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Dou X, Li W, Zhu C, Jiang X, Chang HM, Jameel H. Cleavage of aryl-ether bonds in lignin model compounds using a Co-Zn-beta catalyst. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43599-43606. [PMID: 35519679 PMCID: PMC9058404 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient cleavage of aryl-ether linkages is a key strategy for generating aromatic chemicals and fuels from lignin. Currently, a popular method to depolymerize native/technical lignin employs a combination of Lewis acid and hydrogenation metal. However, a clear mechanistic understanding of the process is lacking. Thus, a more thorough understanding of the mechanism of lignin depolymerization in this system is essential. Herein, we propose a detailed mechanistic study conducted with lignin model compounds (LMC) via a synergistic Co-Zn/Off-Al H-beta catalyst that mirrors the hydrogenolysis process of lignin. The results suggest that the main reaction paths for the phenolic dimers exhibiting α-O-4 and β-O-4 ether linkages are the cleavage of aryl-ether linkages. Particularly, the conversion was readily completed using a Co-Zn/Off-Al H-beta catalyst, but 40% of α-O-4 was converted and β-O-4 did not react in the absence of a catalyst under the same conditions. In addition, it was found that the presence of hydroxyl groups on the side chain, commonly found in native lignin, greatly promotes the cleavage of aryl-ether linkages activated by Zn Lewis acid, which was attributed to the adsorption between Zn and the hydroxyl group. Followed by the cobalt catalyzed hydrogenation reaction, the phenolic dimers are degraded into monomers that maintain aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Dou
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 PR China +86-551-63600786
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 PR China +86-551-63600786
| | - Chaofeng Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physics Science at Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 PR China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8005 USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8005 USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8005 USA
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Jiang X, Narron RH, Han Q, Park S, Chang HM, Jameel H. Tracing Sweetgum Lignin's Molecular Properties through Biorefinery Processing. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:4613-4623. [PMID: 32452146 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes to the molecular properties of lignin over the course of biorefinery processing were investigated by using sweetgum as a feedstock. Hydrothermal pretreatment has been used because it is an economically attractive, green process. Three representative biorefinery lignin preparations were obtained, with about 70 % yield based on raw lignin. The three fractions included soluble lignin adsorbed on resin (XADL), solvent-extracted lignin (HTCELp), and an additional ball-milled residual lignin (HTRELp). By comparing the raw and biorefinery lignin preparations, it can be concluded that lignin undergoes both degradation and condensation throughout the various stages of the hydrothermal-based biorefinery process. The two fractions made soluble by biorefinery processing, XADL and HTCELp, were found to be low-molecular-weight degradation products enriched with free phenolic hydroxyl groups. In addition, about 15 % of noncondensed phenolic units were involved in condensation reactions. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that at least about 28 % of β-O-4' substructures were cleaved. Hibbert's ketones were identified in XADL and HTRELp, which provided evidence of lignin undergoing acidolysis. The contents of β-5' and β-β' did not change significantly upon biorefinery processing. Finally, episyringaresinol was detected in XADL and HTCELp. It is hoped that these findings will help to further demonstrate the specific effects of biorefinery processing on lignin in hardwood and facilitate its utilization to improve biorefinery economics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Robert H Narron
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Li W, Dou X, Zhu C, Wang J, Chang HM, Jameel H, Li X. Production of liquefied fuel from depolymerization of kraft lignin over a novel modified nickel/H-beta catalyst. Bioresour Technol 2018; 269:346-354. [PMID: 30195227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel modified nickel/H-beta (Ni/DeAl-beta) catalyst, which has active acidic sites and hydrogen binding sites, was prepared and used to produce liquefied fuel from lignin. The bifunctional Ni/DeAl-beta catalyst efficiently converted kraft lignin into liquefied fuel due to the synergistic effect of aluminum Lewis acid sites and nickel hydrogen binding sites. At a nickel content of 0.6 mmol/gzeolite, the Ni/DeAl-beta catalyst gave a high liquid product yield of 88.6% at 300 °C for 36 h. Most of the liquid product was dissolved in petroleum ether (73% of 88.6%), which was mainly composed of monomeric and dimeric degradation products. Under these conditions, the higher heating values (HHV) increased from 24.9 MJ/kg for kraft lignin to 32.0 MJ/kg for the liquid product. These results demonstrated the bifunctional Ni/DeAl-beta catalyst could be an efficient catalyst for lignin to liquefied fuel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Li
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Dou
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Chaofeng Zhu
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Jindong Wang
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Xiaosen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Liu L, Chang HM, Jameel H, Park S. Furfural production from biomass pretreatment hydrolysate using vapor-releasing reactor system. Bioresour Technol 2018; 252:165-171. [PMID: 29324276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biomass hydrolysate from autohydrolysis pretreatment was used for furfural production considering it is in rich of xylose, xylo-oligomers, and other decomposition products from hemicellulose structure. By using the vapor-releasing reactor system, furfural was protected from degradation by separating it from the reaction media. The maximum furfural yield of 73% was achieved at 200 °C for biomass hydrolysate without the use of the catalyst. This is because the presence of organic acids such as acetic acid in hydrolysate functioned as a catalyst. According to the results in this study, biomass hydrolysate with a vapor-releasing system proves to be efficient for furfural production. The biorefinery process which allows the separation of xylose-rich autohydrolysate from other parts from biomass feedstock also improves the overall application of the biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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Lee TY, Chang HM, Shih ML, Chen TW, Hsieh CB, Chan DC, Yu JC, Liao GS. Blunt Abdominal Trauma with Left Kidney Dropped into Lower Retroperitoneal Cavity: A Case Report and Literature Review. HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/102490791602300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blunt abdominal injury with kidney laceration is not unusually seen in high-energy traffic accident. It can present with no symptoms and yet lead to fatal complications. High-grade lacerations of kidney (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma [AAST] grade IV to V) will show up with contrast extravasation and disrupted kidney/pelvicalyceal system morphology in computed tomography (CT). However, it is rare to see kidney dislocation from retroperitoneal space because of the presence of the Gerota's fascia. We present a case of a 16-year-old boy suffering from traffic accident with blunt truncal/abdominal injury. The contrast CT of abdomen revealed that his left kidney was dislocated from the original retroperitoneal space and sagged to the lower retroperitoneal cavity. We performed emergency left nephrectomy. He recovered well and there was no complication noted after the surgical intervention. We also review the literature of kidney laceration regarding diagnosis and treatment. (Hong Kong j.emerg.med. 2016;24:176-179)
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Li W, Zhu Y, Lu Y, Liu Q, Guan S, Chang HM, Jameel H, Ma L. Enhanced furfural production from raw corn stover employing a novel heterogeneous acid catalyst. Bioresour Technol 2017; 245:258-265. [PMID: 28892699 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to enhance the direct conversion of raw corn stover into furfural, a promising approach was proposed employing a novel heterogeneous strong acid catalyst (SC-CaCt-700) in different solvents. The novel catalyst was characterized by elemental analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption, FT-IR, XPS, TEM and SEM. The developed catalytic system demonstrated superior efficacy for furfural production from raw corn stover. The effects of reaction temperature, residence time, catalyst loading, substrate concentration and solvent were investigated and optimized. 93% furfural yield was obtained from 150mg corn stover at 200°C in 100min using 45mg catalyst in γ-valerolactone (GVL). In comparison, 51.5% furfural yield was achieved in aqueous media under the same conditions (200°C, 5h, and 45mg catalyst), which is of great industrial interest. Furfural was obtained from both hemicelluloses and cellulose in corn stover, which demonstrated a promising routine to make the full use of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Li
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhu
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Yijuan Lu
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Qiyu Liu
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Shennan Guan
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Biomass Conversion and Utilization, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Longlong Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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Narron RH, Han Q, Park S, Chang HM, Jameel H. Lignocentric analysis of a carbohydrate-producing lignocellulosic biorefinery process. Bioresour Technol 2017; 241:857-867. [PMID: 28629103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A biologically-based lignocellulosic biorefinery process for obtaining carbohydrates from raw biomass was investigated across six diverse biomasses (three hardwoods & three nonwoods) for the purpose of decoding lignin's influence on sugar production. Acknowledging that lignin could positively alter the economics of an entire process if valorized appropriately, we sought to correlate the chemical properties of lignin within the process to the traditional metrics associated with carbohydrate production-cellulolytic digestibility and total sugar recovery. Based on raw carbohydrate, enzymatic recovery ranged from 40 to 64% w/w and total recovery ranged from 70 to 87% w/w. Using nitrobenzene oxidation to quantify non-condensed lignin structures, it was found that raw hardwoods bearing increasing non-condensed S/V ratios (2.5-5.1) render increasing total carbohydrate recovery from hardwood biomasses. This finding indicates that the chemical structure of hardwood lignin influences the investigated biorefinery process' ability to generate carbohydrates from a given raw hardwood feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Narron
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr, Raleigh 27607, NC, United States
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr, Raleigh 27607, NC, United States
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr, Raleigh 27607, NC, United States
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr, Raleigh 27607, NC, United States
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr, Raleigh 27607, NC, United States.
