[Comparison of the impact of orthodontic treatment on pulp volume in adolescents and adults]

Objective: To compare the impact of orthodontic treatment on pulp volume in adolescents and adults. Methods: Cone-beam CT data of 62 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, from January 2019 to March 2022 were collected. Patients were divided into two age groups (31 patients in each group): adolescent group (aged 13-17, 17 males and 14 females) and adult group (aged 21-25, 12 males and 19 females). Pre-and post-treatment reconstructions of the pulp and dental tissues of upper first molars (UM1) and lower central incisors (L1) were performed. Measurements included pulp volume for UM1 (UM1 P) and L1 (L1 P), pulp chamber volume (UM1 PC) and root canal volume (UM1 RC) for UM1, root length for L1 (L1 RL), and mesiobuccal root length for UM1 (UM1 RL), as well as chamber heights at specific landmarks [the lengths from the central fossa fusion site to the roof of the pulp chamber (H1), the floor of the pulp chamber (H2), the nearest point of root divergence as well as crown-root bifurcation (H3), the farthest point of root divergence (H4), and the pulp chamber height (H5)] in UM1. Changes in these indices were calculated and analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests for within-group and between-group differences, respectively. Pearson correlation was used to assess potential associations among H5, root length, and pulp volume changes. Results: Before and after orthodontic treatment, no significant difference was observed in the adult group for L1 P (t=-0.03, P=0.975), while significant differences were noted for UM1 P, UM1 PC, and UM1 RC (t=9.98, P<0.001; t=9.04, P<0.001; t=6.69, P<0.001). In the adolescent group, significant differences were found for both L1 P and UM1 P (t=2.25, P=0.029; t=6.30, P<0.001). After orthodontic treatment, the absolute value changes of UM1 P, UM1 PC, and L1 P in the adolescent group were (19.75±9.58), (15.07±7.65) and (1.89±6.29) mm3, respectively, and in the adult group were (13.33±9.41), (9.16±7.05) and (0.02±4.66) mm3, respectively (t=3.77, P<0.001; t=4.48, P<0.001; t=2.34, P=0.048). There was no significant absolute difference in the amount of UM1 RC between the two groups after orthodontic treatment (t=0.86, P=0.391). Before and after orthodontic treatment, the absolute value changes of L1 RL, H1 and H5 in the adolescent group were (0.54±0.41), (0.38±0.27) and (0.71±0.33) mm, respectively, and the absolute value changes in the adult group were (0.78±0.62), (0.26±0.20) and (0.57±0.28) mm, respectively (t=-2.43, P=0.017; t=2.96, P=0.004; t=2.57, P=0.011). Whereas no significant differences were observed for UM1 RL, H2, H3, and H4 (t=-0.85, P=0.400; t=0.43, P=0.669; t=-0.50, P=0.619; t=1.46, P=0.148). Additionally, significant correlations were found between changes in H5 and UM1 RL with UM1 P (r=0.35, P<0.001; r=0.19, P=0.030), but not between Changes in L1 RL and L1 P (r=0.11, P>0.05). Conclusions: The effect of orthodontic treatment on pulp volume in adolescents and adults were different.

[Coefficient of variation of heart rate and blood pressure in rapid identification of children with suspected orthostatic intolerance]

