Novel chemotherapeutic agent FX-9 activates NF-κB signaling and induces G1 phase arrest by activating CDKN1A in a human prostate cancer cell line

Background

The aminoisoquinoline FX-9 shows pro-apoptotic and antimitotic effects against lymphoblastic leukemia cells and prostate adenocarcinoma cells. In contrast, decreased cytotoxic effects against non-neoplastic blood cells, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts were observed. However, the actual FX-9 molecular mode of action is currently not fully understood.

Methods

In this study, microarray gene expression analysis comparing FX-9 exposed and unexposed prostate cancer cells (PC-3 representing castration-resistant prostate cancer), followed by pathway analysis and gene annotation to functional processes were performed. Immunocytochemistry staining was performed with selected targets.

Results

Expression analysis revealed 0.83% of 21,448 differential expressed genes (DEGs) after 6-h exposure of FX-9 and 0.68% DEGs after 12-h exposure thereof. Functional annotation showed that FX-9 primarily caused an activation of inflammatory response by non-canonical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. The 6-h samples showed activation of the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1A which might be involved in the secondary response in 12-h samples. This secondary response predominantly consisted of cell cycle-related changes, with further activation of CDKN1A and inhibition of the transcription factor E2F1, including downstream target genes, resulting in G1-phase arrest. Matching our previous observations on cellular level senescence signaling pathways were also found enriched. To verify these results immunocytochemical staining of p21 Waf1/Cip1 (CDKN1A), E2F1 (E2F1), PAI-1 (SERPNE1), and NFkB2/NFkB p 100 (NFKB2) was performed. Increased expression of p21 Waf1/Cip1 and NFkB2/NFkB p 100 after 24-h exposure to FX-9 was shown. E2F1 and PAI-1 showed no increased expression.

Conclusions

FX-9 induced G1-phase arrest of PC-3 cells through activation of the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1A, which was initiated by an inflammatory response of noncanonical NF-κB signaling.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08836-y.

Computed tomographic features of the prostatic gland in neutered and intact dogs

BACKGROUND

Aim was to investigate age-dependent changes in the prostate of castrated dogs in computed tomographic (CT) examination. Thirty-six canine prostates were evaluated in pre- and post-contrast CT scans. Dogs were divided in groups with homogenous prostatic tissue (25/36) and with tissue alterations (11/36). Prostatic attenuation in Hounsfield Units (HU) and prostatic size were measured and a ratio of the prostatic size to the sixth lumbar vertebra was calculated. Additionally, the CT images of the prostate were compared with ultrasound examination.

RESULTS

In pre-contrast CT scans no significant differences were found in prostatic size between homogenous and altered prostatic tissue groups whereas prostatic attenuation differed significantly in post-contrast CT between these groups. The homogenous tissue pattern of homogeneous prostates could be confirmed in CT images and in ultrasound examination. Concerning prostates with alterations, the results differed between ultrasound and CT examination in four cases of 11 dogs with tissue alterations.

CONCLUSIONS

CT is beneficial to examine the prostate of castrated dogs. The prostatic attenuation is characteristic for the prostatic morphology, which can vary due to ageing processes. Differences in attenuation and size can be found between prostates of castrated and intact dogs. Using contrast agent, CT can visualize prostatic alterations, which were not seen in ultrasound. The presented results should be considered preliminary until a study with larger sample size and histologic examination of the prostates is performed.

Suitability of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for transcriptome sequencing of the canine prostate

Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA) biopsy is a widely used minimally invasive sampling procedure for cytological diagnosis. This study investigates the feasibility of using US-FNA samples for both cytological diagnosis and whole transcriptome RNA-sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq), with the ultimate aim of improving canine prostate cancer management. The feasibility of the US-FNA procedure was evaluated intra vitam on 43 dogs. Additionally, aspirates from 31 euthanised dogs were collected for standardising the procedure. Each aspirate was separated into two subsamples: for cytology and RNA extraction. Additional prostate tissue samples served as control for RNA quantity and quality evaluation, and differential expression analysis. The US-FNA sampling procedure was feasible in 95% of dogs. RNA isolation of US-FNA samples was successfully performed using phenol-chloroform extraction. The extracted RNA of 56% of a subset of US-FNA samples met the quality requirements for RNA-Seq. Expression analysis revealed that only 153 genes were exclusively differentially expressed between non-malignant US-FNAs and tissues. Moreover, only 36 differentially expressed genes were associated with the US-FNA sampling technique and unrelated to the diagnosis. Furthermore, the gene expression profiles clearly distinguished between non-malignant and malignant samples. This proves US-FNA to be useful for molecular profiling.