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Li W, Liu Q, Ma Q, Zhang T, Ma L, Jameel H, Chang HM. A two-stage pretreatment process using dilute hydrochloric acid followed by Fenton oxidation to improve sugar recovery from corn stover. Bioresour Technol 2016; 219:753-756. [PMID: 27543312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage pretreatment process is proposed in this research in order to improve sugar recovery from corn stover. In the proposed process, corn stover is hydrolyzed by dilute hydrochloric acid to recover xylose, which is followed by a Fenton reagent oxidation to remove lignin. 0.7wt% dilute hydrochloric acid is applied in the first stage pretreatment at 120°C for 40min, resulting in 81.0% xylose removal. Fenton reagent oxidation (1g/L FeSO4·7H2O and 30g/L H2O2) is performed at room temperature (about 20°C) for 12 has a second stage which resulted in 32.9% lignin removal. The glucose yield in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis was 71.3% with a very low cellulase dosage (3FPU/g). This two-stage pretreatment is effective due to the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses in the first stage and the removal of lignin in the second stage, resulting in a very high sugar recovery with a low enzyme loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Li
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Qiyu Liu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Qiaozhi Ma
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Longlong Ma
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
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Huang C, Jeuck B, Du J, Yong Q, Chang HM, Jameel H, Phillips R. Novel process for the coproduction of xylo-oligosaccharides, fermentable sugars, and lignosulfonates from hardwood. Bioresour Technol 2016; 219:600-607. [PMID: 27543951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many biorefineries have not been commercialized due to poor economic returns from final products. In this work, a novel process has been developed to coproduce valuable sugars, xylo-oligosaccharides, and lignosulfonates from hardwood. The modified process includes a mild autohydrolysis pretreatment, which enables for the recovery of the xylo-oligosaccharides in auto-hydrolysate. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, the residue is sulfomethylated to produce lignosulfonates. Recycling the sulfomethylation residues increased both the glucan recovery and lignosulfonate production. The glucose recovery was increased from 81.7% to 87.9%. Steady state simulation using 100g of hardwood produced 46.7g sugars, 5.9g xylo-oligosaccharides, and 25.7g lignosulfonates, which were significantly higher than that produced from the no-recycling process with 39.1g sugars, 5.9g xylo-oligosaccharides, and 15.0g lignosulfonates. The results indicate that this novel biorefinery process can improve the production of fermentable sugars and lignosulfonate from hardwood as compared to a conventional biorefinery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Ben Jeuck
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA.
| | - Richard Phillips
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
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Liu Q, Li W, Ma Q, An S, Li M, Jameel H, Chang HM. Pretreatment of corn stover for sugar production using a two-stage dilute acid followed by wet-milling pretreatment process. Bioresour Technol 2016; 211:435-42. [PMID: 27035475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage process was evaluated to increase sugar recovery. Firstly, corn stover was treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to recover the xylose, and then the residue was subjected to a wet-milling pretreatment. Dilute hydrochloric acid showed a high xylose recovery during the first stage. The optimal condition was 120°C and 40min for 0.7wt% dilute hydrochloric acid pretreatment followed by wet-milling pretreatment for 15min. The xylose and glucose yield were 81.0% and 64.0%, respectively, with a cellulase dosage at 3FPU/g of substrate. This two-stage process was effective on account of the removal of hemicelluloses in the first stage and the delamination of cell wall in the second stage, increasing the possibility of adsorption of cellulose to enzymes, and resulting in a high sugar recovery with a very low enzyme loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Liu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Qiaozhi Ma
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Shengxin An
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, PR China; Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
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11
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Xu Z, Li W, Du Z, Wu H, Jameel H, Chang HM, Ma L. Conversion of corn stalk into furfural using a novel heterogeneous strong acid catalyst in γ-valerolactone. Bioresour Technol 2015; 198:764-71. [PMID: 26454364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel solid acid catalyst was prepared by the copolymerization of p-toluenesulfonic acid and paraformaldehyde and then characterized by FT-IR, TG/DTG, HRTEM and N2-BET. Furfural was successfully produced by the dehydration of xylose and xylan using the novel catalyst in γ-valerolactone. This investigation focused on effects of various reaction conditions including solvent, acid catalyst, reaction temperature, residence time, water concentration, xylose loading and catalyst dosage on the dehydration of xylose to furfural. It was found that the solid catalyst displayed extremely high activity for furfural production. 80.4% furfural yield with 98.8% xylose conversion was achieved at 170°C for 10 min. The catalyst could be recycled at least five times without significant loss of activity. Furthermore, 83.5% furfural yield and 19.5% HMF yield were obtained from raw corn stalk under more severe conditions (190°C for 100 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Zhijie Du
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Longlong Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Batalha LAR, Han Q, Jameel H, Chang HM, Colodette JL, Borges Gomes FJ. Production of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse by enzymatic hydrolysis after autohydrolysis and mechanical refining. Bioresour Technol 2015; 180:97-105. [PMID: 25590426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The autohydrolysis process has been considered a simple, low-cost and environmental friendly technology for generation of sugars from biomass. In order to improve accessibility of enzymes during enzymatic hydrolysis as well as to allow the recovery of hemicellulose in the filtrate, the sugarcane bagasse was pretreated using autohydrolysis followed by a mechanical refining process. The autohydrolysis was carried out in three different conditions. Autohydrolysis at 190°C for 10min provided the highest overall sugar (19.2/100g raw bagasse) in prehydrolyzate. The enzymatic hydrolysis step was performed for all the post-treated solids with and without refining at enzyme loadings of 5 and 10FPU/g for 96h. A total of 84.4% of sugar can be recovered from sugarcane bagasse at 180°C for 20min with 5 FPU/g enzyme charge. The economic analysis for the proposed method showed that the bioethanol production can have a financial return larger than 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Jorge Luiz Colodette
- Department of Forestry Engineering at Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
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Geng W, Huang T, Jin Y, Song J, Chang HM, Jameel H. Comparison of sodium carbonate-oxygen and sodium hydroxide-oxygen pretreatments on the chemical composition and enzymatic saccharification of wheat straw. Bioresour Technol 2014; 161:63-68. [PMID: 24686372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment of wheat straw with a combination of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with oxygen (O2) 0.5MPa was evaluated for its delignification ability at relatively low temperature 110°C and for its effect on enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. In the pretreatment, the increase of alkali charge (as Na2O) up to 12% for Na2CO3 and 6% for NaOH, respectively, resulted in enhancement of lignin removal, but did not significantly degrade cellulose and hemicellulose. When the pretreated solid was hydrolyzed with a mixture of cellulases and hemicellulases, the sugar yield increased rapidly with the lignin removal during the pretreatment. A total sugar yield based on dry matter of raw material, 63.8% for Na2CO3-O2 and 71.9% for NaOH-O2 was achieved under a cellulase loading of 20FPU/g-cellulose. The delignification efficiency and total sugar yield from enzymatic hydrolysis were comparable to the previously reported results at much higher temperature without oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Geng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Ting Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Chang HM, Wang ZH, Luo HN, Xu M, Ren XY, Zheng GX, Wu BJ, Zhang XH, Lu XY, Chen F, Jing XH, Wang L. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)-based scaffolds for tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:533-9. [PMID: 25003631 PMCID: PMC4123831 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Development and selection of an ideal scaffold is of importance for tissue engineering. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) is a biocompatible bioresorbable copolymer that belongs to the polyhydroxyalkanoate family. Because of its good biocompatibility, PHBHHx has been widely used as a cell scaffold for tissue engineering. This review focuses on the utilization of PHBHHx-based scaffolds in tissue engineering. Advances in the preparation, modification, and application of PHBHHx scaffolds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Z H Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - H N Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Y Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - G X Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - B J Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X H Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Y Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - F Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X H Jing
