Effect of Calina Papaya Leaves Extract on Respiratory Tract in Cigarette Smoke Exposed Rats

Cigarette smoke is a source of free radicals that cause health problems throughout the world. Indonesia is a country that has many sources of natural antioxidants in counteracting free radicals, one of which is Calina papaya leaves. The study aimed to determine the potential of Calina papaya leaves antioxidants in improving the respiratory organs of Wistar rats after being exposed to cigarette smoke. The study using 25 male Wistar rats consisted of Control (not exposed to cigarette smoke and given distilled water), KN (cigarette smoke and given distilled water), P1 (cigarette smoke and Calina Papaya Leaves Ethanolic extracts (CPLE) 100 mg/kg BW), P2 (cigarette smoke and CPLE 200 mg/kg BW), and P3 (cigarette smoke and given CPLE 300 mg/kg BW). Exposure to cigarette smoke and administration of extracts was carried out for 21 days. On day 22, the rats were euthanized and dissected to remove the lungs and trachea. Organs were prepared using the paraffin method and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Parameters consisted of histopathological observations of the lungs and trachea. All data parameters were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test and Duncan's advanced test (p<0.05). The results showed that there was an improvement in histopathology of the lungs and trachea at a dose of 200 mg/Kg BW compared to other doses (p<0.05). The study showed that the Calina papaya leaves ethanolic extracts have the potential as a source of antioxidants in improving the respiratory organs of Wistar rats after being exposed to cigarette smoke.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pepaya Calina terhadap Indeks Gonadosomatik dan Perkembangan Folikel Ovarium Tikus Wistar

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan jumlah penduduk yang relatif tinggi, sehingga diperlukan upaya dalam menekan laju pertumbuhan penduduk seperti mengembangkan potensi obat antifertilitas berbahan dasar herbal. Daun pepaya Calina merupakan varietas tanaman pepaya di Indonesia yang memiliki beberapa kandungan fitokimia yang berpotensi sebagai agen antifertilitas. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui potensi ekstrak etanol daun pepaya Calina sebagai agen antifertilitas terhadap Indeks Gonadosomatik (GSI) dan perkembangan folikel ovarium tikus Wistar. Penelitian dilakukan selama 30 hari menggunakan 25 ekor tikus Wistar betina umur ± 15 minggu. Perlakuan terdiri dari 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol (akuades), kontrol positif (pil kontrasepsi dosis 14,184 mg/kg BB), ekstrak etanol daun pepaya Calina dosis 200mg/Kg BB, 300 mg/Kg BB dan 400 mg/Kg BB yang diberikan secara oral gavage 1 ml. Parameter terdiri indeks gonadosomatik dan perkembangan folikel ovarium yang terdiri dari folikel primer, sekunder, de graaf, korpus luteum dan atresia. Pada hari ke 31 dilakukan pembedahan dan pengambilan ovarium pada tikus. GSI dihitung dengan membagi bobot ovarium dengan bobot badan tikus, sedangkan pengamatan folikel ovarium dilakukan dengan pembuatan preparat histologi menggunakan metode paraffin (Pewarnaan HE). Seluruh data dianalisis menggunakan One Way Anova dengan uji lanjut Duncan. Hasil menunjukan bahwa dosis 300 mg/Kg BB dapat menurunkan bobot ovarium, menurunkan indeks gonadosomatik, menurunkan jumlah folikel primer dan sekunder, menurunkan luas folikel de graaf, serta meningkatkan jumlah folikel atresia dibandingkan dengan kontrol (P<0,05). Kesimpulan penelitian adalah ekstrak etanol daun pepaya Calina dosis 300 mg/Kg BB berpotensi menjadi agen antifertilitas alami dengan cara menurunkan GSI dan perkembangan ovarium tikus Wistar.

Surface modification of acid-functionalized mesoporous gamma-alumina for non-fission 99Mo/99mTc generator

Mesoporous gamma-alumina (MGA) was synthesized for neutron-activated ⁹⁹Mo adsorbent. Acid functionalization of the MGA was carried out to enhance the Mo adsorption capacity and the ⁹⁹Mo breakthrough profile. The acid-treated MGA has a more positive particle charge, rougher surface, smaller particle and pore size, larger surface area, and wider pore distance. The acid-treated MGA has a Mo adsorption capacity of 82.8 ± 6.3 mg Mo/g and resulted in ^99mTc eluate with the ⁹⁹Mo breakthrough at the acceptable level.