Claudin-1, -3, -4 and -7 gene expression analyses in canine prostate carcinoma and mammary tissue derived cell lines

Claudins (CLDNs) are transmembrane proteins localised in the cell membrane of epithelial cells composing a structural and functional component of the tight junction protein complexes. In canine tumors deregulations of the CLDN expression patterns were described immunohistochemically. Targeting of claudin proteins has further been evaluated to establish novel therapeutic approaches by directed claudin binding. Precondition for the development of claudin targeting approaches in canine cells is the possibility to characterise claudin expression specifically and the availability of claudin positive cell lines. Herein PCR/qPCR assays were established allowing a rapid qualitative and quantitative characterisation of CLDN-1, -3, -4 and -7 gene expression in canine cell lines and tissues. Further commercially available antibodies were used to verify CLDN gene expression on protein level by Western blots. The developed assays were used to analyse six canine cell lines derived from mammary and prostate tissue for their CLDN-1, -3, -4 and -7 expressions. The canine cell line DT08/40 (prostate transitional cell carcinoma) was used for the establishment of specific CLDNs -1, -3, -4 and -7PCR/qPCR. The designed assays were verified by amplicon cloning and sequencing. Gene expressions were verified on protein level by Western blot. Additionally further cell lines were analysed for their CLDN-1, -3, -4 and -7 expression on mRNA and protein level (mammary derived cell lines: MTH53A (non-neoplastic), ZMTH3 (adenoma), MTH52C (carcinoma); prostate derived cell lines: DT08/46 and CT1258 (both adenocarcinoma).The screened cell lines showed expression for the CLDNs as follows: DT08/46 and DT08/40: CLDN-1, -3, -4 and -7 positive; CT1258: CLDN-1, -3, -4 and -7 negative; ZMTH3 and MTH52C: CLDN-1 and -7 positive, CLDN-3 and -4 negative; MTH53A: CLDN-1, -3 and -4 negative, CLDN-7 positive. Western blot analyses reflect the detected CLDN-1, -3, -4 and -7 expressions in the analysed cell lines. The established CLDN-1, -3, -4 and -7 PCR/qPCR assays allow a qualitative and quantitative characterisation of canine CLDN gene expression. Characterisation of CLDN expression in six canine cell lines led to the identification of two canine prostate tissue derived CLDN expressing cell lines. These cell lines serve as candidates for further research on CLDN-based functional and therapeutic approaches.

Arthrotomy versus arthroscopy in the treatment of the fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna (FCP) in 421 dogs

In a retrospective trial over eight years 518 joints from 421 dogs with fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna (FCP) were included. Seventy-five joints had an additional osteochondrosis dissecans of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle. Forty-six point eight percent of the dogs (197/421) were younger than one year. Two hundred and forty-seven joints were treated by conventional arthrotomy and 271 joints were treated by arthroscopy. Two hundred and thirty-eight cases (103 treated by arthrotomy and 135 by arthroscopy) were re-evaluated clinically and radiographically and 191 cases (88 treated by arthrotomy and 103 by arthroscopy) by means of a questionnaire at an average of 23 and 21 months after the operations, respectively. Forty-two point four percent (81/191) of the cases treated by arthrotomy did not show any lameness, 29.3% (56/191) showed temporary lameness after rest or heavy exercise, and 28.3% (54/191) showed constant lameness. The signs of which had, however, been reduced by surgery in 14 of these cases. Sixty point one percent (143/238) of the cases treated by arthroscopy did not show any lameness, 29.4% (70/238) showed temporary lameness after rest or heavy exercise and 10.5% (25/238) showed constant lameness, out of which four cases had improved after surgery. In the cases treated by arthroscopy, the period of convalescence was shorter. Differences between these methods were not observed with respect to the development of subsequent arthrosis. The results of the study show that arthroscopy, with its minimal invasive character, gives better functional results than conventional arthrotomy. However, the development of secondary arthrosis cannot be avoided by either method.

Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle as the cause of lameness in dogs

In a retrospective and prospective trial over six years, 17 joints from 13 dogs presented with incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC) were included. All dogs showed lameness of the forelimb but no humeral condylar fractures. One dog showed a fracture of the olecranon. Four of the bilaterally affected dogs showed only unilateral lameness. 53.8% of the dogs (7/13) were younger than one year. With regard to breed distribution, the German Wachtel was most frequently represented with three dogs. In 12 dogs the diagnosis was made by radiography in a craniocaudal view, and seven dogs could be further investigated by computed tomography. In one dog the diagnosis was only made during arthroscopy. Two joints showed an additional fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna and another two an osteochondrosis dissecans of the medial humeral condyle. During arthroscopy, all joints showed a clearly visible fissure line in the joint cartilage between the humeral condyles. In ten joints the I0HC was treated with a transcondylar lag screw under arthroscopic control. Three of the four bilaterally affected dogs were treated only unilaterally because of a lack of lameness on the other side. In the dog with the olecranon fracture, only the fracture was treated. The patients were rechecked clinically and radiologically (n = 10) or by means of a questionnaire (n = 1) at an average of 26 months post operation. Seven cases, six of them treated by lag screw fixation, did not show any lameness. Three joints (one dog with olecranon fracture, two unilaterally affected dogs with lag screw fixation) showed some degree of lameness after heavy strain and one dog showed a continuous slight lameness. The four bilaterally affected and only unilaterally treated dogs showed no lameness on the untreated joint. With regard to development of arthrosis, six radiographically examined joints showed no increase in arthroses. In five joints the increase was mild and in two joints moderate. In six joints with lag screw fixation, the IOHC was radiographically unified and was confirmed by computed tomography in three cases.