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Wang ZH, Li XL, He XJ, Wu BJ, Xu M, Chang HM, Zhang XH, Xing Z, Jing XH, Kong DM, Kou XH, Yang YY. Delivery of the Sox9 gene promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an in vitro model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:279-86. [PMID: 24652327 PMCID: PMC4075291 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SRY-related high-mobility-group box 9 (Sox9) gene is a cartilage-specific
transcription factor that plays essential roles in chondrocyte differentiation and
cartilage formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of
genetic delivery of Sox9 to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical
cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). After they were isolated from
human umbilical cord blood within 24 h after delivery of neonates, hUC-MSCs were
untreated or transfected with a human Sox9-expressing plasmid or an empty vector. The
cells were assessed for morphology and chondrogenic differentiation. The isolated
cells with a fibroblast-like morphology in monolayer culture were positive for the
MSC markers CD44, CD105, CD73, and CD90, but negative for the differentiation markers
CD34, CD45, CD19, CD14, or major histocompatibility complex class II. Sox9
overexpression induced accumulation of sulfated proteoglycans, without altering the
cellular morphology. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that genetic delivery of Sox9
markedly enhanced the expression of aggrecan and type II collagen in hUC-MSCs
compared with empty vector-transfected counterparts. Reverse transcription-polymerase
chain reaction analysis further confirmed the elevation of aggrecan and type II
collagen at the mRNA level in Sox9-transfected cells. Taken together, short-term Sox9
overexpression facilitates chondrogenesis of hUC-MSCs and may thus have potential
implications in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X L Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X J He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - B J Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - H M Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X H Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Z Xing
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - X H Jing
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - D M Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X H Kou
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Y Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Chan DC, Chang HM, Chou YC, Hsu SD, Liao GS, Chen TW, Hsieh CB, Chen CJ, Yu JC. Predictive risk factors for fracture at catheter of totally implantable venous access devices via subclavian vein insertion. J Med Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.4103/1011-4564.139186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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17
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Song HR, Park HS, Yun KE, Cho SH, Choi EY, Lee SY, Kim JH, Sung HN, Kim JH, Choi SI, Yoon YS, Lee ES, Han JH, Shin CI, Chang HM, Bae SC. Gender and age differences in the impact of overweight on obesity-related quality of life among Korean adults. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 4:e1-e82. [PMID: 24345622 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To investigate gender and age difference in impact of overweight on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Korean adults. METHODS Cross-sectional obesity-related quality of life (QOL) scores were measured by a Korean obesity-related QOL scale (KOQOL) from 448 Korean adults aged 20-80 years. A body mass index (BMI) was categorized with normal-weight as BMI < 23 kg/m(2), overweight as BMI ≥ 23 kg/m(2) based on the alternative cutoff points for Asians. Each gender was respectively stratified by median age, 45 years for men and 50 years for women, to examine the obesity-related QOL by age groups. RESULTS Women had a poorer obesity-related QOL compared to men (p < 0.001). In the younger age group, overweight women had a poorer obesity-related QOL compared with normal-weight women (p < 0.001), however normal-weight and overweight men showed no difference in obesity-related QOL. In the older age group, overweight men showed better QOL on the domains of work-related and psychosocial health than those for normal-weight men, but overweight women still suffered from work-related and routine life QOL. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the impact of overweight on obesity-related QOL was different for gender and age group. We should consider the results to manage weight in overweight persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - H S Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea.
| | - K E Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - S H Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - E Y Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - S Y Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - H N Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - S I Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Y S Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - E S Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - J H Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - C I Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - H M Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - S C Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, South Korea
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Yu Z, Jameel H, Chang HM, Philips R, Park S. Quantification of bound and free enzymes during enzymatic hydrolysis and their reactivities on cellulose and lignocellulose. Bioresour Technol 2013; 147:369-377. [PMID: 23999266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble biomass is a surface reaction. Part of the enzyme adsorb on the surface of biomass, whereas the others stay in the liquid phase. In this study, three substrates (Avicel cellulose, bleached hardwood pulp, and green-liquor pretreated hardwood pulp) were used to study the reactivity of bound and free enzyme. In a continuous enzymatic hydrolysis, 35-65% initially added enzymes became bound enzymes, which were primarily responsible for enzymatic hydrolysis. The contribution from free enzymes became insignificant after a certain period of reaction time. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that CBH I was significantly decreased in the free enzyme, which might be the reason for the low digestibility of free enzymes due to the loss of synergistic effect. When Tween 80 was added during enzymatic hydrolysis, the digestibility of free enzyme on Avicel was greatly enhanced. However, the benefit of surfactant was not noticeable for lignocellulosic pulps, comparing to Avicel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Yu
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Richard Philips
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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19
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Ayoub A, Venditti RA, Jameel H, Chang HM. Effect of irradiation on the composition and thermal properties of softwood kraft lignin and styrene grafted lignin. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ayoub
- Department of Forest Biomaterials; College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8005
| | - Richard A. Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials; College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8005
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials; College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8005
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials; College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8005
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20
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Jo JC, Lee JL, Ryu MH, Chang HM, Kim M, Lee HJ, Kim HS, Shin JG, Kim TW, Kang YK. Phase II and UGT1A1 genotype study of irinotecan dose escalation as salvage therapy for advanced gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1591-7. [PMID: 22516947 PMCID: PMC3349177 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To assess the efficacy and safety of individualised dose optimisation of irinotecan monotherapy as salvage treatment for advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Methods: A total of 43 patients were enrolled. Intravenous irinotecan (350 mg m−2) was administered every 3 weeks. The dose was increased (425 mg m−2 and 500 mg m−2) or decreased (250 mg m−2) depending on patient tolerance. UGT1A1 genotypes were determined by direct sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood. Results: A total of 183 cycles of irinotecan were administered, with a median of four cycles per patient. The overall response rate was 9.3%, and the disease control rate was 62.8%. Median time to disease progression was 2.8 months, and median overall survival was 8.0 months. Grade 3–4 neutropenia was the most common toxicity (53.5%), and febrile neutropenia was the least common toxicity (4.6%). Compared with defective allele groups, UGT1A1 *1/*1 was associated with a lower incidence of grade 3–4 neutropenia during the first cycle (P=0.018). Conclusion: Individualised irinotecan dose escalation based on patient tolerance was not associated with increased toxicity and shows modest activity as salvage chemotherapy for AGC. The role of UGT1A1 genotype in clinical toxicity requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Jo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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Santos RB, Lee JM, Jameel H, Chang HM, Lucia LA. Effects of hardwood structural and chemical characteristics on enzymatic hydrolysis for biofuel production. Bioresour Technol 2012; 110:232-8. [PMID: 22342080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of various hardwood characteristics on enzymatic hydrolysis. Important hardwood species, including three Eucalyptus species, were comprehensively characterized using quantitative (13)C NMR, image analysis and fiber quality analysis. Hydrolysis efficiency from all the hardwoods was correlated to the wood chemical composition and lignin characteristics. Among the key wood components that control enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, lignin content, enzyme adsorption on substrate and, the ratio of syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) of the pretreated feedstock were identified as the most important. No wood morphological feature was found to have a significant influence on enzymatic conversion of the pretreated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Santos
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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22
