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Amin AZ, Amin AK, Abdelkawy MA, Alluhaybi AA, Hashim I. Spectral technique with convergence analysis for solving one and two-dimensional mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283746. [PMID: 37235577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A numerical approach based on shifted Jacobi-Gauss collocation method for solving mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equations is introduced. The novel technique with shifted Jacobi-Gauss nodes is applied to reduce the mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equations to a system of algebraic equations that has an easy solved. The present algorithm is extended to solve the one and two-dimensional mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equations. Convergence analysis for the present method is discussed and confirmed the exponential convergence of the spectral algorithm. Various numerical examples are approached to demonstrate the powerful and accuracy of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Amin
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - A K Amin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - M A Abdelkawy
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Alluhaybi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - I Hashim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia, Malaysia
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Cai C, Sahor F, Wilson B, Veeramachaneni T, Hashim I. Impact of Removing Race Adjustment When Estimating GFR on Chronic Kidney Disease Staging. Am J Clin Pathol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab191.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction/Objective
Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is essential in assessment of kidney function, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Formulas were developed to calculate estimated GFR (eGFR), as direct measurement is cumbersome and not amenable to routine monitoring. CKD-EPI is the most widely used formula for eGFR, using parameters of serum creatinine, gender, race, and age. A race adjustment was added from an unfounded assumption that Black patients have more muscle mass, increasing their eGFR by about 16%. There is concern on the impact of “correcting” for Black race on patient management, utility of eGFR, and its possible contribution to healthcare disparities. This study examined the impact of eliminating race adjustment from the CKD- EPI formula on CKD staging in patients at a large safety-net hospital in an academic medical center.
Methods/Case Report
80090 serum creatinine values from 56676 adult patients (31.4% Black, 67.5% female, median age 51 yrs) were collected from the electronic medical record (Epic, Verona, WI) over a 16-month timeframe. Values were excluded if they lacked age, gender, self-identified race, or serum creatinine. eGFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation with and without race modifier, and CKD staging was performed using 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines.
Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
In our cohort, only 50.8% of Black patients are in CKD1, indicative of no CKD, compared to 67.9% of non-Black patients. Given that these two cohorts are demographically similar, this shows a discrepancy in kidney function even before removing the race adjustment. After removal of the race modifier, 28.1% of Black patients were reclassified into a more severe CKD stage. The most restaging occurred from CKD3A to 3B (39%).
Conclusion
Many Black patients in our study were reclassified to a more severe CKD stage, with the highest percentage of patients restaged to CKD3B, which would have attracted clinical attention for nephrology referral. We recommend removal of the race adjustment in eGFR, given its basis in the incorrect belief in biological differences between races. It perpetuates systemic racism and discrimination in healthcare, and its removal will provide more equitable care and reduce healthcare disparities. Future studies should examine the increase in resources required to provide adequate medical care to patients who will be placed into a more severe CKD stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cai
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, UNITED STATES
| | - F Sahor
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, UNITED STATES
| | - B Wilson
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, UNITED STATES
| | - T Veeramachaneni
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, UNITED STATES
| | - I Hashim
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, UNITED STATES
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Sajjad S, Malik H, Saeed L, Hashim I, Farooq U, Manzoor F. Synergistic potential of propolis and vitamin e against sub-acute toxicity of AlCl(3) in albino mice: in vivo study. Physiol Res 2019; 68:67-74. [PMID: 30433801 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current study evaluated the synergistic potential of propolis and vitamin E against sub-acute toxicity of aluminum chloride on different biochemical parameters and liver histology. Swiss albino mice (n=42) were randomly divided into seven groups. Group I received 0.2 ml of 0.9 % saline solution, Group II received Propolis (50 mg/kg b.w.), Group III received vitamin E (150 mg/kg b.w.), Group IV received AlCl(3) 50 mg/kg b.w., Group V received AlCl(3) + Propolis, Group VI received AlCl(3) + vitamin E and Group VII received AlCl(3) + propolis + vitamin E. Blood and tissue samples were collected after 7 and 21 days. The body weight of the animals significantly increased in all groups except Group IV. The concentration of serum high density lipoprotein significantly decreased in Group IV and increased in Group V, VI and VII. The level of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein significantly increased in AlCl(3) treated group and increased in Group V, VI and VII. Tissue sections were processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Group II showed cellular necrosis. Group V, VI showed decreased number of vacuolization, sinusoidal spacing and macrophage cell infiltration. Group VI showed less degenerative changes in the third week. Vitamin E and propolis in combination with Al provides more protection against AlCl(3) induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sajjad