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of coefficient of variation of heart rate and blood pressure in rapid identification of children with suspected orthostatic intolerance(OI). Methods: This was a retrospective study. The medical records of 379 children with OI were collected, who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from January 2015 to January 2020. Another 20 out-patient children without syncope or syncope aura were selected as control. According to the results of standing test and head-up tilt test (HUTT), all the patients with OI were divided into the following 4 groups: vasovagal syncope (VVS) group, postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) group, POTS combined with VVS (POTS+VVS) group and HUTT negative group. Then, coefficient of variation of systolic pressure (SBP_CV), coefficient of variation of diastolic pressure (DBP_CV) and coefficient of variation of heart rate (HR_CV) in standing test and HUTT were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison among the five groups, and Dunnett's T3 method for comparison between two groups. Paired t test was used to compare the coefficient of variation between supine and erect position and tilt position in each group. The predictive values of HR_CV,SBP_CV and DBP_CV for negative HUTT were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Among the 379 children, there were 79 in HUTT negative group, 208 in VVS group, 52 in POTS group, and 40 in POTS+VVS group. The SBP_CV of supine-erect position of the control group, HUTT negative group, VVS group, POTS group, POTS+VVS group were (3.8±1.0)%, (5.3±2.2)%, (6.6±3.4)%, (5.9±3.6)%, (6.9±2.8)%, respectively. Similarly, the SBP_CV of supine, erect and head-up tilt position were (4.5±0.8)%, (6.0±1.9)%, (7.1±2.6)%, (6.0±2.1)%, (7.3±2.5)%; the DBP_CV of supine-erect position were (7.3±1.2)%, (9.1±3.7)%, (9.1±4.9)%, (9.1±4.8)%, (11.6±4.6)%; the DBP_CV of supine, erect and tilt position were (7.4±1.1)%, (9.4±2.9)%, (10.1±3.8)%, (9.2±3.3)%, (11.0±4.7)%; the HR_CV of supine-erect position were (7.6±2.6)%, (12.9±3.7)%, (16.2±4.3)%, (21.2±5.9)%, (24.9±5.3)%; and the HR_CV of supine, erect and tilt position were (8.1±1.6)%, (10.1±2.7)%, (14.1±4.3)%, (15.6±3.7)%, (18.9±4.0)%, respectively. All the indexes showed significant differences among the five groups (χ²=21.91, 25.47, 19.82, 14.65, 104.52, 92.51, all P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that when the SBP_CV and HR_CV of supine-erect position reached 4.4% and 10.5%, the area under the curve of ROC were 0.713 and 0.877, the sensitivity of predicting negative HUTT were 58.2% and 78.5%, and the specificity were 80.0% and 95.0%, respectively. Conclusions: Coefficient of variation of heart rate and blood pressure may serve as potential diagnostic indexes in evaluating autonomic function of OI patients. SBP_CV ≥ 4.4% or HR_CV ≥ 10.5% of supine-erect position could be an indication of HUTT.

Surfactin inhibits the growth of Propionibacterium acnes by destroying the cell wall and membrane

Propionibacterium acnes plays a major role in acne vulgaris. In the pre-experiment, the growth of P. acnes was inhibited effectively using surfactin; however, the antibacterial mechanism has not been described. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity and analyse the mechanism of surfactin against P. acnes. Minimum inhibitory concentration, time-killing kinetics and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the activity of surfactin against P. acnes, which showed that 128 μg ml^-1 effectively inhibited growth. Cell wall permeability was evaluated by detecting the extracellular alkaline phosphatase activity, which increased to 1·83- and 2·32-fold after incubating with 128 and 256 μg ml^-1 of surfactin for 10 h, respectively. Propidium iodide fluorescence, leakage of nucleic acid, protein, K⁺ , and Ca²⁺ , membrane potential and the leakage of calcein from small unilamellar vesicles all increased after incubation with surfactin, indicating that its strong biological activities act mainly by altering membrane integrity. In a mouse model of acne, surfactin significantly reduced P. acnes-induced epidermal swelling and erythema. These results indicate that surfactin effectively inhibited the growth of P. acnes by destroying the cell wall and membrane, and is a potential candidate for acne treatment.

[Expression and significance of PD-1 and PD-L1 in the specimens of epithelial ovarian cancer]