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Xue Y, Rusli J, Chang HM, Phillips R, Jameel H. Process evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis with filtrate recycle for the production of high concentration sugars. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:839-55. [PMID: 22167689 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Process simulation and lab trials were carried out to demonstrate and confirm the efficiency of the concept that recycling hydrolysate at low total solid enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the options to increase the sugar concentration without mixing problems. Higher sugar concentration can reduce the capital cost for fermentation and distillation because of smaller retention volume. Meanwhile, operation cost will also decrease for less operating volume and less energy required for distillation. With the computer simulation, time and efforts can be saved to achieve the steady state of recycling process, which is the scenario for industrial production. This paper, to the best of our knowledge, is the first paper discussing steady-state saccharification with recycling of the filtrate form enzymatic hydrolysis to increase sugar concentration. Recycled enzymes in the filtrate (15-30% of the original enzyme loading) resulted in 5-10% higher carbohydrate conversion compared to the case in which recycled enzymes were denatured. The recycled hydrolysate yielded 10% higher carbohydrate conversion compared to pure sugar simulated hydrolysate at the same enzyme loading, which indicated hydrolysis by-products could boost enzymatic hydrolysis. The high sugar concentration (pure sugar simulated) showed inhibition effect, since about 15% decrease in carbohydrate conversion was observed compared with the case with no sugar added. The overall effect of hydrolysate recycling at WinGEMS simulated steady-state conditions with 5% total solids was increasing the sugar concentration from 35 to 141 g/l, while the carbohydrate conversion was 2% higher for recycling at steady state (87%) compared with no recycling strategy (85%). Ten percent and 15% total solid processes were also evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Yu Z, Jameel H, Chang HM, Park S. The effect of delignification of forest biomass on enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:9083-9. [PMID: 21802941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of delignification methods on enzymatic hydrolysis of forest biomass was investigated using softwood and hardwood that were pretreated at an alkaline condition followed by sodium chlorite or ozone delignification. Both delignifications improved enzymatic hydrolysis especially for softwood, while pretreatment alone was found effective for hardwood. High enzymatic conversion was achieved by sodium chlorite delignification when the lignin content was reduced to 15%, which is corresponding to 0.30-0.35 g/g accessible pore volume, and further delignification showed a marginal effect. Sample crystallinity index increased with lignin removal, but it did not show a correlation with the overall carbohydrate conversion of enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Yu
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
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Venketasubramanian N, Chan BPL, Chang HM, Chua HC, Gan RN, Hui F, Lee W, Ng I, Sharma VK, Singh R, Teoh HL, Wang E, Chen CLH. Brain attack: needing resuscitation. Singapore Med J 2011; 52:620-630. [PMID: 21879224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The brain is extremely susceptible to focal ischaemia. Following vascular occlusion, a core of severely damaged brain tissue develops, surrounded by an ischaemic penumbra. This potentially-salvageable penumbra may be estimated by advanced neuroimaging techniques, particularly by diffusion-perfusion mismatch. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis within three hours of onset of ischaemic stroke in reducing short-term disability. Recanalisation is enhanced by intra-arterial thrombolysis, sonothrombolysis and clot-retrieval devices. Occasionally, reperfusion injury may lead to clinical deterioration. The search continues for effective neuroprotectants. Brain perfusion needs to be maintained through blood and intracranial pressure management. Hemicraniectomy for 'malignant' cerebral oedema reduces death and disability. Elevated glucose should be controlled and hypoxia alleviated. Public education of symptoms and the need for immediate presentation to a medical facility is needed. Stroke unit care reduces death and disability with little increase in cost. Current evidence supports urgent efforts to resuscitate the brain after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Venketasubramanian
- Division of Neurology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health Systems, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
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25
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Ryu GY, Shin SE, Seo JH, Park JS, Chang HM, Shin S, Kim YK, Shin DM. A study on white organic light-emitting diodes co-doped with red fluorescent and blue phosphorescent dopants. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2011; 11:4430-4433. [PMID: 21780470 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2011.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) have drawn increasing attention due to their potential use in various applications such as solid-state lighting and backlight of liquid crystal displays and full-color OLEDs of red, green, and blue pixel. N,N'-dicabazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP), the host material, was co-doped with Iridium (III) bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2']-picolinate (FIrpic), which functions not only as phosphorescent sensitizer but also blue emitter, and (2Z,2'Z)-3,3'-[4,4"-bis (dimethylamino)-1,1':4',1"-terphenyl-2',5'-diyl]bis (2-phenylacrylonitrile) (ABCV-P), which is a red fluorescent material. The fabricated device structures were as follows: (device A) Indium tin oxide (ITO)/N,N'-bis-(1-naphyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/(mCP)/mCP:ABCV-P (1%)/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen)/lithium quinolate (Liq)/aluminum (Al), (device B) ITO/NPB/mCP/mCP:FIrpic (8%)/Bphen/Liq/Al and (device C) ITO/NPB/mCP/mCP:FIrpic:ABCV-P (8%, 1%)/Bphen/Liq/Al, respectively. Phosphorescent FIrpic harvesting both singlet and triplet excitions not only emitted blue light but also transferred energy to fluorescent ABCV-P. The maximum luminance efficiency, external quantum efficiency, and luminance of white light device were measured to be 5.95 cd/A, 2.45% and 2500 cd/m2, respectively. The white device gave practically white light with the Commision Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE(xy)) coordinate of (0.44, 0.49) which was close to warm white color (CIE(xy) = 0.45, 0.45).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Ryu
- Department of Mechanical and System Design, Hong-ik University, Seoul 121-791, Korea
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Li Q, Min D, Wang JPY, Peszlen I, Horvath L, Horvath B, Nishimura Y, Jameel H, Chang HM, Chiang VL. Down-regulation of glycosyltransferase 8D genes in Populus trichocarpa caused reduced mechanical strength and xylan content in wood. Tree Physiol 2011; 31:226-36. [PMID: 21450982 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Members of glycosyltransferase protein families GT8, GT43 and GT47 are implicated in the biosynthesis of xylan in the secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis mutant irx8 has a 60% reduction in xylan. However, over-expression of an ortholog of Arabidopsis IRX8, poplar PoGT8D, in Arabidopsis irx8 mutant could not restore xylan synthesis. The functions of tree GT8D genes remain unclear. We identified two GT8 gene homologs, PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2, in Populus trichocarpa. They are the only two GT8D members and are abundantly and specifically expressed in the differentiating xylem of P. trichocarpa. PtrGT8D1 transcript abundance was >7 times that of PtrGT8D2. To elucidate the genetic function of GT8D in P. trichocarpa, the expression of PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2 was simultaneously knocked down through RNAi. Four transgenic lines had 85-94% reduction in transcripts of PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2, resulting in 29-36% reduction in stem wood xylan content. Xylan reduction had essentially no effect on cellulose quantity but caused an 11-25% increase in lignin. These transgenics exhibit a brittle wood phenotype, accompanied by increased vessel diameter and thinner fiber cell walls in stem xylem. Stem modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were reduced by 17-29% and 16-23%, respectively, and were positively correlated with xylan content but negatively correlated with lignin quantity. These results suggest that PtrGT8Ds play key roles in xylan biosynthesis in wood. Xylan may be a more important factor than lignin affecting the stiffness and fracture strength of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzi Li
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 840 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Narasimhalu K, Effendy S, Sim CH, Lee JM, Chen I, Hia SB, Xue HL, Corrales MP, Chang HM, Wong MC, Chen CP, Tan EK. A randomized controlled trial of rivastigmine in patients with cognitive impairment no dementia because of cerebrovascular disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2010; 121:217-24. [PMID: 19951274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The safety and efficacy of early acetylcholinesterase inhibitors therapy in patients with cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) after a cerebrovascular accident have not been examined. In this study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of rivastigmine in cognition, particularly executive function in patients with CIND because of cerebrovascular disease. METHODS This study was a 24-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ischemic stroke patients seen at a tertiary hospital who had cognitive impairment no dementia because of cerebrovascular disease. The intervention was either rivastigmine or placebo up to 9 mg/day. The primary outcome of interest was mean change from baseline in the Ten-Point Clock Drawing and Color Trails 1 and 2. RESULTS Fifty patients were randomized into rivastigmine (n = 25) and placebo (n = 25) arms. Patients in the rivastigmine group showed statistically significant improvement (1.70 vs 0.13, P = 0.02) on the animal subtask of the verbal fluency measure compared with placebo. There was also a trend (non-significant) towards improvement in Color Trails II. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, we demonstrated that rivastigmine was well tolerated in patients with CIND because of cerebrovascular disease and may potentially improve executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Narasimhalu
