistic variation in parsing preferences is reducible to grammatical factors. The results from two novel experiments in Italian are presented in support of these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Grillo
- Centro de Linguística da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Av. de Berna 26-C, 1069-61 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João Costa
- Centro de Linguística da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Av. de Berna 26-C, 1069-61 Lisboa, Portugal
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Huneman P. Assessing statistical views of natural selection: Room for non-local causation? Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 2013; 44:604-612. [PMID: 24140016 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently some philosophers (the "statisticalists") have emphasized a potentially irreconcilable conceptual antagonism between the statistical characterization of natural selection (derived from population genetics) and the standard scientific discussion of natural selection in terms of forces and causes. Other philosophers have developed an account of the causal character of selectionist statements represented in terms of counterfactuals. I examine the compatibility between such statisticalism and counterfactually based causal accounts of natural selection (and related arguments about counterfactuals and causality) by distinguishing two distinct statisticalist claims: firstly the suggested impossibility for natural selection to be a cause acting upon populations and secondly the conceptualization that all evolutionary causes occur at the level of interactions between individual organisms. I argue that deriving the latter from the former involves supplementary assumptions concerning precisely what causation is. I critically examine two of these assumptions purportedly preventing natural selection being regarded as a cause: the locality claim and the modularity claim. I conclude that justifying the strongest version of statisticalism-i.e. evolutionary causation only occurs at the level of individual interactions between organisms-would require further metaphysical arguments that are likely to be deemed highly problematic. Additionally, I argue that such a metaphysical position would be considered incongruous with both our scientific and ordinary use of the concepts of causality and explanation as employed within our everyday epistemological framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Huneman
- IHPST (CNRS/Université Paris 1 Sorbonne), 13 rue du Four, 7506 Paris, France.
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