Objective: To examine the expression of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues, and investigate the correlation among their expression, clinicopathological features and prognosis. Methods: The specimens of 180 patients with EOC treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from October 2002 to December 2013 were confirmed by pathological examination. The pathological tissue specimens of subtypes ，included 120 cases of serous carcinoma, 30 cases of mucinous carcinoma, 20 cases of endometrioid carcinoma, and 20 cases of clear cell carcinoma. The normal paracancerous tissues of 50 cases randomly selected from the 180 patients as control group. Immunohistochemical SP method was used to detect the expressions of both PD-1 and PD-L1 in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues, and the relationships among their expressions,the clinicopathological parameters and prognosis were respectively analyzed. Results: （1） PD-1 was expressed in lymphocytes infiltrated in EOC tissues, and PD-L1 was expressed in the cell membranes of cancer tissues. In all EOC cases, 33 cases (18.3%, 33/180) of both PD-1 and PD-L1 were highly expressed, and only 1 (2.0%, 1/50) of control group showed high expression. There was statistically significant difference between two groups (P<0.01). (2) Among the four subtypes tissue specimens of EOC, the high expression rate of PD-1 was 25.0% (30/120) for serous carcinoma, 3/15 for endometrioid carcinoma, 0 (0/30) for mucinous carcinoma, and 0 (0/15) for clear cell carcinoma. The high expression rate of PD-L1 was 23.3% (28/120) for serous carcinoma, 3.3% (1/30) for mucinous carcinoma, 2/15 for endometrioid carcinoma, and 2/15 for clear cell carcinoma. Both PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions in the four sub-types of tissue specimens were significantly different (P<0.05). The high expression rate of both PD-1 and PD-L1 was 9.2% (8/87) in the early stage and 26.9% (25/93) in the late stage. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). Similarly, the expression of both PD-1 and PD-L1 were significantly higher in the cases of high-grade EOC （type Ⅱ） than those of low-grade （type Ⅰ） and in the cases of EOC distributed bilaterally than that distributed unilaterally, and there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05). (3) The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the survival time were respectively 35 and 36 months in the cases with high expressions of both PD-1 and PD-L1, and the survival time were the same as 61 months in the cases with low expression of both PD-1 and PD-L1, and the comparison was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: The expression levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 in EOC tissues are higher than those in adjacent tissues, especially in serous carcinomas. The expression of both PD-1 and PD-L1 is higher in specimens of the patients with advanced stages. The results showed that the high expression of both PD-1 and PD-L1 is an indicator of poor prognosis of patients suffering from EOC.

Prognostic significance of the Musashi-2 (MSI2) gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The prognostic value of the Musashi-2 (MSI2) gene has not yet been studied in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In our study, MSI2 mRNA levels of 119 childhood patients with newly-diagnosed ALL were examined and analyzed with regard to clinical characteristics and outcomes. ALL patients demonstrated significantly higher MSI2 mRNA levels than healthy controls. In addition, MSI2 mRNA levels were correlated with the disease status and IK6 mutation status. Survival analyses showed that higher MSI2 mRNA levels predicted worse outcomes in patients with childhood ALL. Moreover, in multivariate analyses, MSI2 mRNA overexpression retained its value as an independent risk factor for overall survival (OS), but not for event free survival (EFS). We conclude that high MSI2 mRNA level predicts adverse prognosis and seems to be useful as a novel prognostic factor for patients with childhood ALL.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea)'s uranium bioconcentration and tolerance attributes

The authors sampled and analyzed 15 species of dominant wild plants in Huanan uranium tailings pond in China, whose tailings' uranium contents were 3.21-120.52 μg/g. Among the 15 species of wild plants, ramie (Boehmeria nivea) had the strongest uranium bioconcentration and transfer capacities. In order to study the uranium bioconcentration and tolerance attributes of ramie in detail, and provide a reference for the screening remediation plants to phytoremedy on a large scale in uranium tailings pond, a ramie cultivar Xiangzhu No. 7 pot experiment was carried out. We found that both wild ramie and Xiangzhu No. 7 could bioconcentrate uranium, but there were two differences. One was wild ramie's shoots bioconcentrated uranium up to 20 μg/g (which can be regarded as the critical content value of the shoot of uranium hyperaccumulator) even the soil uranium content was as low as 5.874 μg/g while Xiangzhu No. 7's shoots could reach 20 μg/g only when the uranium treatment concentrations were 275 μg/g or more; the other was that all the transfer factors of 3 wild samples were >1, and the transfer factors of 27 out of 28 pot experiment samples were <1. Probably wild ramie was a uranium hyperaccumulator. Xiangzhu No. 7 satisfied the needs of uranium hyperaccumulator on accumulation capability, tolerance capability, bioconcentration factor, but not transfer capability, so Xiangzhu No. 7 was not a uranium hyperaccumulator. We analyzed the possible reasons why there were differences in the uranium bioconcentration and transfer attributes between wild ramie and Xiangzhu No. 7., and proposed the direction for further research. In our opinion, both the plants which bioconcentrate contaminants in the shoots and roots can act as phytoextractors. Although Xiangzhu No. 7's biomass and accumulation of uranium were concentrated on the roots, the roots were small in volume and easy to harvest. And Xiangzhu No. 7's cultivating skills and protection measures had been developed very well. Xiangzhu No. 7's whole bioconcentration factors and the roots' bioconcentration factors, which were 1.200-1.834 and 1.460-2.341, respectively, increased with the increases of uranium contents of pot soil when the soil's uranium contents are 25-175 μg/g, so it can act as a potential phytoextractor when Huanan uranium tailings pond is phytoremediated.