Potensi Imunomodulator Herbal Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pepaya Varietas Calina terhadap Struktur Jaringan Limpa Tikus Putih Galur Wistar

Tanaman pepaya varietas calina (Carica papaya L. Var. calina) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman pepaya yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Tanaman ini memiliki kandungan senyawa aktif yang dapat berperan dalam meningkatkan kerja imun seperti flavonoid, polifenol, tanin dan saponin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas ekstrak etanol daun pepaya varietas calina sebagai imunomodulator alami terhadap struktur jaringan limpa tikus putih galur wistar (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769). Penelitian menggunakan 24 ekor tikus wistar yang dibagi ke dalam empat perlakuan pemberian ekstrak yaitu kontrol (dosis 0 mg/kg BB), P1 (dosis 100 mg/kg BB), P2 (dosis 200 mg/kg BB), dan dosis P3 (300 mg/kg BB) selama 30 hari per oral. Parameter yang diamati meliputi bobot badan, rasio bobot limpa dan histologi limpa yang terdiri dari luas dan diameter pulpa putih serta luas germinal center. Tikus dikorbankan nyawanya pada hari ke-31, kemudian organ limpa diambil dan difiksasi dengan neutral buffer formaline 10%. Limpa dibuat sediaan histologis dengan menggunakan blok parafin dan pewarnaan hematoxylin-eosin. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan sidik ragam satu arah kemudian dilanjutkan uji jarak berganda Duncan untuk mengetahui tingkat signifikansi antar perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan (P<0,05), dalam hal menambah diameter dan memperluas pulpa putih serta memperluas germinal center pada limpa dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Bobot badan dan rasio organ limpa tidak menunjukan perbedaan secara siginifikan antar perlakuan (P>0,05). Simpulan penelitian adalah ekstrak etanol daun pepaya varietas calina memiliki potensi sebagai agen imunomodulator alami.

The Effects of Calina Papaya Leaf Ethanol Extract On Estrus Cycle And Uterus Morphology of Wistar Rats

Calina papaya leaf is an Indonesian papaya plant type that has the potential to be used as a medicinal plant. Phytochemical compounds found in papaya leaves act as antifertility agents. The research aimed to study the antifertility effect of Calina papaya leaf ethanol extract on estrus cycle and uterine morphology of wistar rats. The experiment lasted 30 days and involved 25 female wistar rats. The treatment consisted of 5 groups, namely K (distilled water), K+ (contraceptive pill), P1 (Calina papaya leaf ethanol extract 200mg/KgBW), P2 (Calina papaya leaf ethanol extract 300mg/KgBW), and P3 (Calina papaya leaf ethanol extract 400mg/KgBW). The parameters of estrus cycle consisted of estrus cycle phase, total cycle and estrus cycle ratio. Uterus morphological parameters consist of wall thickness of the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium. The estrus cycle examination was carried out every day using the vaginal smear method (Giemsa 5%). On the 31st day, surgery was performed and the uterus was taken for histological observation using the paraffin method (HE staining). Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA with further Duncan’s test. The results showed that a dose of 400 mg/KgBW could affect the estrus cycle with accelerate the estrus phase and increase the estrus cycle ratio compared to the control (P0.05). There was a decrease in endometrium and myometrium wall thickness at a dose of 400 mg/KgBW compared to the control (P0.05). The conclusion of the study is that the ethanol extract of Calina papaya leaves at a dose of 400 mg/KgBW has the potential to be a natural antifertility agent on female wistar rats.

The SπRIT time projection chamber

The Superconducting Analyzer for MUlti-particles from RAdioIsotope (SAMURAI) Pion-Reconstruction and Ion-Tracker Time Projection Chamber (SπRIT TPC) was designed to enable measurements of heavy ion collisions with the SAMURAI spectrometer at the RIKEN radioactive isotope beam factory and provides constraints on the equation of state of neutron-rich nuclear matter. The SπRIT TPC has a 50.5 cm drift length and an 86.4 × 134.4 cm² pad plane with 12 096 pads that are equipped with the generic electronics for TPCs. The SπRIT TPC allows for an excellent reconstruction of particles and provides isotopic resolution for pions and other light charged particles across a wide range of energy losses and momenta. The details of the SπRIT TPC are presented, along with discussion of the TPC performance based on cosmic rays and charged particles emitted in heavy ion collisions.