- Center for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Yoo KM, Shin HK, Chang HM, Caplan LR. Middle cerebral artery occlusive disease: the New England Medical Center Stroke Registry. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 7:344-51. [PMID: 17895111 DOI: 10.1016/s1052-3057(98)80053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1997] [Accepted: 03/10/1998] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the clinical features, vascular lesions, and infarct distribution in Asian and white patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory ischemia, we studied age, sex, race, risk factors, angiographic, and neuroimaging findings among patients in the New England Medical Center Stroke Registry. We included patients with well-defined intrinsic occlusive lesions of the MCAs and patients with embolic MCA territory infarcts. Among 695 patients in the stroke registry, 89 (12.8%) qualified. They had 28 MCA intrinsic stenoses, 17 MCA embolic occlusions (cardiogenic or unknown origin), and 44 carotid artery (CA) stenoses or occlusions. MCA intrinsic disease patients were more often Asians and women, and more often had hypertension. Asians were older than whites. Coronary artery disease (27%), peripheral vascular disease (20.5%), and smoking (39%) were more common in CA disease patients. The most common site of MCA intrinsic stenosis (78%) and embolic occlusion (59%) was the mainstem MCA. Infarcts in patients with MCA intrinsic disease mostly involved the striatocapsular area (61%). Infarcts in patients with MCA embolic occlusion (75%) and CA disease (43%) most often involved the parietal lobe. In our hospital, most patients with MCA intrinsic disease are Asians and women and have hypertension and striatocapsular infarctions. Asian patients are usually older than white patients. The most common site of vascular lesions is the mainstem MCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Yoo
- Department of Neurology, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Han SS, Lee M, Park GH, Bang SH, Kang YK, Kim TW, Lee JL, Chang HM, Ryu MH. Investigation of papulopustular eruptions caused by cetuximab treatment shows altered differentiation markers and increases in inflammatory cytokines. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:371-9. [PMID: 19903175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) critically regulates tumour cell division, survival and metastasis. Agents that inhibit EGFR have been used in the treatment of advanced-stage malignancies, but cause variable cutaneous side-effects, most often papulopustular eruptions and xerosis. OBJECTIVES We assayed expression of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1alpha, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1], differentiation markers (filaggrin, involucrin and loricrin) and phosphorylated EGFRs (pEGFRs) in papulopustular eruptions to determine the association between these markers and the eruptions caused by cetuximab. PATIENTS/METHODS Twelve papulopustular lesion biopsies were selected from patients with colon cancer who had received cetuximab treatment. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence with a confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed. RESULTS Filaggrin expression decreased and expression of involucrin, various inflammatory markers (IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, ICAM-1 and HLA-DR) increased and the expression of pEGFR was markedly downregulated in papulopustular eruptions. In perilesions, decreased pEGFR expression was noted in hair follicles compared with interfollicular epidermis. The increase of IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha was observed in perilesions as in the lesions. CONCLUSIONS The early inflammatory events (IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha expression) seen, and the lack of pEGFR in perilesional follicles, indicate that inflammatory events induced by EGFR inhibition may initiate papulopustular eruptions along with the altered differentiations. The decrease of filaggrin may contribute to the pathogenesis of the xerosis caused by cetuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Han
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, SongPa-Gu PyongNab-Dong, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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Abstract
A novel solvent system, lithium chloride/dimethyl sulfoxide (LiCl/DMSO), was developed for dissolving milled wood. This system completely dissolved beech and spruce milled woods prepared from the Wiley woods (coarse wood meals prepared by a Wiley mill) by 2 h planetary ball-milling under the milling conditions employed. The dependence of the structural change of lignin on the degree of milling was examined to evaluate the correlation between the dissolution and lignin structure. The nitrobenzene oxidation analyses showed that the 2 h milling caused almost no structural change in the aromatic part of lignin in the milled woods. The ozonation analyses suggested that the decrease of the erythro ratio [erythro/(erythro + threo)] obtained from beta-O-4 structure in lignin is only 0.35% after the 2 h milling. Although the yield decrease of the ozonation products was 9.8% after the 2 h milling, this value was fairly smaller than that after a longer time milling. When it is taken into consideration that the other solvent systems for dissolution of wood meal, which are proposed by Lu and Ralph, require 5 h of milling under the same milling conditions to dissolve the milled woods, it is safely stated that the LiCl/DMSO solvent system completely dissolves milled wood, the lignin of which is structurally less altered and, thus, is expected to provide an improved method for structural analysis of the entire lignin fraction in wood cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Wood Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Han JH, Park HS, Shin CI, Chang HM, Yun KE, Cho SH, Choi EY, Lee SY, Kim JH, Sung HN, Kim JH, Choi SI, Yoon YS, Lee ES, Song HR, Bae SC. Metabolic syndrome and quality of life (QOL) using generalised and obesity-specific QOL scales. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63:735-41. [PMID: 19392923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between metabolic syndrome (MS) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessed using generalised and obesity-specific QOL instruments. METHODS We recruited 456 outpatients [age: 19-81 years, body mass index (BMI): 16.3-36.7 kg/m2] in the primary care division from 12 general hospitals in Korea. HRQOL was measured using EuroQol comprising the health states descriptive system (EQ-5D) and visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) as a general instrument. The Korean Obesity-related QOL scale (KOQOL) composed of six domains was used as a disease-specific QOL instrument. MS was defined on the basis of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria with Korean-specific waist circumference cutoffs (men: 90 cm, women: 85 cm). RESULTS Subjects with MS displayed significantly higher impairment of EQ-5D and KOQOL. Binary logistic regression analysis of MS patients with controls for age, gender, smoking, alcohol, exercise, education, income, marital status and medication history disclosed odds ratio (OR) values of 2.13 (1.33-3.41) for impaired total KOQOL, 2.07 (1.31-3.27) for impaired physical health, 1.63 (1.03-2.60) for impaired work-related health, 2.42 (1.45-4.04) for impaired routine life, 2.08 (1.27-3.40) for impaired sexual life and 2.56 (1.59-4.11) for diet distress. Among the EQ-5D dimensions, only pain/discomfort displayed a significantly increased OR of 1.60 (1.01-2.56) in MS group. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with MS displayed a significantly impaired HRQOL compared with those without MS. MS and HRQOL were more strongly associated in obesity-specific QOL than in generalised QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Han
- Department of Family Medicine, Eulji University School of College, Seoul, Korea
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Venketasubramanian N, Chen CLH, Gan RN, Chan BPL, Chang HM, Tan SB, Picard D, Navarro JC, Baroque AC, Poungvarin N, Donnan GA, Bousser MG. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter study to investigate CHInese Medicine Neuroaid Efficacy on Stroke recovery (CHIMES Study). Int J Stroke 2009; 4:54-60. [PMID: 19236501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rationale Traditional Chinese Medications(TCM) have been reported to have beneficial effects in stroke patients, but were not rigorously evaluated by GCP standards. Aim This study tests the hypothesis that Neuroaid, a TCM widely used in China post-stroke, is superior to placebo in reducing neurological deficit and improving functional outcome in patients with acute cerebral infarction of an intermediate severity. Design This is a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Neuroaid in ischemic stroke patients with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) 6-14 treated within 48 h of stroke onset. Neuroaid or placebo is taken (4 capsules) 3 times daily for 3 months. Treatments are assigned using block randomization, stratified for centers, via a central web-randomization system. With a power of 90% and two-sided test of 5% type I error, a sample size is 874. Allowing for a drop-out rate of up to 20%, 1100 individuals should be enrolled in this study. Study Outcomes The primary efficacy endpoint is the modified Rankin Scale(mRS) grades at 3 months. Secondary efficacy endpoints are the NIHSS score at 3 months; difference of NIHSS scores between baseline and 10 days, and between baseline and 3 months; difference of NIHSS sub-scores between baseline and 10 days, and between baseline and 3 months; mRS at 10 days, 1 month, and 3 months; Barthel index at 3 months; Mini Mental State Examination at 10 days and 3 months. Safety outcomes include complete blood count, renal and liver panels, and electrocardiogram. STUDY REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00554723.