Kaniner und feliner Diabetes mellitus – ein epidemiologischer Rückblick (1996–2006)

Gegenstand und Ziel: Bestimmung der Prävalenz und Risikofaktoranalyse des Diabetes mellitus bei Hund und Katze am Patientenkollektiv der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover. Material und Methoden: Retrospektiv wurden alle diabetischen Patienten der Klinik für Kleintiere der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover in den Jahren 1996 bis 2006 nach Gewicht, Alter, Rasse und Geschlecht analysiert. Ergebnisse: In diesem 11-jährigen Untersuchungszeitraum litten 10 von 1000 Katzen und 4 von 1000 vorgestellten Hunden an Diabetes mellitus. Der feline Diabetes mellitus weist im Vergleich zum kaninen Diabetes mellitus eine steigende Tendenz auf. Im Geschlechtervergleich der Katzen repräsentieren kastrierte Kater mit 1,52% die größte Gruppe. Mit 0,79% sind kastrierte Hündinnen am häufigsten betroffen. Das Verhältnis von diabetischen Hündinnen zu Rüden liegt bei 2 : 1. Im Rassenvergleich ergibt sich bei Cairn Terrier und West Highland White Terrier eine erhöhte Inzidenz des Diabetes mellitus, während Schäferhunde und Dackel eine signifikant nierigere Prävalenz aufweisen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Prävalenz des Diabetes mellitus nimmt bei der Katze im Gegensatz zum Hund im norddeutschen Patientenkollektiv zu. An diesem Patientengut wurden folgende Risikofaktoren ermittelt: zunehmendes Alter, männliches Geschlecht und Gewicht für Katzen; mittleres Alter, weibliches Geschlecht und Kastration für Hunde. Klinische Relevanz: Die Entstehung des kaninen und felinen Diabetes mellitus ist multifaktoriell und daher nach wie vor eine große Herausforderung für Kliniker und Forscher. Aus diesem Grund kommt der Identifizierung von Risikofaktoren für das bessere Verständnis sowie die Erarbeitung neuer Präventionsmaßnahmen und Behandlungskonzepte herausragende Bedeutung zu.

Anwendung von Goldimplantaten zur Schmerztherapie bei kaniner Hüftgelenkdysplasie – eine Literaturübersicht

Die Golddrahtimplantation/Goldakupunktur findet sich als Methode zur Schmerzbehandlung bei arthrotischen Erkrankungen im Leistungsspektrum einer zunehmenden Zahl von Tierärzten und Humanmedizinern. Der erste Teil der Übersichtsarbeit zur Anwendung von Goldimplantaten bei kaniner Hüftgelenkdysplasie (kHD) gibt einen Überblick über die bekannten wissenschaftlichen Hintergründe der Effekte von Gold im Gewebe sowie zur Biokompatibilität der Implantate. Der vorliegende zweite Teil der Übersicht stellt Studien und Fallberichte vor, die sich mit den klinischen Effekten der Goldimplantation/Goldakupunktur beschäftigen. Diese werden hinsichtlich ihrer Evidenz unterschiedlichen Evidenzstufen (Evidence based Levels [EbL] I–IV) zugeordnet. Bei den Veröffentlichungen zur klinischen Wirksamkeit der Methode handelt es sich um drei doppelt geblindete, plazebokontrollierte Studien (EbL II) sowie drei retrospektive, nicht geblindete Studien (EbL IV) und fünf Fallberichte (EbL IV). Während Fallberichte und retrospektive Studien von deutlichen Behandlungserfolgen der Goldimplantation bei kHD berichten, ergab sich nur in einer der drei doppelt geblindeten, plazebokontrollierten Studien ein schmerzreduzierender Effekt. Die einzige Studie, bei der eine kinematische und kinetische Ganganalyse zur objektiven Evaluierung des Behandlungseffekts erfolgte, kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Goldimplantation wirkungslos ist. Für eine abschließende Bewertung der Goldimplantation bei kHD fehlen bislang vor allem auch Ganganalysestudien, die die Wirksamkeit der Goldimplantation einer Standardtherapie mit nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika gegenüberstellen.

Umfangsvermehrungen der Milz beim Hund

Gegenstand: Umfangsvermehrungen der Milz haben beim Hund eine hohe Prävalenz und kommen häufiger vor als diffuse Milzvergrößerungen. Ziel der Studie war die retrospektive Beschreibung der klinischen Aspekte und histopathologischen Charakteristika von Umfangsvermehrungen der Milz beim Hund.

Material und Methoden: Die Auswertung erfasste die Daten von Hunden mit der histopathologischen Diagnose einer Umfangsvermehrung der Milz zwischen Januar 2000 und März 2011.

Ergebnisse: 249 Hunde erfüllten die Einschlusskriterien und gingen in die Studie ein. Die Umfangsvermehrungen wurden histologisch als nichtmaligne Erkrankung (n = 117; 47%) und maligne Milzerkrankung (n = 132; 53%) klassifiziert. Das Hämangiosarkom war der häufigste maligne Tumor (n = 97; 73,5%). Als weitere maligne Tumoren wurden Sarkome (n = 14), fibrohistiozytäre Umfangsvermehrungen (n = 9), Lymphome, Blastome und Adenokarzinome diagnostiziert. Die nichtmalignen Umfangsvermehrungen umfassten noduläre Hyperplasien (n = 60), Milzhämatome (n = 41) und Splenitiden (n = 6). Bei Hunden mit Hämoperitoneum bestand eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für eine Milzneoplasie.

Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse der Studie bestätigen bisherige Resultate, dass das Hämangiosarkom beim Hund den häufigsten Milztumor darstellt.Allerdings wurden bei annähernd der Hälfte der histologisch untersuchen Milzen nichtmaligne Veränderungen diagnostiziert.

