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Lee A, Floyd K, Wu S, Fang Z, Tan TK, Froggatt HM, Powers JM, Leist SR, Gully KL, Hubbard ML, Li C, Hui H, Scoville D, Ruggiero AD, Liang Y, Pavenko A, Lujan V, Baric RS, Nolan GP, Arunachalam PS, Suthar MS, Pulendran B. BCG vaccination stimulates integrated organ immunity by feedback of the adaptive immune response to imprint prolonged innate antiviral resistance. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:41-53. [PMID: 38036767 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination can confer nonspecific protection against heterologous pathogens. However, the underlying mechanisms remain mysterious. We show that mice vaccinated intravenously with BCG exhibited reduced weight loss and/or improved viral clearance when challenged with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351) or PR8 influenza. Protection was first evident between 14 and 21 d post-vaccination and lasted ∼3 months. Notably, BCG induced a biphasic innate response and robust antigen-specific type 1 helper T cell (TH1 cell) responses in the lungs. MyD88 signaling was essential for innate and TH1 cell responses, and protection against SARS-CoV-2. Depletion of CD4+ T cells or interferon (IFN)-γ activity before infection obliterated innate activation and protection. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics revealed CD4-dependent expression of IFN-stimulated genes in lung myeloid and epithelial cells. Notably, BCG also induced protection against weight loss after mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 BA.5, SARS-CoV and SHC014 coronavirus infections. Thus, BCG elicits integrated organ immunity, where CD4+ T cells feed back on tissue myeloid and epithelial cells to imprint prolonged and broad innate antiviral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lee
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katharine Floyd
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shengyang Wu
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhuoqing Fang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tze Kai Tan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heather M Froggatt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kendra L Gully
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Miranda L Hubbard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Harold Hui
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yan Liang
- NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Victor Lujan
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Drayman N, DeMarco JK, Jones KA, Azizi SA, Froggatt HM, Tan K, Maltseva NI, Chen S, Nicolaescu V, Dvorkin S, Furlong K, Kathayat RS, Firpo MR, Mastrodomenico V, Bruce EA, Schmidt MM, Jedrzejczak R, Muñoz-Alía MÁ, Schuster B, Nair V, Han KY, O’Brien A, Tomatsidou A, Meyer B, Vignuzzi M, Missiakas D, Botten JW, Brooke CB, Lee H, Baker SC, Mounce BC, Heaton NS, Severson WE, Palmer KE, Dickinson BC, Joachimiak A, Randall G, Tay S. Masitinib is a broad coronavirus 3CL inhibitor that blocks replication of SARS-CoV-2. Science 2021; 373:931-936. [PMID: 34285133 PMCID: PMC8809056 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for antiviral agents that treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We screened a library of 1900 clinically safe drugs against OC43, a human beta coronavirus that causes the common cold, and evaluated the top hits against SARS-CoV-2. Twenty drugs significantly inhibited replication of both viruses in cultured human cells. Eight of these drugs inhibited the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, 3CLpro, with the most potent being masitinib, an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor. X-ray crystallography and biochemistry show that masitinib acts as a competitive inhibitor of 3CLpro. Mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 and then treated with masitinib showed >200-fold reduction in viral titers in the lungs and nose, as well as reduced lung inflammation. Masitinib was also effective in vitro against all tested variants of concern (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Drayman
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Corresponding author. (S.T.); (N.D.)
| | - Jennifer K. DeMarco
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Krysten A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather M. Froggatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Kemin Tan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Natalia Ivanovna Maltseva
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siquan Chen
- Cellular Screening Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steve Dvorkin
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Furlong
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rahul S. Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mason R. Firpo
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Vincent Mastrodomenico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Emily A. Bruce
- Cellular Screening Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Madaline M. Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert Jedrzejczak
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | | | - Brooke Schuster
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vishnu Nair
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyu-yeon Han
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amornrat O’Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Biophysics Core at Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anastasia Tomatsidou
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bjoern Meyer
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.,Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason W. Botten
- Cellular Screening Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Christopher B. Brooke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyun Lee
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Biophysics Core at Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan C. Baker
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.,Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Bryan C. Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.,Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - William E. Severson
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Palmer
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bryan C. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Savaş Tay
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Corresponding author. (S.T.); (N.D.)
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