Immediate impact of COVID-19 across tropical small-scale fishing communities

The volume and value of fish catches by Indonesia's small-scale fisheries have declined significantly since national government restrictions on travel and social distancing were imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a digital data collection system (OurFish), that records purchases by fish traders from small-scale fishers, data was collected across 82 coastal communities in Southeast Sulawesi. We found that the number of active fishers and traders declined by more than 90% after the onset of the pandemic and the average weight of catch per fishing trip increased across fishers. Although the average price per kilogram of fish declined after the pandemic began, fishers that were able to maintain fishing had on average higher catches and therefore daily catch value was maintained. High value fisheries that usually enter export supply chains were more negatively impacted compared with lower value species that are commonly sold to local markets. We interviewed 185 small scale fishers and fish traders across 20 of the 82 communities in Southeast Sulawesi province, recording the perceived level of impact on local fisheries and the fish trade, causes of this impact and proposed coping strategies. Over 50% of both fishers and fish traders believed low demand for fish from traders and a decline in the price received for fish were disrupting their lives. Approximately 75% of both male and female fishers are coping by continuing to fish, highlighting that there were few alternative livelihoods available at the time of the interviews. Our results provide key insights into the vulnerability of small-scale fishing communities to impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Effect of Coffee Fruit Skin Extract on Sperm Characteristics And Testicular of Mice With Ethanol-Induced

Coffee fruit skin contains antioxidant compounds that can repair damaged tissues, especially those of reproductive or-gans. This study was designed to assess to what extent the metha-nolic extract of coffee fruit skin affected sperm characteristics and testicular histology in mice receiving 15% ethanol for 15 days. It used 25 male mice aged four months and employed a completely randomized design with two controls (K) and three treatments (P), namely K1 (without ethanol), K2 (15% ethanol), P1 (15% ethanol and the methanolic extract of coffee fruit skin, or MECS, at 125 mg/ kg BW), P2 (15% ethanol and MECS 250 mg/kg BW), and P3 (15% ethanol and MECS 500 mg/kg BW). These treatments were administered orally with a 1 mL disposable syringe for 15 days. The parameters observed were sperm characteristics (viability, morphology, and sperm count) and the microscopic structure of the testicles (lu-men area, diameter, and area of seminiferous tubules). These data were then analyzed using the one-way ANOVA, continued with the LSD and Duncan’s tests (P <0.05). The results showed that P2 (250 mg/kg BW) substantially improved sperm count (86.5x105±1.73 cells/ mL), sperm viability (87.26±0.05%), and the proportion of normal sperm morphology (93.33±0.004%) of mice with 15% ethanol-in-duced sperm damages. Testicular histology also confirmed improve-ments in spermatogenic cells, as evident from the lumen, diameter, and area seminiferous tubules after receiving P1 and P2. In conclu-sion, the optimum dose of the coffee skin extract for improving sperm quality and microscopic structures of mice testicles is 250 mg/kg BW. 

Biosupplementation of Ethanolic Extract of Cashew Leaf (Anacardium occidentale L.) to Improve Weight Gain and Immunity of Jawa Super Chicken

Effect of ethanolic extract of cashew leaf (Anacardium occidentale L.) in the feed on the weight gain and immunity were investigated on Jawa Super Chicken. Ninety chicken were divided into 6 groups those were basal feed group and 5 different concentration of chasew leaf extract groups. Experiment was conducted for 16 days started by 2 days acclimatization after hatching. Body weight was measured every 3 days starting from 0th day. On 16th day, the chicken were sacrificed, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were collected to quantify some histological parameters such as white pulp and follicle area as well as follicle thickness of those organs. The data were analyzed by regression and one way ANOVA followed by Tuckey test. Histological analysis was performed using optilab and Image Raster software. The results showed that growth and development of immune system of chicken increased significantly as could be seen in body weight, organs weight and index, as well as histological parameters. The regression results showed that spleen and bursa of Fabricius weight influenced increasing of body weight by 64.2% and 38.4% respectively. It could be concluded that biosupplementation of cashew leaf extract in basal feed could increase growth and immunity of Jawa Super Chicken.

The effect of cashew leaf extract on small intestine morphology and growth performance of Jawa Super chicken

Aim:

This research aimed to study the effect of leaf extract of cashew as a bioactive compound in feed on the morphology of the small intestine in Jawa Super chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Materials and Methods:

This study used 72 1-day-old Jawa Super chicks reared for a further 16 days. We used a randomized complete design, in which basal feed was supplemented with ethanolic extract of cashew leaves at 0 g/kg feed (control), 1.25 g/kg feed (P1), 2.5 g/kg feed (P2), 5 g/kg feed (P3), 10 g/kg feed (P4), and 20 g/kg feed (P5). Parameters observed included growth performance, chicken morphometry, and morphology of the small intestine, comprising the length and width of the villi, the depth of the crypt, and the number and size of goblet cells in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Data analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test, with significance defined as p<0.05.