[Preliminary exploration on the relationship between hand-copied edition and block-printed edition of Fu ke cai zhen (Collected Essentials of Women Disease)]

There are two extant versions of Fu ke cai zhen (Collected Essentials of Women Disease) nowadays, namely, Yang Jichun's hand-copied version, and block-printed version of Direntang Sanctum. The former one was formally sorted out by Prof. Wang Yaoting of the Changchun College of TCM and published in 1988 in the Jilin Journal of TCM in serial form. Though Yang's version was completed later than the block-printed one, however, it can be found by careful comparison that it was not copied after the block-printed edition, but probably written from the draft of the author himself.

Expression of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor in duodenal ulcer and its relation to Helicobacter pylori infection

The aim of this study was to examine the expression of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) in duodenal ulcer epithelial cells and its relation to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, and to discuss the pathogenic roles of MIF expression and Hp infection in duodenal ulcer. MIF protein and mRNA expression was examined in samples from patients with duodenal ulcer with and without Hp infection (N = 40 each, experimental group), and in normal duodenal bulb mucosal tissue (N = 40, control group) using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Patients without Hp infection received routine treatment, and treatment was provided to the patients positive for Hp to eradicate Hp infection. Hp and MIF expression levels before treatment and after the ulcer had been cured were compared. The positive rates of MIF protein and mRNA in patients with Hp infection before treatment were 67.5 and 65%, respectively, and were 18.9 and 21.6% in the 37 patients from whom Hp was eliminated. These were statistically different both before and after treatment compared with controls (P < 0.05). In the patients without Hp infection, the positive rates of MIF protein and mRNA expression before (45 and 47.5%, respectively) and after (32.5 and 30%) treatment were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The results of this study suggested that MIF is related to the development of duodenal ulcer, and that the presence of Hp is closely related with the expression of MIF in the duodenal mucosa and the development of duodenal ulcer.

Potential use of cholecalciferol polyethylene glycol succinate as a novel pharmaceutical additive

D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) has been utilized in numerous drug delivery formulations in recent years. Because of its amphiphilic structure, it can be used as emulsifier and vehicle for lipid-based drug delivery formulations. It is also an effective P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. However, TPGS represents only one of the surfactants in the class of "Vitamin-PEG" conjugated surfactants. To design a new adjuvant or additive, a conjugate made of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and PEG-cholecalciferol polyethylene glycol succinate (CPGS) was synthesized via a two-step reaction. We hypothesized that CPGS may exhibit similar characteristics to TPGS, and thus the physicochemical properties as well as the anticancer properties of CPGS were studied. The results demonstrated that CPGS reduced the particle size and increased the encapsulation efficiency of the PLGA nanoparticles, indicating that CPGS may also have the emulsifier function similar to TPGS. The drug release profiles showed that the nanoparticles with CPGS additive had a lower initial burst and more sustained release pattern. In vitro testing with Caco-2 cells showed that CPGS could increase the cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Based on the rhodamine accumulation study, the increased cytotoxicity is possibly due to the P-gp inhibition by CPGS. From current results, the use of CPGS as an adjuvant is promising and may enhance the efficacy of the overall drug delivery system.

The transformation of aluminium species in the processes of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration

The aluminium toxicity is closely related to aluminium species. In this work aluminium was fractionated into seven forms: Al(T), Al(Sus), Al(C + S), Al(S), Al(C), Al(O) and Al(I). Four Al-based coagulants and simulated raw water were used in the laboratory to investigate the aluminium transformation in coagulation, sedimentation and filtration processes. It is the use of Al-based coagulants that contributes more to the increase of the residual aluminium for the low-turbidity raw water, while the Al-based coagulants, especially the polymeric aluminium coagulants, work to remove the aluminium from the high-turbidity raw water. In the case of traditional coagulants, the increase of the turbidity or the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the raw water results in a high concentration of Al(C + S). The removal rate of aluminium species in the filtration process is not only related to its size: RAl(Sus) > RAl(C+S), RAl(C) > RAl(S), but also to the physicochemical properties of aluminium species and filter. For the kaolin-polyaluminium chloride system, a lower removal rate of aluminium species results is due to the complexation of humic acid and aluminium species.