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Abstract
Dried Coptidis Rizoma was extracted with boiling water. Conditioned medium was prepared by stimulating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Coptidis Rizoma extract (CR). The conditioned medium was then added to human leukemic U937 cells suspension for investigating the antiproliferation effect and the induction of apoptosis. Apparent DNA fragmentation and morphological changes occurred in U937 cells after incubating for 48 h to 72 h with the conditioned medium that had been prepared with 400 microg CR solids/mL. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the percentage of apoptotic U937 cells increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The upregulation of Bax expression, the downregulation of Bcl-2 and procaspase-3 expression, and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in U937 cells were all observed. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected cytokine-related mRNA expressions in human mononuclear cells incubated with CR. An increase in the concentration of CR in culturing medium downregulated granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulatory factor mRNA expression while upregulated interleuken-2 mRNA expression. All the above-mentioned evidences suggest that CR induces the apoptosis of human leukemic U937 cells via the changes in cytokine profile and protein expressions in mitochondria pathway and that CR has the potential to be used in the therapy of leukemia due to its strong apoptosis-promoting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Ma
- Dept. of Restaurant Management, Northern Taiwan Inst. of Science and Technology, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
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Lee JL, Kang YK, Kang HJ, Lee KH, Zang DY, Ryoo BY, Kim JG, Park SR, Kang WK, Shin DB, Ryu MH, Chang HM, Kim TW, Baek JH, Min YJ. A randomised multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine vs S-1 as first-line treatment in elderly patients with metastatic or recurrent unresectable gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:584-90. [PMID: 18665164 PMCID: PMC2527839 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This randomised multicentre phase II study was conducted to investigate the activity and safety of two oral fluoropyrimidines, capecitabine or S-1, in elderly patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Elderly (⩾65 years) chemo-naive patients with AGC were randomly assigned to receive capecitabine 1250 mg m−2 two times daily on days 1–14 every 3 weeks or S-1 40–60 mg two times daily according to body surface area on days 1–28 every 6 weeks. Ninety-six patients were enrolled and 91 patients were randomised to capecitabine (N=46) or S-1 (N=45). Overall response rate, the primary end point, was 27.2% (95% CI, 14.1–40.4, 12 of 44 assessable patients) with capecitabine and 28.9% (95% CI, 15.6–42.1, 13 of 45) with S-1. Median times to progression and overall survival in the capecitabine arm (4.7 and 9.5 months, respectively) were similar to those in the S-1 arm (4.2 and 8.2 months, respectively). The incidence of grade 3–4 granulocytopenia was 6.8% with capecitabine and 4.8% with S-1. Grade 3–4 nonhaematologic toxicities were: asthenia (9.1% with capecitabine vs 7.1% with S-1), anorexia (6.8 vs 9.5%), diarrhoea (2.3 vs 0%), and hand–foot syndrome (6.8 vs 0%). Both capecitabine and S-1 monotherapies were active and tolerable as first-line treatment for elderly patients with AGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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Lurje G, Zhang W, Schultheis AM, Yang D, Groshen S, Hendifar AE, Husain H, Gordon MA, Nagashima F, Chang HM, Lenz HJ. Polymorphisms in VEGF and IL-8 predict tumor recurrence in stage III colon cancer. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1734-41. [PMID: 18550579 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying molecular markers for tumor recurrence is critical in successfully selecting patients with stage III colon cancer who are more likely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. The present study analyzed a subset of 10 polymorphisms within eight genes involved in the tumor angiogenesis pathway and their impact on prognosis in stage III colon cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 125 patients with locally advanced colon cancer at University of Southern California medical facilities. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and the genotypes were analyzed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and 5'-end [gamma-(33)P] ATP-labeled PCR protocols. RESULTS Polymorphisms in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (C+936T; P = 0.003, log-rank test) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) (T-251A; P = 0.04, log-rank test) were independently associated with risk of recurrence in stage III colon cancer patients. In combined analysis, grouping alleles into favorable versus nonfavorable alleles, high expression variants of VEGF C+936T and IL-8 T-251A were associated with a higher likelihood of developing tumor recurrence (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION High expression variants of VEGF C+936T and IL-8 T-251A were associated with shorter time to tumor recurrence, indicating that the analysis of angiogenesis-related gene polymorphisms may help to identify patient subgroups at high risk for tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lurje
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of SouthernCalifornia, Sharon A Carpenter Laboratory, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Lin YH, Sun YC, Jian WB, Chang HM, Huang YS, Lin JJ. Electrical transport studies of individual IrO(2) nanorods and their nanorod contacts. Nanotechnology 2008; 19:045711. [PMID: 21817528 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/04/045711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the electrical transport properties of individual single-crystalline IrO(2) nanorods prepared by the metal-organic chemical vapour deposition method. With the help of the standard electron-beam lithographic technique, individual nanorods are contacted by Cr/Au submicron electrodes from above. Utilizing two-probe, three-probe and four-probe measurement configurations, not only the intrinsic electrical transport properties of the individual nanorods but also the electronic contact resistances, R(c)(T), have been determined from 300 K down to liquid-helium temperatures. Our measured resistivity behaviour of the nanorods is in close agreement with the current theoretical understanding of this rutile material. On the other hand, we found that the temperature behaviour of the electronic contact resistance obeys the law [Formula: see text] over an extremely wide temperature range, from approximately 100 K down to liquid-helium temperatures. This latter conduction process is ascribed to the hopping of electrons through nanoscale Cr granules and/or an amorphous coating incidentally formed at the interface between the submicron Cr/Au electrode and the nanorod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lin
- Institute of Physics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Ryu MH, Kang YK, Jang SJ, Kim TW, Lee H, Kim JS, Park YH, Lee SS, Ryoo BY, Chang HM, Lee JL, Yook JH, Kim BS, Lee JS. Prognostic significance of p53 gene mutations and protein overexpression in localized gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology 2007; 51:379-89. [PMID: 17727479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Mutation of c-kit is a relatively early event in the tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). The aim was to determine the prognostic significance of p53 alterations as an additional genetic change in GISTs. METHODS AND RESULTS We reviewed 125 patients with localized GISTs subjected to complete resection between 1990 and 2002. Mutational analyses of c-kit exons 9, 11, 13 and 17, p53 exons 4-8 and immunohistochemistry for p53 protein were conducted using paraffin-embedded tissues. Alterations of p53 were observed in 50 patients (40.0%). Based on the National Institutes of Health's risk category, p53 alterations were noted more frequently in the higher risk categories (P = 0.041). With a median follow-up of 56.5 months (range: 2.3-126.8), 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rates were 61.7% without p53 alterations, compared with only 40.2% with p53 alterations (P = 0.009). Multivariate analysis indicated that p53 alterations comprised an independent, poor prognostic factor for RFS, in addition to c-kit mutations, large size, a high mitotic count and non-gastric primary sites. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in p53 were more commonly observed in localized GISTs at higher risk of relapse. This suggests that they are significant as an independent, poor prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea