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Hashim I, Alsabery A, Sheremet M, Chamkha A. Numerical investigation of natural convection of Al2O3-water nanofluid in a wavy cavity with conductive inner block using Buongiorno’s two-phase model. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jamil D, Roslan R, Abdulhameed M, Hashim I. Controlling the Blood Flow in the Stenosed Porous Artery with Magnetic Field. SAINS MALAYS 2018. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2018-4710-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Alsabery AI, Sheremet MA, Chamkha AJ, Hashim I. MHD convective heat transfer in a discretely heated square cavity with conductive inner block using two-phase nanofluid model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7410. [PMID: 29743641 PMCID: PMC5943273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of steady, laminar natural convection in a discretely heated and cooled square cavity filled by an alumina/water nanofluid with a centered heat-conducting solid block under the effects of inclined uniform magnetic field, Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis is studied numerically by using the finite difference method. Isothermal heaters and coolers are placed along the vertical walls and the bottom horizontal wall, while the upper horizontal wall is kept adiabatic. Water-based nanofluids with alumina nanoparticles are chosen for investigation. The governing parameters of this study are the Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), the Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 50), thermal conductivity ratio (0.28 ≤ kw ≤ 16), centered solid block size (0.1 ≤ D ≤ 0.7) and the nanoparticles volume fraction (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.04). The developed computational code is validated comprehensively using the grid independency test and numerical and experimental data of other authors. The obtained results reveal that the effects of the thermal conductivity ratio, centered solid block size and the nanoparticles volume fraction are non-linear for the heat transfer rate. Therefore, it is possible to find optimal parameters for the heat transfer enhancement in dependence on the considered system. Moreover, high values of the Rayleigh number and nanoparticles volume fraction characterize homogeneous distributions of nanoparticles inside the cavity. High concentration of nanoparticles can be found near the centered solid block where thermal plumes from the local heaters interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Alsabery
- Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Technical Engineering Department, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.,School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M A Sheremet
- Department of Theoretical Mechanics, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.,Institute of Power Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A J Chamkha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Sultan Endowment for Energy and Environment, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia.,RAK Research and Innovation Center, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, P.O. Box, 10021, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - I Hashim
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Alsabery A, Chamkha A, Saleh H, Hashim I, Chanane B. Darcian Natural Convection in an Inclined Trapezoidal Cavity Partly Filled with a Porous Layer and Partly with a Nanofluid Layer. SAINS MALAYS 2017. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2017-4605-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Alsabery A, Chamkha A, Saleh H, Hashim I. Transient natural convective heat transfer in a trapezoidal cavity filled with non-Newtonian nanofluid with sinusoidal boundary conditions on both sidewalls. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Noor NFM, Haq RU, Abbasbandy S, Hashim I. Heat flux performance in a porous medium embedded Maxwell fluid flow over a vertically stretched plate due to heat absorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.22436/jnsa.009.05.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ampeng A, Shukor MN, Sahibin AR, Idris WMR, Ahmad S, Mohammad H, Madeline GP, Ali N, Bujang M, Hashim I, Bujang A, Md-Zain BM. Patterns of mineral lick use by Northwest Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak, Malaysia. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-015-0983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alsabery A, Chamkha A, Hussain S, Saleh H, Hashim I. Heatline visualization of natural convection in a trapezoidal cavity partly filled with nanofluid porous layer and partly with non-Newtonian fluid layer. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alhashash A, Saleh H, Hashim I. Conjugate Natural Convection in a Porous Enclosure Sandwiched by Finite Walls Under the Influence of Non-uniform Heat Generation and Radiation. Transp Porous Media 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-013-0195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bhadauria BS, Hashim I, Kumar J, Srivastava A. Cross Diffusion Convection in a Newtonian Fluid-Saturated Rotating Porous Medium. Transp Porous Media 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-013-0166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bhadauria BS, Hashim I, Siddheshwar PG. Effects of Time-Periodic Thermal Boundary Conditions and Internal Heating on Heat Transport in a Porous Medium. Transp Porous Media 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-012-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hashim I, Park B, Atwater HA. Orientational and Microstructural Evolution During Epitaxial Growth of Cu on Si(001) by Sputter Deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-280-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTEpitaxial Cu thin films have been grown on H-terminated Si(OOl) substrates at room temperature by D.C. ion-beam sputter deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. The development of orientation and microstructure during epitaxial growth from the initial stages of Cu growth up to Cu thicknesses of few hundred nm has been investigated. Analysis by in-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction, thin film x-ray diffraction, and plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy indicates that the films are well textured with Cu(001)∥ Si(001) and Cu[100]∥ Si[110]. Interestingly, it is found that a distribution of orientations occurs at the early stages of Cu epitaxy on Si(001) surface, and that a (001) texture emerges gradually with increasing Cu thickness. The effect of silicide formation and deposition conditions on the crystalline quality of Cu epitaxy is also discussed.