Mouse model of Sanfilippo syndrome type B produced by targeted disruption of the gene encoding alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase

The Sanfilippo syndrome type B is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the gene (NAGLU) encoding alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, a lysosomal enzyme required for the stepwise degradation of heparan sulfate. The most serious manifestations are profound mental retardation, intractable behavior problems, and death in the second decade. To generate a model for studies of pathophysiology and of potential therapy, we disrupted exon 6 of Naglu, the homologous mouse gene. Naglu-/- mice were healthy and fertile while young and could survive for 8-12 mo. They were totally deficient in alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase and had massive accumulation of heparan sulfate in liver and kidney as well as secondary changes in activity of several other lysosomal enzymes in liver and brain and elevation of gangliosides G(M2) and G(M3) in brain. Vacuolation was seen in many cells, including macrophages, epithelial cells, and neurons, and became more prominent with age. Although most vacuoles contained finely granular material characteristic of glycosaminoglycan accumulation, large pleiomorphic inclusions were seen in some neurons and pericytes in the brain. Abnormal hypoactive behavior was manifested by 4.5-mo-old Naglu-/- mice in an open field test; the hyperactivity that is characteristic of affected children was not observed even in younger mice. In a Pavlovian fear conditioning test, the 4.5-mo-old mutant mice showed normal response to context, indicating intact hippocampal-dependent learning, but reduced response to a conditioning tone, perhaps attributable to hearing impairment. The phenotype of the alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase-deficient mice is sufficiently similar to that of patients with the Sanfilippo syndrome type B to make these mice a good model for study of pathophysiology and for development of therapy.

Childhood absence epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures and electroencephalogram 3-4-Hz spike and multispike-slow wave complexes: linkage to chromosome 8q24

Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), a common form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy, accounts for 5%-15% of childhood epilepsies. To map the chromosomal locus of persisting CAE, we studied the clinical and electroencephalographic traits of 78 members of a five-generation family from Bombay, India. The model-free affected-pedigree member method was used during initial screening with chromosome 6p, 8q, and 1p microsatellites, and only individuals with absence seizures and/or electroencephalogram 3-4-Hz spike- and multispike-slow wave complexes were considered to be affected. Significant P values of .00000-.02 for several markers on 8q were obtained. Two-point linkage analysis, assuming autosomal dominant inheritance with 50% penetrance, yielded a maximum LOD score (Zmax) of 3.6 for D8S502. No other locus in the genome achieved a significant Zmax. For five smaller multiplex families, summed Zmax was 2.4 for D8S537 and 1.7 for D8S1761. Haplotypes composed of the same 8q24 microsatellites segregated with affected members of the large family from India and with all five smaller families. Recombinations positioned the CAE gene in a 3.2-cM interval.

NAGLU mutations underlying Sanfilippo syndrome type B

Sanfilippo syndrome type B (mucopolysaccharidosis III B) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, one of the enzymes required for the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate. The gene for this enzyme, NAGLU, recently was isolated, and several mutations were characterized. We have identified, in amplified exons from nine fibroblast cell lines derived from Sanfilippo syndrome type B patients, 10 additional mutations: Y92H, P115S, Y140C, E153K, R203X, 650insC, 901delAA, P358L, A664V, and L682R. Four of these mutations were found in homozygosity, and only two were seen in more than one cell line. Thus, Sanfilippo syndrome type B shows extensive molecular heterogeneity. Stable transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells, by cDNA mutagenized to correspond to the NAGLU missense mutations, did not yield active enzyme, demonstrating the deleterious nature of the mutations. Nine of the 10 amino acid substitutions identified to date are clustered near the amino or the carboxyl end of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, suggesting a role for these regions in the transport or function of the enzyme.