Results:

Ethanolic extract of cashew leaf significantly increased body weight, feed efficiency, body morphometry, villus length, crypt depth, number of goblet cells, and extent of goblet cell area of the small intestine at 16 days. The morphological results from the small intestine showed that P4 and P5 were significantly better than control.

Conclusions:

Cashew leaf ethanolic extract mixed with 10 g/kg basal feed is effective as a natural feed supplement for Jawa Super chickens.

Marker of lipid peroxidation related to diabetic nephropathy in Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

OBJECTIVE

Even though diabetes patients exhibit an increased oxidative stress, its correlation with diabetic nephropathy is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lipid peroxidation marker correlates well with eGFR and UACR in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

METHODS

We collected urine and serum samples of Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients with normo- and microalbuminuria at a Local Government Clinic (from ages: 39-74 years). Urinary 8-iso-PGF2α was measured by ELISA, the serum malondialdehyde by TBARS assay, and urinary albumin by BCG albumin assay. eGFR was calculated using the corrected-Cockcroft-Gault (CG), MDRD, and CKD-EPI equation. Other necessary data were obtained through questionnaires.

RESULTS

The results showed that the increasing level of malondialdehyde was mildly correlated with the decline in eGFR (MDRD). In contrary, there was a significant positive correlation between 8-iso-PGF2α concentration and eGFR based on the corrected-CG, MDRD study, and CKD-EPI equation (r=0.457, p<0.001; r=0.424, p<0.001; r=0.443, p<0.001). This relationship still persisted in the normoalbuminuric subjects (n=43) (r=0.491, p=0.001; r=0.461, p=0.002; r=0.455, p=0.002). The multivariate analysis showed that 8-iso-PGF2α together with fasting plasma glucose was the most predictive factor for the high 2-quantile eGFR (adjusted OR 1.001, (95% CI, 1.000-1.001)). However, there was no significant correlation between UACR with malondialdehyde (r=0.268, p=0.050) and 8-iso-PGF2α(r=-0.030, p=0.808). UACR itself was inversely correlated with eGFR based on the corrected-CG, the MDRD, and CKD-EPI (r=-0.232, p<0.05; r=-0.228, p<0.05; r=-0.232, p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Increased 8-iso-PGF2α and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients may play a role in the pathophysiologic significance of diabetic nephropathy, even while considering the effect of potential confounders.

Association of serum arginase I with L-arginine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and exhaled nitric oxide in healthy Japanese workers

The associations of serum arginase I with serum L-arginine, serum 3-nitrotyrosine, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) were evaluated cross-sectionally in healthy Japanese workers. The serum median (minimum-maximum) levels of arginase I, 3-nitrotyrosine, and FENO in healthy people (n = 130) were 14.6 (0.94-108.1) ng/mL, 81.0 (0.27-298.6) pmol/mg protein, and 14.0 (5.0-110.0) parts per billion, respectively. Significant correlations of arginase I with FENO, L-arginine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 (% predicted)) were observed, and correlations of FENO with immunoglobulin E (IgE), NOx, arginase I, and sex and allergy were also observed. By multiple regression analysis, arginase I showed positive associations with FENO and 3-nitrotyrosine, and a negative association with L-arginine; and FENO showed positive associations with IgE and NO2(-) + NO3(-) (NOx), and a negative association with L-arginine, as well as an association with sex. Moreover, logistic regression analysis showed linear inverse associations of arginase I and 3-nitrotyrosine with L-arginine, and showed linear positive associations of FENO with IgE and NOx. It was concluded that serum arginase I might regulate serum L-arginine and 3-nitrotyrosine via L-arginine, and that IgE or NOx might regulate FENO in a healthy Japanese population.