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Koo DH, Chang HM, Jung JY, Song JH, Lee JL, Ryu MH, Kim TW, Yook JH, Song JS, Lee JS, Kang YK. Cutaneous metastasis resembling acute dermatitis in patient with advanced gastric cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007; 32:284-6. [PMID: 17263831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The most common metastatic sites from gastric cancer are the liver, intra-abdominal lymph nodes, ovary and peritoneal cavity. Cutaneous metastasis of gastric cancer is rare, and most cutaneous metastases are typically solitary, nodular, have a firm consistency, and are red or hyperpigmented. Thus, cutaneous metastasis is easily distinguished from other skin disease. We report a case of a 60-year-old woman with cutaneous metastasis of gastric cancer, whose facial skin showed painless pruritic eczema, resembling acute dermatitis. She had earlier undergone a total gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer in our hospital. After 14 months, she developed eczematous facial lesions; the presumptive diagnosis was acute dermatitis. However, skin biopsy unexpectedly revealed cutaneous metastasis of gastric cancer. After 6 months of systemic chemotherapy with capecitabine and cisplatin, the cutaneous metastasis was markedly improved and a clinically complete remission was accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Oncology), Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Koo DH, Lee JL, Kim TW, Chang HM, Ryu MH, Yook JH, Oh ST, Kim BS, Lee JS, Kang YK. Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin and mitomycin-C (FAM) for 6 months after curative resection of gastric carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33:843-8. [PMID: 17207959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin and mitomycin-C (FAM) adjuvant chemotherapy in patients who had undergone curative resection of gastric carcinoma. METHODS From Nov 1999 to Jan 2002, 291 consecutive patients with stage IB-IIIB gastric adenocarcinoma were given FAM adjuvant chemotherapy. Chemotherapy comprised intravenous 5-FU 600 mg/m(2) (days 1, 8, 29 and 36), doxorubicin 30 mg/m(2) (days 1 and 29) and mitomycin-C 10 mg/m(2) (day 1), every 8 weeks for 6 months. RESULTS The median follow-up time was 60.6 months, 92 patients died, and 93 patients had recurrent disease. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 85.9% for stage IB, 72.1% for stage II, 58.0% for stage IIIA, and 48.2% for stage IIIB (p=0.002). The 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rates were 85.2% for stage IB, 71.2% for stage II, 53.3% for stage IIIA, and 39.2% for stage IIIB (p<0.001). A total of 769 cycles of chemotherapy were delivered, and 15 patients experienced grade 3 or higher leukopenia. The most common grade 3 or higher non-hematologic toxicity was nausea/vomiting (11 patients), followed by stomatitis (3 patients). CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant chemotherapy with FAM for 6 months for gastric carcinoma indicated comparable RFS and OS with an acceptable toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Koo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
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Chang HM, Hsieh HF, Hsu SD, Liao GS, Lin CH, Hsieh CB, Yu JC. Guidewire assisted cephalic vein cutdown for insertion of totally implantable access ports. J Surg Oncol 2007; 95:156-7. [PMID: 17262733 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Totally implantable access ports (TIAP) placed by the cephalic vein cutdown technique have high failure rates. METHODS We describe a guidewire assisted technique of the cephalic vein cutdown for TIAP placement that can be easily introduced catheter when difficulties in insertion of the catheter. The key point of the presented technique is the use of J guidewire to go beyond the stenosis and advancement of catheter through the guidewire into the superior vena cava. RESULTS We used this technique for introducing the catheter in six patients without failure or complication. CONCLUSION The presented technique is easy and simple. It can be used where there are difficulties in insertion of the catheter by cephalic vein cutdown method.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chang
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Nei Hu, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Charng MJ, Chiou KR, Chang HM, Cheng HM, Ye ZX, Lin SJ. Identification and characterization of novel low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations of familial hypercholesterolaemia patients in Taiwan. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:866-74. [PMID: 17087781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disease associated with a very high risk of coronary vascular disease. The study objective was to identify patients with FH in Taiwan and characterize novel mutations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-one patients with suspected FH living in Taiwan were screened for mutations in both the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and the apolipoprotein (apoB) genes using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction and exon-by-exon DNA sequencing technique. Functional consequences on LDL receptor activity were characterized in vitro for novel mutations and family pedigree was also analyzed. RESULTS Thirteen different functional mutations in the LDL receptor gene and one mutation in the apoB gene were found in 21 patients. Among the 13 mutations in the LDL receptor gene, 10 were single-point missense mutations, one was a two-point mutation in the same allele, one was a non-sense mutation and one was a frame-shift mutation. There were three novel mutations, including two missense mutations (M510K and W512R) and one frame-shift mutation (1953 delTA mutation). The characterization of missense M510K retained 36.2% of the activity of the normal receptor. Conversely, frame-shift 1953 delTA and missense W512R led to defective proteins, with only 0-6% of normal receptor activity. CONCLUSIONS The study identified 13 LDL receptor gene mutations and characterized three novel mutations causing FH in Taiwan. This facilitated a better understanding of FH among the Chinese population and may enable diagnosis of FH at the molecular level at a presymptomatic, early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Charng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yeh TF, Morris CR, Goldfarb B, Chang HM, Kadla JF. Utilization of polar metabolite profiling in the comparison of juvenile wood and compression wood in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Tree Physiol 2006; 26:1497-503. [PMID: 16877334 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/26.11.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile wood (JW) of conifers is often associated with compression wood (CW), with which it is sometimes believed to be identical. To determine whether JW and CW can be distinguished metabolically, we compared gas chromatographic profiles of 25 polar metabolites from rooted cuttings of a single loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) clone raised in controlled environment chambers and subject to three treatments: (1) grown erect with minimal wind sway (control); (2) swayed by wind from oscillating fans; and (3) with 30-cm growth increments successively bent at an angle of 45 degrees to the vertical. Profiles were compared by principal component analysis. Substantial increases in abundances of coniferin and p-glucocoumaryl alcohol separated immature JW-forming xylem tissues of the control trees from the CW-forming xylem of the bent and swayed trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Yeh
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Park IJ, Kim HC, Yu CS, Ryu MH, Chang HM, Kim JH, Ryu JS, Yeo JS, Kim JC. Efficacy of PET/CT in the accurate evaluation of primary colorectal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:941-7. [PMID: 16843635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was performed to assess in the accurate evaluation of primary colorectal carcinoma using PET/CT. METHODS One hundred patients with primary colorectal carcinoma were evaluated during 2004. All patients underwent PET/CT when their preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen was >or=10 ng/mL or when CT showed equivocal findings. The appropriateness of PET/CT-induced changes was noted by subsequent operative findings and follow-up. RESULTS PET/CT more detected 15 intra-abdominal metastatic lesions than abdomino-pelvic CT scan. PET/CT showed true negative findings in 13 patients and false positive or negative findings in 10. Due to PET/CT results, management plans were altered in 27 patients; 9 had inter-modality changes, 10 received more extensive surgery, and 8 avoided unnecessary procedures. CONCLUSIONS PET/CT altered management plan in 24% of patients with primary colorectal carcinoma in correct direction. These findings suggest that PET/CT should be considered a part of standard work up for preoperative evaluation in a subset of patients with colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Park
- DongGuk University Hospital, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Surgery, Goyang, South Korea