Relationship of p215BRCA1 to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways and the cell cycle in normal and transformed cells

We have analysed the relationship of the products of two genes, neu and BRCA1, known to be important in human breast cancer. Highly specific antibodies that recognized both the rodent and human form of the BRCA1 gene product (Mr 215 kDa, p215BRCA1) were developed to facilitate these efforts. p215BRCA1 was identified as a tyrosine phosphorylated protein primarily localized in the nucleus of several breast cancer cell lines. In transformed murine and human cells, levels of p215BRCA1 tyrosine phosphorylation were inversely correlated with the activity of the erbB family receptor-tyrosine-kinases and with the transformed growth features of these cells. Regulation of p215BRCA1 tyrosine phosphorylation was also related to events in the cell cycle. Increased levels of p215BRCA1 phosphotyrosine content were observed in NIH3T3 cells arrested at the G2/M transition. These findings indicate that the products of BRCA1, neu, and erbB breast cancer genes participate in a common or shared signaling pathway important in cell growth and its regulation.

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy in chromosome 6p12-p11: locus heterogeneity and recombinations

We recently analyzed under homogeneity a large pedigree from Belize with classic juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). After a genome wide search with 146 microsatellites, we obtained significant linkage between chromosome 6p markers, D6S257 and D6S272, and both convulsive and EEG traits of JME. Recombinations in two affected members defined a 40 cM JME region flanked by D6S313 and D6S258. In the present communication, we explored if the same chromosome 6p11 microsatellites also have a role in JME mixed with pyknoleptic absences. We allowed for heterogeneity during linkage analyses. We tested for heterogeneity by the admixture test and looked for more recombinations. D6S272, D6S466, D6S294, and D6S257 were significantly linked (Zmax > 3.5) to the clinical and EEG traits of 22 families, assuming autosomal dominant inheritance with 70% penetrance. Pairwise Zmax were 4.230 for D6S294 (theta m = f at 0.133) and 4.442 for D6S466 (theta m = f at 0.111). Admixture test (H2 vs. H1) was significant (P = 0.0234 for D6S294 and 0.0128 for D6S272) supporting the hypotheses of linkage with heterogeneity. Estimated proportion of linked families, alpha, was 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.05-0.99) for D6S294 and D6S272. Multipoint analyses and recombinations in three new families narrowed the JME locus to a 7 cM interval flanked by D6S272 and D6S257.

Microwatt shot-noise measurement

We report a simple scheme for sensitive measurements of optical-noise spectra. Optical noise is separated from electronic noise when the output of an analog spectrum analyzer is real-time squared and then lock-in detected. This method directly yields the desired mean-square noise voltage, i.e., the power spectrum of the optical noise on a linear scale. To demonstrate this technique, the mean-square shot noise of a laser beam is measured and found to vary linearly with the laser power from several milliwatts down to one microwatt, in excellent quantitative agreement with predictions.

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy locus in chromosome 6p21.2-p11: linkage to convulsions and electroencephalography trait

Despite affecting 4 million Americans and 100-200 million persons worldwide, the precise molecular mechanisms of human epilepsies remain unknown. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is the most frequent and, hence, most important form of hereditary grand mal epilepsy. In this epilepsy, electroencephalographic (EEG) 15-30-Hz multispikes produce myoclonic and tonic-clonic convulsions beginning at 8-20 years of age. Moreover, EEG 3.5-6-Hz multispike wave complexes appear in clinically asymptomatic family members. We first studied 38 members of a four-generation LA-Belize family with classical JME but with no pyknoleptic absences. Five living members had JME; four clinically asymptomatic members had EEG multispike wave complexes. Pairwise analysis tightly linked microsatellites centromeric to HLA, namely D6S272 (peak lod score [Zmax] = 3.564-3.560 at male-female recombination [theta m = f] = 0-.001) and D6S257 (Zmax = 3.672-3.6667 at theta m = f = 0-.001), spanning 7 cM, to convulsive seizures and EEG multispike wave complexes. A recombination between D6S276 and D6S273 in one affected member placed the JME locus within or below HLA. Pairwise, multipoint, and recombination analyses in this large family independently proved that a JME gene is located in chromosome 6p, centromeric to HLA. We next screened, with the same chromosome 6p21.2-p11 short tandem-repeat polymorphic markers, seven multiplex pedigrees with classic JME. When lod scores for small multiplex families are added to lod scores of the LA-Belize pedigree, Zmax values for D6S294 and D6S257 are > 7 (theta m = f = .000). Our results prove that in chromosome 6p21.2-p11 an epilepsy locus exists whose phenotype consists of classic JME with convulsions and/or EEG rapid multispike wave complexes.