Inhibition of arginase ameliorates experimental ulcerative colitis in mice

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced from the conversion of L-arginine by NO synthase (NOS) and regulates a variety of processes in the gastrointestinal tract. Considering the increased activity of arginase in colitis tissue, it is speculated that arginase could inhibit NO synthesis by competing for the same L-arginine substrate, resulting in the exacerbation of colitis. We examined the role of arginase and its relationship to NO metabolism in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Experimental colitis was induced in mice by administration of 2.5% DSS in drinking water for 8 days. Treatment for arginase inhibition was done by once daily intraperitoneal injection of N(ω)-hydroxy-nor- arginine (nor-NOHA). On day 8, we evaluated clinical parameters (body weight, disease activity index, and colon length), histological features, the activity and expression of arginase, L-arginine content, the expression of NO synthase (NOS), and the concentration of NO end-product (NOx: nitrite + nitrate). Administration of nor-NOHA improved the worsened clinical parameters and histological features in DSS-induced colitis. Treatment with nor-NOHA attenuated the increased activity of arginase, upregulation of arginase Ι at both mRNA and protein levels, and decreased the content of L-arginine in colonic tissue in the DSS-treated mice. Conversely, despite the decreased expression of NOS2 mRNA, the decreased concentration of NOx in colonic tissues was restored to almost normal levels. The consumption of L-arginine by arginase could lead to decreased production of NO from NOS, contributing to the pathogenesis of the colonic inflammation; thus, arginase inhibition might be effective for improving colitis.

Computed tomography for evaluation of puerperal infections

Pelvic computed tomography was used to evaluate 74 women with persistent puerperal infection. There was at least one abnormal roentgenographic finding in 57, and these are correlated with clinical and surgical findings. In 16 women, a palpable pelvic mass was seen on tomography, however, masses not appreciated clinically were visualized in another 29 women, and in five, a clinically palpable mass was not visualized by tomography. In 12 women who had a normal pelvic examination, septic pelvic thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by tomography. Over-all, there was poor correlation with roentgenographic findings and uterine incisional necrosis and dehiscence. We conclude that pelvic tomography is useful to evaluate some women with persistent puerperal infection, but that these studies must be correlated with clinical findings.

Posterior abdominal stab wounds: role of CT evaluation

Stab wounds to the back present a diagnostic problem, since missed occult abdominal injuries can lead to serious morbidity. In a prospective study of 205 patients, the authors evaluated the usefulness of abdominal computed tomography (CT) in assessment of low-velocity penetrating injury to the back. CT results were classified into three groups. Category 1 included injuries limited to superficial subcutaneous tissue (n = 174); category 2, injuries to the retroperitoneal compartment (n = 18); and category 3, injuries within the peritoneal cavity (n = 13). Fifty patients underwent surgery, including 30 with category 1 injuries, nine with category 2 injuries, and eleven with category 3 injuries. CT categorization of injury, compared with surgical findings in these 50 patients, had a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 93%. The CT interpretation was considered correct if it demonstrated peritoneal penetration or retroperitoneal injury potentially requiring surgery. The remaining 155 patients were managed nonoperatively, and none had late complications. Abdominal CT is a reliable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of penetrating injury to the back.

Noninvasive localization of parathyroid adenomas: a comparison of X-ray computerized tomography, ultrasound, scintigraphy and MRI

Thirty-two (32) patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (17 with prior localization surgery, 15 without) were studied by a combination of computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), nuclear medicine (NM), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for parathyroid adenoma localization. The sensitivity and true-positive ratio of each imaging technique and various combinations of techniques were evaluated. Of the 28 proven parathyroid adenomas (27 by surgery, 1 by digital subtraction angiography), 24 were imaged by two techniques, 19 by three techniques, and 10 by all four imaging techniques. The sensitivities were NM (65%), CT (76%), US (77%), and MRI (81%). The differences between true-positive ratios of 82%, 64%, 71%, and 77%, respectively, were not statistically significant. If multiple techniques were considered as a single test (i.e., a positive localization requires two or more tests to be positive at the same location), then sensitivity for a two-study combination was 79% and true-positive ratio 86%. Three techniques showed a sensitivity of 63% and a true-positive ratio of 92%, four modalities 40% and 100%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the various combinations of techniques employed (e.g., CT and US, US and MR, NM and MR, etc.). Thus, there appears to be an advantage in performing multiple techniques (regardless of which combination is selected) until two tests are positive at the same location.

Hepatic and thoracic amaebiasis

Sonographic and radiographic fidings were reviewed in 27 patients with hepatic amebiasis. Sonography usually demonstrated nonspecific, peripheral, hypoechoic lesions. The only diagnostic sonographic appearance was a combination of a hypoechoic lesion and diaphragmatic disruption, which was found in four patients. About 50% of the patients had accompanying radiographic abnormalities that were nondiagnostic. These included elvation of the right hemidiaphragm, basilar pulmonary infiltrates, and pleural effusions. Liver abscesses occasionally grew during the first 2 weeks of treatment even though the patients were responding well to medical therapy. Lesions frequently became more anechoic and better defined on follow-up examinations. Successfully treated abscesses may calcify rather than diminish.