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Chang HM, Hsieh CB, Hsieh HF, Chen TW, Chen CJ, Chan DC, Yu JC, Liu YC, Shen KL. An alternative technique for totally implantable central venous access devices. A retrospective study of 1311 cases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:90-3. [PMID: 16289481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to report our experience of totally implantable central venous access devices (TICVAD) implantation using two techniques and attempt to define the better technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 1998 to September 2003, 1131 patients were reviewed and divided into two groups with implantation by cephalic vein cut-down (group A) done by general surgeons and subclavian vein puncture with the Seldinger technique (group B) done by vascular surgeons. The operative time, early and late complications of these two groups were compared. Data were analysed by Student's t-test. RESULTS The average of operative time was 43 min in group A (35-70 min) and 40 min in group B (35-60 min) (P>0.05). No post-operative pneumothorax, hemothorax and fragmentation occurred in group A; the incidence of peri-operative complication was higher in group B. The overall and early complications of group A were significantly lower than that of group B (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION This retrospective study showed that the cephalic vein cut-down approach for TICVAD placement avoided the risks of pneumothorax, hemothorax and catheter fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu 114, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Yeh TF, Yamada T, Capanema E, Chang HM, Chiang V, Kadla JF. Rapid screening of wood chemical component variations using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:3328-32. [PMID: 15853367 DOI: 10.1021/jf0480647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A rapid transmittance near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy method was developed to predict the variation in chemical composition of solid wood. The effect of sample preparation, sample quantity (single versus stacked multiple wood wafers), and NIR acquisition time on the quantification of alpha-cellulose and lignin content was investigated. Strong correlations were obtained between laboratory wet chemistry values and the NIR-predicted values. In addition to the experimental protocol and method development, improvements in calibration error associated with utilizing stacked multiple wood wafers as opposed to single wood wafers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Yeh
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 276095-8005, USA
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Kang HJ, Chang HM, Kim TW, Ryu MH, Sohn HJ, Yook JH, Oh ST, Kim BS, Lee JS, Kang YK. Phase II study of capecitabine and cisplatin as first-line combination therapy in patients with gastric cancer recurrent after fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:246-51. [PMID: 15655540 PMCID: PMC2361863 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of capecitabine and cisplatin in patients with recurrent gastric cancer after fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant therapy. Patients with histologically confirmed and measurable advanced gastric cancer that had relapsed after fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy received oral capecitabine (1250 mg m−2 twice daily, days 1–14) and intravenous cisplatin (60 mg m−2 over 1 h, day 1) every 3 weeks. In total, 32 patients were enrolled, of whom 30 were evaluable for efficacy and 32 for safety. A median of 5 cycles (range 1–10) was administered. One patient achieved a complete response and eight had partial responses, giving an overall response rate of 28% (95% CI, 13–44%). The median time to progression and median overall survival were 5.8 months (95% CI, 4.1–7.5 months) and 11.2 months (95% CI, 5.5–16.9 months), respectively. Grade 3 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 38 and 6% of patients, respectively. Grade 2/3 nonhaematological toxicities included diarrhoea (19%), stomatitis (19%) and hand-foot syndrome (31%). No grade 4 toxicity, neutropenic fever or treatment-related deaths occurred. Capecitabine in combination with cisplatin was effective and well tolerated as first-line treatment in patients with recurrent gastric cancer after fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea.
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Hwu Y, Tsai WL, Chang HM, Yeh HI, Hsu PC, Yang YC, Su YT, Tsai HL, Chow GM, Ho PC, Li SC, Moser HO, Yang P, Seol SK, Kim CC, Je JH, Stefanekova E, Groso A, Margaritondo G. Imaging cells and tissues with refractive index radiology. Biophys J 2004; 87:4180-7. [PMID: 15465870 PMCID: PMC1304927 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.103.034991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Can individual cells, including live cells, be imaged using hard x rays? Common wisdom until now required sophisticated staining techniques for this task. We show instead that individual cells and cell details can be detected in culture solution and tissues with no staining and no other contrast-enhancing preparation. The sample examined can be much thicker than for many other microscopy techniques without sacrificing the capability to resolve cells. The key factor in our approach is the use of a coherent synchrotron source and of contrast mechanisms based on the refractive index. The first successful tests were conducted on a variety of cell systems including skin and internal leaf cells, mouse neurons, rabbit fibroblast cells, and human tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim JC, Lee KH, Yu CS, Kim HC, Kim JR, Chang HM, Kim JH, Kim JS, Kim TW. The clinicopathological significance of inferior mesenteric lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004; 30:271-9. [PMID: 15028308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There are few studies reporting survival or recurrence patterns in colorectal cancer patients with inferior mesenteric lymph node metastasis (IMLN+). The present study evaluated the prognostic significance of patients being IMLN+ or IMLN- in colorectal cancer. METHODS Survival, recurrence pattern and treatment protocols were compared between 63 IMLN+ patients and 108 IMLN- patients with stage III and IV rectal and sigmoid cancer undergoing curative surgery. Lymph node sampling was routinely performed prior to inferior mesenteric artery ligation and excision flush with aorta. Limited principal node dissection including IMLN was performed in cases of identified node metastasis. RESULTS The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 50% in IMLN- and 31% in IMLN+ patients (P=0.004). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was greater in the N1 group than the N2 group (P=0.038). Cox regression analysis showed IMLN+, lymphovascular tumour invasion, T4, M1, and pre-operative serum CEA level over 6 ng/ml were independently associated with unfavorable disease-free survival. The prognostic significance of M category was greater when the IMLN+ was included in the M1 as opposed to the N category. In patients undergoing absolute curative surgery, post-operative recurrence rates were 34% for IMLN- and 57% for IMLN+ patients (P=0.009; OR, 2.611; 95% CI, 1.313-5.194). For IMLN+ patients, post-operative adjuvant treatment independently correlated with disease-free survival (P=0.029). CONCLUSIONS IMLN+ is an independent survival factor enhancing the prognostic significance of the M category in the AJCC staging. Curative radical surgery and post-operative chemoradiotherapy appears to be warranted for IMLN+ colorectal cancer patients as it resulted in 5-year disease-free survival rates of up to 31% compared to 50% in IMLN- patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Poongnap-2-Dong Songpa-Ku, Seoul 138-736, South Korea.
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Yeh TF, Chang HM, Kadla JF. Rapid prediction of solid wood lignin content using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52:1435-9. [PMID: 15030192 DOI: 10.1021/jf034874r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A rapid transmittance near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic method has been developed to characterize the lignin content of solid wood. Using simple, multiple regression, and partial least-squares statistical analysis the lignin contents of wood wafers, taken from increment cores, and synthetic wood, prepared by blending milled wood lignin and holocellulose, were compared and quantified. Strong correlations were obtained between the predicted NIR results and those obtained from traditional chemical methods. In addition to the experimental protocol and method development, NIR results from wood samples with different particle sizes and various lignin contents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Yeh
- Wood Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005, USA
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Morris CR, Scott JT, Chang HM, Sederoff RR, O'Malley D, Kadla JF. Metabolic profiling: a new tool in the study of wood formation. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52:1427-1434. [PMID: 15030191 DOI: 10.1021/jf034688l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of plant genomics, metabolic profiling has become a valuable tool with which to assess the effect of genetic and/or environmental factors on plant development. This paper reports the first application of metabolic profiling on differentiating xylem tissue of loblolly pine. A protocol is presented for the analysis of loblolly pine xylem tissue. The effects of sample preparation, extraction, and derivatization on the corresponding metabolite profiles and yields have been investigated and are reported. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy has been used to quantify >60 polar and lipophilic metabolites from wood-forming tissue. It was possible to assign chemical structures to approximately half of these compounds. Comparison of six loblolly pine genotypes, three high cellulose (50-52%) and three medium (45-48%) cellulose, showed distinct metabolic profiles. Principal component analysis enabled the assignment of metabolic phenotypes using these large data sets. Metabolic phenotype clustering occurred in which the three high-cellulose genotypes were segregated from the medium-cellulose genotypes. These results demonstrate the use of metabolic profiling for the study of wood-forming tissue and as a tool in functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R Morris
- Wood Chemistry and Forest Biotechnology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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