Klinische Relevanz: Eine ausführliche Information der Besitzer hinsichtlich der Prognose und Therapie von Hunden mit einer Umfangsvermehrung der Milz in Verbindung mit einem Hämoperitoneum ist bedeutsam.

Canine non-hematopoietic gastric neoplasia

Objective: Aim of this study was to investigate epidemiologic and diagnostic characteristics of canine non-hematopoietic gastric neoplasia and to evaluate the surgical outcome of selected cases.

Material and methods: Patient data of dogs with histologically confirmed nonhematopoietic gastric tumors were reviewed and dogs with surgical intervention were followed up.

Results: 38 dogs were included into the evaluation. Histopathologic diagnoses comprised carcinoma/adeno- carcinoma (n = 33), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) (n = 4), and leiomyoma (n = 1). Patients’ median age was 10 years, median weight was 20 kg and the male:female ratio was 1.4 : 1.The breeds represented by most individuals were Chow Chow, Collie, Hovawart and mixedbreed. Most frequent presenting complaint was vomiting. Only a low proportion of dogs were presented with anemia, thrombocytopenia or hypoproteinemia. In 58% of cases, ultrasonographic examination led to findings that were considered compatible with gastric neoplasia. Gastric wall thickening and loss of layering were the most common sonographic findings. Most frequent endoscopic findings were mucosal thickening and reddening; ulcerations were infrequent. Computed tomography findings were compatible with gastric neoplasia in two cases in which CT was performed. Intra-operative cytology results showed accordance with histologic diagnoses in 88% of cases. Five dogs with different underlying pathology and variable disease extension underwent surgical tumor resection. In one patient, recurrence was diagnosed after 104 days. Survival times of these dogs ranged between 7 and 2326 days.

Conclusion and clinical relevance: Ultrasonography and, in selected cases, computed tomography aided in the diagnosis of gastric neoplasia. Intra-operative cytology possessed diagnostic value. In cases in which surgical resection was attempted, survival times varied markedly likely due to variable disease extension and underlying pathology (e. g. adenocarcinoma versus leiomyoma).

Ventricular fractional shortening in 108 dogs with malignant lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy with a cyclic combination protocol including doxorubicin

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether changes in the left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) can be detected in dogs with malignant lymphoma undergoing a cyclic combination chemotherapy protocol including doxorubicin.

Hypothesis: Left ventricular fractional shortening as a stand-alone measurement will not show a significant change during the cyclic combination protocol.

Material and methods: In this retrospective study, the records of dogs with malignant lymphoma treated between April 2001 and October 2010 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria comprised: a diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, a cyclic combination chemotherapy (including L-asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and prednisolone), and an echocardiographic examination by an experienced examiner before treatment and after each doxorubicin administration.

Results: One hundred and eight dogs were included and a total of 446 LVFS measurements had been performed. Patients were divided into four groups according to the number of doxorubicin administrations. Median LVFS did not change significantly during the cyclic combination protocol in all groups. All median LVFS values remained above the lower reference value of 25%.

Conclusion and clinical relevance: The measurement of LVFS did not show a significant change during the cyclic combination protocol treatment including doxorubicin in this population of dogs. Therefore either this cyclic combination protocol does not cause a systolic dysfunction or LVFS is not sensitive enough to detect early changes. Newer methods that are more sensitive then LVFS might be necessary to detect such changes.

Vorkommen von Ehrlichia canis bei Hunden in Deutschland?

Gegenstand und Ziel: Retrospektive Untersuchung von Hunden auf eine autochthone Infektion mit E. canis in Deutschland. Material und Methode: In die Studie gingen 111 Hunde ein, die sich in eine symptomatische (n = 49) und eine asymptomatische (n = 62) Gruppe unterteilten. Bei allen Hunden erfolgten eine Antikörperbestimmung gegen Ehrlichia canis mittels Immunfluoreszenztest im Serum und ein Direktnachweis von Ehrlichia und Anaplasma spp. mittels PCR aus EDTA-Vollblut. Ausschlusskriterien waren ein Auslandsaufenthalt sowie die Vorbehandlung mit Tetrazyklinen, Chloramphenicol oder Imidocarb. Ergebnisse: Niedrige IFT-Antikörpertiter gegen E. canis konnten bei sieben Hunden (6,3%) festgestellt werden. Sechs Hunde gehörten der symptomatischen und ein Hund der asymptomatischen Gruppe an. Gleichzeitig wurden bei vier dieser Hunde sehr hohe und bei einem ein moderater Antikörpertiter gegen Anaplasma phagocytophilum gefunden. Das PCR-Screening für Ehrlichia und Anaplasma war lediglich in zwei Fällen positiv. Beide Male ließ sich A. phagocytophilum nachweisen. Schlussfolgerungen: Nur bei zwei für E. canis seropositiven Hunden konnten keine Kreuzreaktionen mit A. phagocytophilum nachgewiesen werden. Da ein Direktnachweis bei diesen zwei Hunden nicht möglich war, ist eine tatsächliche Infektion mit E. canis fraglich. Die Gefahr der autochthonen Infektion von Hunden mit E. canis in Deutschland scheint somit gering zu sein, ist aber nicht ausgeschlossen. Klinische Relevanz: Bei unspezifischen Symptomen wie Apathie, Fieber und Inappetenz sowie Laborveränderungen in Form von Anämie und/oder Thrombozytopenie sollte deshalb auch bei Hunden, die Deutschland nicht verlassen haben, an eine Infektion mit E. canis gedacht werden.