Photon-echo interferometry

Temporal interference between photon echoes of adjacent transitions in simple atoms is demonstrated, yielding suppression of the echo intensity by a factor of 10(4). The method provides a sensitive probe of perturbations that differentially affect the phase of the dipole moments for the adjacent transitions.

Esophageal cytology and subsequent risk of esophageal cancer. A prospective follow-up study from Linxian, China

This paper reports a 15-year follow-up study of 12,693 persons in Linxian, China, who were originally screened by esophageal balloon cytology in 1974. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ability of esophageal balloon cytology to identify individuals at increased risk for developing esophageal cancer. Age, sex and cytologic diagnoses were obtained from the original 1974 records, and information on vital status, cancer experience and potential confounding risk factors was collected from interviews and medical abstracts in 1989. A total of 1,162 incident cases of esophageal cancer and 993 deaths due to esophageal cancer were identified and used in this analysis. The follow-up study showed that the risk of esophageal cancer incidence and mortality increased in parallel with the presumed severity of the 1974 Chinese cytologic diagnoses. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) for esophageal cancer incidence, by cytologic diagnosis, were: normal, 1.00; esophagitis, 1.52 (1.07-2.14); hyperplasia, 1.17 (1.02-1.33); dysplasia 1, 1.53 (1.10-2.14); dysplasia 2, 1.89 (1.47-2.41); and suspicious for cancer, 5.77 (3.79-8.80). These results suggest that esophageal balloon cytology, as performed and interpreted in Linxian in 1974, successfully identified individuals at increased risk for esophageal cancer.

Cytologic screening for esophageal cancer: results from 12,877 subjects from a high-risk population in China

Linxian, China, has one of the highest esophageal-cancer mortality rates in the world. In 1983, esophageal balloon-cytology screening was performed to identify subjects eligible for 2 nutrition-intervention trials in Linxian; 12,877 subjects had cytology slides which were satisfactory for diagnosis. Of the 12,649 subjects with squamous-cell diagnoses, 31% were normal by Chinese cytologic criteria; 38% showed hyperplasia; 21% showed dysplasia 1; 6% showed dysplasia 2; 2% showed near-cancer; and 2% showed cancer. Of the 1,471 subjects with columnar-cell diagnoses, 31% were normal; 44% showed hyperplasia; 16% showed dysplasia 1; 4% showed dysplasia 2; 2% showed near-cancer; and 3% showed cancer. Squamous dysplasia and cancer were more common among females than males, while columnar dysplasia and cancer showed male predominance. The prevalence of dysplasia and cancer of both cell types increased with age. The prevalence of squamous dysplasia was significantly higher than in earlier balloon-cytology screenings in Linxian, probably reflecting changes in cytologic classification.

[Nd-YAG laser treatment for tracheobronchial benign lesions]

In recent 5 years, 33 cases of tracheobronchial benign lesions have been treated with the method of Nd-YAG laser via bronchoscope. The follow-up survey has shown that the curative ratio reached 66.7 percent and total effective rate came up to 78.8 percent. There was significant relationship between the therapeutic effectiveness and types of lesions (P < 0.01). It had higher cure rate in benign tumour, tuberculous granuloma and foreign body's granuloma than that of inflammatory granuloma and amyloidosis. This method is a new and effective one for treating benign pathologic changes in air passage. The indication and prevention of complications have been discussed.

Comparison of serum bactericidal activity of 4 fluoroquinolones in healthy volunteers

In vitro antibacterial activities (MBCs) and serum bactericidal activities (SBAs) of fluoroquinolones were compared. The MBCs were measured by the agar disk dilution test. The 40 tested strains belonging to 8 species were isolated from hospitalized patients. Against Gram positive cocci, Ciprofloxacin (CPLX) and ofloxacin (OFLX) were the more active and nefloxacin (NFLX) was less potent than the others. Against Ps. aeruginosa, CPLX had the highest activity, enoxacin (ENX) as well as OFLX had powerful activity, whereas NFLX was less active. All the 4 agents showed high activity against Gram negative bacilli. In the self-controlled, randomized crossover study, 4 fluoroquinolones were given to 10 healthy volunteers and then SBAs were determined using microdilution method. The peak SBAs of CPLX and OFLX were significantly higher than NFLX, and those of ENX were comparatively low, but there was no difference between ENX and OFLX against most of the strains tested. The percentages of peak SBAs greater than 1:8 of the 4 fluoroquinolones suggest that in the treatment of serious infections, CPLX and OFLX are more effective and ENX can also achieve high cure rate. The trough SBAs of the 4 fluoroquinolones suggest that the time interval of administration of CPLX and OFLX should be more than 8 hours, but increase of the dosage or shortening of the time interval between the administrations is recommended for ENX and NFLX.