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Saleh H, Saeid NH, Hashim I, Mustafa Z. Effect of Conduction in Bottom Wall on Darcy–Bénard Convection in a Porous Enclosure. Transp Porous Media 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-011-9743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Saleh H, Hashim I, Saeid N. Effect of Time Periodic Boundary Conditions on Convective Flows in a Porous Square Enclosure with Non-Uniform Internal Heating. Transp Porous Media 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-010-9597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Muhaimin I, Kandasamy R, Hashim I. Thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects on non-Darcy MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer past a porous wedge in the presence of variable stream condition. Chem Eng Res Des 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kandasamy R, Muhaimin, Hashim I, Ruhaila. Thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects on non-Darcy mixed convective heat and mass transfer past a porous wedge with variable viscosity in the presence of suction or injection. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Al Shaibi K, Falata W, Sayes N, Al Shareef M, Al Taweel M, Abozenadah A, Nasser T, Richi N, Hashim I, Tevaarwerk G. Storing insulin in a clay pot in the desert causes no loss of activity: A preliminary report. Ann Saudi Med 1999; 19:547-9. [PMID: 17277480 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.1999.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Al Shaibi
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, King Khalid National Guard Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia through the foramen of Bochdalek may present after infancy. A 21/2-year-old Malay girl presented with acute respiratory distress. Chest examination showed reduced chest expansion and decreased breath sounds on the left side. Chest radiograph showed a large "cyst" in the left chest, which was thought to be a lung cyst under tension. Tube thoracostomy resulted in clinical improvement. Results of a barium study showed that the cyst perforated by the thoracostomy tube was the stomach, which had herniated through a Bochdalek diaphragmatic defect. Surgical repair of the diaphragmatic defect and closure of the perforated stomach was performed successfully. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia should be included in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress in young children. Nasogastric tube placement must be considered as an early diagnostic or therapeutic intervention when the diagnosis is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Quah
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan
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Abstract
Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) without atresia is rare and usually presents with symptoms from birth. In this report, a 9-year-old boy presented with productive cough of 4 month's duration and was shown to have a right lung abscess seen on chest radiograph. His parents denied earlier respiratory symptoms or illnesses. Rigid bronchoscopy showed a fistulous opening of about 1 mm in diameter in the posterior wall of the trachea about 16 cm from the upper incisor teeth. Cannulation with a ureteral catheter demonstrated that the fistulous opening communicated with the esophageal lumen. The tracheoesophageal fistula was 1 cm long and was divided through a right supraclavicular incision. The postoperative period was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the third postoperative day. This case demonstrated that TEF should be considered in any patient presenting with chronic respiratory problems even after a prolonged symptom-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Quah
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian Kelantan
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Abstract
Serum prolactin concentrations were measured using a sensitive bioassay (Nb2 assay) and by radioimmunoassay in 11 patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours (median serum immunoactive prolactin 5150 mU/L), and in 58 normal control subjects (median prolactin 190 mU/L). The mean ratio of serum prolactin bioactivity to immunoactivity was significantly lower in patients with prolactinomas than in normoprolactinaemic controls. Ten lactating women in the early post-partum period (median prolactin 3800 mU/L), studied as a model of physiological hyperprolactinaemia, also had reduced bioactivity to immunoactivity ratios. Overall, there was a significant negative correlation between bioactivity:immunoactivity ratio and serum immunoactive prolactin. The change in relative bioactivity of prolactin in serum samples from patients with prolactinomas and in women with physiological hyperprolactinaemia may reflect changes in the molecular heterogeneity of the hormone. Such changes may affect activity in both bioassays and radioimmunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Smith
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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