Vorkommen und Behandlung von knöchernen Metaplasien in den am medialen Epikondylus des Humerus entspringenden Beugesehnen beim Hund

Gegenstand und Ziel: In der Literatur existieren nur wenige Berichte über Metaplasien in den am medialen Epikondylus des Humerus entspringenden Beugesehnen (MEHB) als Ursache einer Lahmheit beim Hund. Daher sollte das Vorkommen dieser Erkrankung im eigenen Patientengut untersucht und zudem die Behandlungsergebnisse überprüft werden. Material und Methoden: Binnen fünf Jahren wurden alle Hunde mit einer Lahmheit der Vordergliedmaße in die Untersuchung einbezogen, die eine entsprechende Metaplasie aufwiesen. Die Diagnose wurde röntgenologisch gestellt. Vor der chirurgischen Entfernung der Veränderung erfolgte eine arthroskopische Untersuchung des Ellbogengelenks, um möglicherweise gleichzeitig bestehende Erkrankungen zu diagnostizieren und zu behandeln. Die Nachuntersuchung fand frühestens sechs Monate post operationem durch eine klinische und radiologische Kontrolle sowie eine Besitzerbefragung statt. Ergebnisse: Im Untersuchungszeitraum wurde bei 23 Hunden (26 Gelenke) eine MEHB diagnostiziert. Die Rasse Labrador Retriever war mit acht Tieren (34,7%) am häufigsten betroffen. Sowohl junge als auch ältere Hunde ohne (n = 5) bzw. mit gering-(n = 8), mittel(n = 5) oder hochgradiger (n = 8) Arthrose waren erkrankt. Bei neun Gelenken lagen außer der Metaplasie keine anderen Erkrankungen des Ellbogengelenks vor. Sechsmal wurde zusätzlich ein fragmentierter Processus coronoideus medialis der Ulna (FPC), davon einmal mit gleichzeitiger Osteochondrosis dissecans der Trochlea humeri (OCD), und zweimal eine alleinige OCD nachgewiesen. Ein operativer Eingriff mit Entfernung der Metaplasie erfolgte bei 22 Gelenken. Alle betroffenen Hunde konnten nach durchschnittlich 18 Monaten nachuntersucht werden. In 15 Fällen war das Behandlungsergebnis »gut«. Fünfmal lautete das Resultat »befriedigend« und zweimal »unbefriedigend«. Röntgenologisch ließ sich in der Mehrzahl der Fälle (8/15) ein Fortschreiten der Arthrose feststellen. Zu einem Rezidiv kam es nur in einem Fall. Schlussfolgerung: Die Studie zeigt, dass eine Metaplasie als Ursache einer Lahmheit der Vordergliedmaße häufiger vorkommt, als es in der Literatur beschrieben wird. Klinische Relevanz: Durch eine chirurgische Entfernung lässt sich bei den meisten Hunden eine Verbesserung oder ein Verschwinden der Lahmheit erzielen.

Comparative measurements of bone mineral density and bone contrast values in canine femora using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and conventional digital radiography

BACKGROUND

Aseptic loosening due to bone remodelling processes after total hip replacement is one common cause for revision surgery. In human medicine, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the gold standard for quantitative evaluation of bone mineral density, whereas in veterinary medicine conventional radiography is used for follow-up studies. Recently, a method has been described using digital X-ray images for quantitative assessment of grey scale values of bone contrast. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation of bone mineral density (BMD) measured by DEXA with grey scale values (GV) measured in digital X-ray images (RX50, RX66) ex vivo.

RESULTS

The measured GV in the chosen X-ray settings showed on average a good correlation (r = 0.61) to the measured BMD with DEXA. Correlation between the two X-ray settings was very good (r = 0.81). For comparisons among regions of interests (ROIs) a difference of 8.2% was found to be statistically significant, whereas in the case of RX50 and RX66 differences of 5.3% and 4.1% were found to be statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Results indicate that measuring absolute changes in bone mineral density might be possible using digital radiography. Not all significant differences between ROIs detectable with DEXA can be displayed in the X-ray images because of the lower sensitivity of the radiographs. However, direct comparison of grey scale values of the periprosthetic femur in one individual patient during the follow-up period, in order to predict bone remodelling processes, should be possible, but with a lesser sensitivity than with DEXA. It is important that the same X-ray settings are chosen for each patient for follow-up studies.

Computed tomography: a beneficial diagnostic tool for the evaluation of the canine prostate?

BACKGROUND

Prostatic diseases in intact male dogs are common. However, studies about the computed tomographic (CT) examination of the prostate in dogs are rare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate age related-changes in the canine prostate with the help of the CT and to evaluate whether measuring Hounsfield Units (HUs) in different morphological conditions of the prostate is of diagnostic value. Fifty pre- and post-contrast CT scans of the prostate of dogs were evaluated and divided into three groups according to the tissue structure: Group1 dogs with homogenous prostate tissue (16/50); group 2 with prostate cysts (26/50) and group 3 with inhomogeneous prostate tissue (8/50). The prostatic dimensions were measured and the ratio between length, height and width and the sixth lumbar vertebra was calculated. Median values of prostatic attenuation measured in HUs, using regions of interests (ROIs) were determined on pre- and post- contrast scans over the whole length of the prostate. The results were compared to the dog's age. Furthermore, the CT Images were compared with the results of ultrasonography (47/50).