Histological classification of intraepithelial neoplasias and microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the esophagus

We reviewed a total of 119 resected esophagi with intraepithelial neoplasias of low grade (including slight or moderate dysplasias), high grade (including severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ), or microinvasive squamous carcinoma (i.e., not invasive beyond the submucosa and without metastases in regional lymph nodes). Epithelial buds bulging into the stroma were noted in noninvasive intraepithelial lesions. The most severe degree of histological alteration was used to characterize each case. Of the 119 cases, five were low-grade, 38 were high-grade, and the remaining 76 specimens contained microinvasive squamous carcinoma. Of these, 23 invaded only the lamina propria. Nine invaded the muscularis mucosae, 16 invaded the inner half of the submucosa, and the remaining 28 invaded the outer half of the submucosa. Epithelial buds were divided according to their configuration into types I, II, and III. Grade I was characterized by regular epithelial buds of the same size, grade II had regular buds that varied in size, and grade III had irregular buds (i.e., buds of varying length and width with irregular contours). Our study of 66 specimens with microinvasive squamous carcinoma showed that one of the two specimens that had low grade dysplasia also had type III buds, while 56 of the remaining 64 (87.7%) with high grade dysplasia also had type III buds. Microinvasion originated at the tip of the type III epithelial buds in 12 specimens. Similar results have been demonstrated in experimental animals. We conclude that in the esophageal mucosa, there is a close relationship among the degree of squamous cellular atypia, the formation of epithelial buds, and the progression toward invasive carcinoma.

[Nd-YAG laser treatment of tracheobronchial lesions]

From January 1987 to May 1988, 32 cases with tracheobronchial lesions were treated with Nd-YAG laser. Complete restoration of the airway was achieved in one case of leiomyoma, adenoma, carcinoid and mucous epithelioma each, 2 cases of polyp and 7 cases of granuloma. Significant restoration was seen in one case of granuloma, 2 cases of hematoma and papilloma, each, 3 cases of amyloidosis and partial restoration in one case of granuloma. The remaining 10 cases with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma with severe airway obstruction were treated by Nd-YAG laser for palliative purpose only. Four of them revealed significant remission and 6 responded with partial remission. No severe complication was observed during or after the procedures. Nd-YAG laser treatment provides a new curative method avoiding resection of the lung in benign lesions and a palliative therapy for unresectable obstructive malignant tumors.

FIA-extraction applied to the limit test for heavy metals

A method is presented that allows rapid determination of the total concentration of heavy metals in a sample. The method is based on FIA-extraction and photometric measurement of the metals as their dithiocarbamate complexes. The analytical parameters have been chosen such that the sensitivities for toxic elements are enhanced compared with those of less toxic heavy metals. The sampling capacity of the system is 40 samples h-1 and the repeatability (RSD) is 1.9% at 0.1 mg 1(-1). Raw materials for the production of pharmaceuticals as well as analytical grade salts and household commodities have been tested.

Sequence homologies in the protamine gene family of rainbow trout

We have sequenced five different rainbow trout protamine genes plus their flanking regions. The genes are not clustered and do not contain intervening sequences. There is an extremely high degree of sequence conservation in the coding and 3' untranslated regions of the gene. Downstream sequences exhibit little homology though conserved regions are found 250 base pairs 3' to the gene. There are four regions upstream of the gene that are highly conserved in the six clones, including the canonical Goldberg - Hogness box which is 45 base pairs 5' to the coding region. A second homologous region is found 90 bases upstream. Although in the same approximate location as the CAAT box found upstream of other genes, it does not contain the canonical CAAT sequence. Further upstream of the protamine genes at -115 there is an A-T rich sequence while a 25 base pair conserved sequence is located 150 bases upstream. In addition we report the presence of a potential Z-DNA region of predominantly A-C repeats approximately one kilobase downstream of one of the genes.