RESULTS

On pre-contrast scans HUs within ROIs placed in the prostate did not differ statistically significantly between the different morphological groups (1: 37.7; 2: 36.3; 3: 39.8 HU). HUs within on the post- contrast scans showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Group one had a mean density of 93.6 HU, group two had a mean density of 106.1 HU and group three had one of 138.2 HU. The prostatic size in the first group was smaller than in the other groups, whereas the largest prostates were found in the second group. In six cases the post-contrast CT scan showed results that differed from the ultrasound examination. Dogs had a homogenous tissue in ultrasonography while the CT scan revealed an inhomogeneous tissue structure.

CONCLUSIONS

The CT examination can be a beneficial diagnostic tool for examining the prostatic size and for evaluating the prostatic tissue. The different HUs reflected age-related changes and alterations in the prostate while measuring the density of the prostate. Contrast agent application enables a more specific analysis of the prostate to be carried out and for precise changes in tissue structure to be observed.

Eosinophilic Granulomatous Gastroenterocolitis and Hepatitis in a 1-year-old Male Siberian Husky

A case of eosinophilic granulomatous gastroenterocolitis and hepatitis in a 1-year-old male Siberian Husky is described. The dog presented with a history of diarrhea, weakness, lethargy, and anorexia of several months' duration. Hematologic and biochemical examinations, abdominal ultrasonography, computer tomography, and exploratory laparotomy were performed. Histopathologic examination of full-thickness biopsies from the gastrointestinal tract and liver revealed the presence of eosinophilic granulomatous lesions in the submucosa and tunica muscularis of stomach, jejunum, ileum, colon, and liver. infectious agents were not detected by light microscopic and electron microscopic examination or by immunohistochemistry. On the basis of the findings, it is concluded that the disease in this dog represents an unusual manifestation of chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.

Retrospective Study on the Diagnostic Value of Full-Thickness Biopsies from the Stomach and Intestines of Dogs with Chronic Gastrointestinal Disease Symptoms

An evaluation of histologic findings in full-thickness biopsies from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) from 64 dogs with chronic GIT disease symptoms was performed. In the majority of cases (38/64; 59%), intestinal lymphangiectasia and mucosal edema of unknown etiology were present. In 10 dogs (16%) an eosinophilic colitis, either alone or together with gastritis and/or enteritis, was found. In 5 dogs (8%) lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis or enterocolitis was diagnosed. Five dogs (8%) had an intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Samples from the remaining cases were histologically normal or did not allow for a final diagnosis. In contrast to reports about findings in endoscopic biopsies (which often are of varying quality or inadequate for diagnosis), in the majority of cases of this study, examination of full-thickness biopsies from the GIT allowed us to make a definitive histopathologic diagnosis. Furthermore, the study revealed that transmural biopsies are very helpful for diagnosing lymphoma.

Assessment of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and tissue velocity imaging (TVI) in 14 dogs with malignant lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy treatment with doxorubicin

Doxorubicin has been shown to be cardiotoxic at high doses but is an efficacious chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of canine lymphoma. Echocardiographic measurements and serum ultrasensitive cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels were obtained before and after doxorubicin administration in 14 dogs diagnosed with lymphoma. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate changes in cTnI concentrations and tissue velocity imaging (TVI) values in dogs with lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy with doxorubicin. A total of 182 cTnI and 1017 TVI measurements were performed. Standard echocardiographic parameters, tissue Doppler indices and cTnI concentrations did not differ at any time point within a 12-week cyclic combination protocol. In conclusion, the use of doxorubicin at standard doses in the treatment of canine lymphoma may not be associated with significant myocardial damage.

[Classification of canine intervertebral disc degeneration using high-field magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography]

OBJECTIVE

Although the classification of canine intervertebral disc degeneration using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been described in the literature, there is no such classification using computed tomographic imaging. Because computed tomography (CT) is a frequently used diagnostic imaging tool in veterinary medicine, the aim of this study was the introduction and validation of such a scoring system. T2-weighted magnetic resonance images were available for comparative analysis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 43 dogs were examined using CT and MRI. Image data records of 144 intervertebral discs were blinded, randomized and evaluated twice by three observers. CT data were analyzed using a self-developed scoring system, while MRI data sets were evaluated using the Pfirrmann scoring system. Intra- and interobserver agreement were determined using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS).

RESULTS

Intra- and interobserver agreement were mostly substantial in the Pfirrmann (0.58-0.77) and self-developed (0.60-0.81) scoring systems. A slight agreement was found between both classification systems (κ scores 0.26-0.29).

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The self-developed scoring system allows a reliable assessment of canine intervertebral disc degeneration using CT imaging. Therefore, further diagnostic and prognostic information can be obtained. Degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs could be identified at an earlier stage when using MRI in comparison with CT.

Ground reaction force adaptations to tripedal locomotion in dogs

To gain insight into the adaptive mechanisms to tripedal locomotion and increase understanding of the biomechanical consequences of limb amputation, this study investigated kinetic and temporal gait parameters in dogs before and after the loss of a hindlimb was simulated. Nine clinically sound Beagle dogs trotted on an instrumented treadmill and the ground reaction forces as well as the footfall patterns were compared between quadrupedal and tripedal locomotion. Stride and stance durations decreased significantly in all limbs when the dogs ambulated tripedally, while relative stance duration increased. Both vertical and craniocaudal forces were significantly different in the remaining hindlimb. In the forelimbs, propulsive force increased in the contralateral and decreased in the ipsilateral limb, while the vertical forces were unchanged (except for mean force in the contralateral limb). Bodyweight was shifted to the contralateral and cranial body side so that each limb bore ~33% of the dog's bodyweight. The observed changes in the craniocaudal forces and the vertical impulse ratio between the fore- and hindlimbs suggest that a nose-up pitching moment occurs during the affected limb pair's functional step. To regain pitch balance for a given stride cycle, a nose-down pitching moment is exerted when the intact limb pair supports the body. These kinetic changes indicate a compensatory mechanism in which the unaffected diagonal limb pair is involved. Therefore, the intact support pair of limbs should be monitored closely in canine hindlimb amputees.

Immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis of intestinal full-thickness biopsy samples from cats with lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory bowel disease

The distribution and numbers of CD3(+) T lymphocytes, immunoglobulin(+) plasma cells and calprotectin (L1)(+) macrophages was analyzed in full-thickness, formalin-fixed biopsy samples from the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and from the colon from nine cats with clinical signs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). All animals had lymphoplasmacytic enteritis or lymphoplasmacytic enterocolitis. Equivalent samples from the same intestinal regions from 12 healthy pet cats served as controls. Labelled cells in the lamina propria were counted by computer-aided morphometry. The different cell types were similarly distributed in both groups, but there were differences in their numbers. There were more CD3(+) T cells in the duodenum and jejunum of cats with IBD; however, the difference was only significant for the duodenum. There were significantly more IgA(+) cells in the duodenal crypt region. There were significantly more IgG(+) cells in the lower jejunal crypt region. Plasma cells expressing IgM were decreased in cats with IBD, but the difference was not significant. L1(+) macrophages were significantly decreased in the lower crypt area of the colon in cats with IBD and there was a trend to decreased L1(+) cells in the upper crypt area of the duodenum and jejunum. Comparison of the results of this study with previous findings on endoscopically-obtained duodenal biopsy samples from cats with IBD revealed some differences. These discrepancies might relate to differences between control cat populations, types of biopsy samples, methodological factors such as different counting techniques and the activity of the disease at the time of sampling.

Evaluation of the reactivity of commercially available monoclonal antibodies with equine cytokines

Research on equine cytokines is often performed by analyses of mRNA. For many equine cytokines an analysis on the actual protein level is limited by the availability of antibodies against the targeted cytokines. Generation of new antibodies is ongoing but time consuming. Thus, testing the reactivity of commercially available antibodies for cross-reactivity with equine cytokines is of particular interest. Fifteen monoclonal antibodies against IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18 and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) of different species were evaluated for reactivity with their corresponding equine cytokines. Dot Blot (DB) and Western Blot (WB) analyses were performed using recombinant equine cytokines as positive controls. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out on equine tissue and flow cytometry on equine PBMC as positive controls. As expected, three equine IL-1β antibodies detected equine IL-1β in DB, WB and IHC. For these, reactivity in IHC has not been described before. One of them was also found to be suitable for intracellular staining of equine PBMC and flow cytometric analysis. Two antibodies raised against ovine GM-CSF cross-reacted with equine GM-CSF in DB, WB and IHC. For these anti-GM-CSF mAbs this is the first experimental description of cross-reactivity with equine GM-CSF (one mAb was predicted to be cross-reactive in WB in the respective data sheet). The other clone additionally proved to be appropriate in flow cytometric analysis. Two mAbs targeting porcine IL-18 cross-reacted in IHC, but did not show specificity in the other applications. No reactivity was shown for the remaining five antibodies in DB, although cross-reactivity of two of the antibodies was described previously. The results obtained in this study can provide beneficial information for choosing of antibodies for immunological tests on equine cytokines.

Compensatory load redistribution in walking and trotting dogs with hind limb lameness

This study evaluated adaptations in vertical force and temporal gait parameters to hind limb lameness in walking and trotting dogs. Eight clinically normal adult Beagles were allowed to ambulate on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred speed while the ground reaction forces were recorded for all limbs before and after a moderate, reversible, hind limb lameness was induced. At both gaits, vertical force was decreased in the ipsilateral and increased in the contralateral hind limb. While peak force increased in the ipsilateral forelimb, no changes were observed for mean force and impulse when the dogs walked or trotted. In the contralateral forelimb, the peak force was unchanged, but the mean force significantly increased during walking and trotting; vertical impulse increased only during walking. Relative stance duration increased in the ipsilateral hind limb when the dogs trotted. In the contralateral fore and hind limbs, relative stance duration increased during walking and trotting, but decreased in the ipsilateral forelimb during walking. Analysis of load redistribution and temporal gait changes during hind limb lameness showed that compensatory mechanisms were similar regardless of gait. The centre of mass consistently shifted to the contralateral body side and cranio-caudally to the side opposite the affected limb. These biomechanical changes indicate substantial short- and long-term effects of hind limb lameness on the musculoskeletal system.

[Use of gold implants as a treatment of pain related to canine hip dysplasia--a review. Part 2: Clinical trials and case reports]

Gold bead implantation/gold acupuncture is becoming increasingly used in veterinary medicine as a method of pain treatment in cases of osteoarthritic diseases. Part one of the overview dealing with the use of gold implants as a treatment of canine hip joint dysplasia (cHD) introduced the method of implanting gold in tissue and publications which investigated the subsequent effects of implantation. This article focuses on publications concerning the clinical effectiveness of gold implantation within the scope of pain therapy in cHD. Due to the study design, a classification using evidence-based levels (EbL) was carried out. Three double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised studies (EbL II) were considered together with three retrospective studies on own patients (EbL IV) and five case studies (EbL IV). While the case and retrospective studies reported impressive therapeutic success in treating cHD-incurred pain with gold implantation, a pain-reducing effect through gold implantation was only demonstrated in one of the three double-blind studies. The two remaining EbL II studies found no differences between the placebo-group and the group of dogs treated with gold implantation. In one of these two studies, kinematic and kinetic gait analyses were used for objective evaluation of the effects of the treatment. Thus, the only study that carried out an objective evaluation of the therapeutic result of gold implantation came to the conclusion that the method is ineffective. For a concluding assessment of gold implantation in the case of cHD, gait analysis studies investigating the effects of gold implantation in comparison to a standard treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are currently lacking.

[Use of gold implants as a treatment of pain related to canine hip dysplasia--a review. Part 1: Background and current state of research regarding the effects of implanting gold in tissue]

Gold-bead implantation as a method of pain treatment in dogs suffering from osteoarthritic disease is receiving increasing attention in veterinary medicine. For the present article, publications from veterinary books and journals were collected and evaluated, together with related articles in human medicine. After providing an overview of the historical use of gold and gold compounds, the technique of implanting this noble metal is introduced. The reasons for establishing the terms gold acupuncture and gold (bead) implantation are described, considering the question whether and what kind of methodological differences exist behind these terms. Next, previous publications concerning the effects of gold implantation in tissue are summarised. In 2002 it was proven that gold ions are released from the surface of gold implants by a process termed dissolucytosis. Subsequent publications further investigated details about the interaction between gold ions and tissue as well as the distribution pattern of bio-released ions. Gold compounds were previously used for chrysotherapy in human medicine until medication with fewer side effects became established. The anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties of gold compounds were used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Current research aims to ascertain whether the anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulating effects of gold compounds are imitated by gold ions released from gold implants at a local level. In conclusion, the present review summarises important findings about the effects of gold implanted in tissue. However, further research is necessary to estimate the limitations and benefits of this auromedication.

Splenic masses in dogs. Part 1: Epidemiologic, clinical characteristics as well as histopathologic diagnosis in 249 cases (2000-2011)

OBJECTIVE

Splenic masses have a high prevalence and are more common than diffuse splenic enlargement in dogs. It was the aim of the present study to retrospectively describe clinical aspects and histopathologic characteristics of dogs with splenic masses.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Records of patients with a histologically diagnosed splenic mass between January 2000 and March 2011 were reviewed.

RESULTS

249 dogs met the inclusion criteria and could be included in the study. Splenic masses were diagnosed histologically as non-malignant disease (n=117; 47%) and malignant splenic disease (n=132; 53%). Hemangiosarcoma was the most common histological diagnosis (n=97; 73.5%). Other malignant tumors included sarcoma (n=14), fibrohistiocytic nodules (n=9) as well as lymphoma, blastoma and adenocarcinoma. The non-malignant masses consisted of nodular hyperplasia (n=60), splenic hematoma (n=41), and splenitis (n=6). Dogs with hemoperitoneum had a higher frequency of splenic neoplasia.

CONCLUSION

The results corroborate previous findings that hemangiosarcoma is the most frequent neoplasm of the canine spleen. However, in approximately half of the cases benign lesions were histologically diagnosed.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

It is essential that a frank discussion is held with owners regarding the prognosis associated with the treatment of dogs with a splenic mass associated with hemoperitoneum.

[Renal lymphoma in a cat: diagnostics, therapy and survival time. A case report]

The clinical case report describes diagnostics, therapy, response and outcome in a 7-year-old castrated male European Shorthair cat with renal lymphoma. By use of a combination chemotherapy, partial remission was achieved 8 days after induction, with a complete remission after 72 days. During chemotherapy the cat had a good quality of life. Adverse effects were limited to two episodes of vomiting and one short period of slight depression. At 629 days after the end of the chemotherapy, following 1449 days in remission, a relapse of the renal lymphoma was diagnosed. During the second chemotherapy, extension of the lymphoma to the CNS became apparent and the cat was euthanized after an overall survival time of 1509 days (4 years). The case shows that treating renal lymphoma in cats by adequate combination chemotherapy can achieve long survival times with a good quality of life.

Chromosome analyses in dogs

Cytogenetics is the study of normal and abnormal chromosomes. Every species is characterized by a given number of chromosomes that can be recognized by their specific shape. The chromosomes are arranged according to standard classification schemes for the respective species. While pre- and postnatal chromosome analyses investigate the constitutional karyotype, tumor cytogenetics is focused on the detection of clonal acquired, tumor-associated chromosome aberrations. Cytogenetic investigations in dogs are of great value especially for breeders dealing with fertility problems within their pedigrees, for veterinarians and last but not least for the dog owners. Dogs and humans share a variety of genetic diseases, including cancer. Thus, the dog has become an increasingly important model for genetic diseases. However, cytogenetic analyses of canine cells are complicated by the complex karyotype of the dog. Only just 15 years ago, a standard classification scheme for the complete canine karyotype was established. For chromosome analyses of canine cells the same steps of chromosome preparation are used as in human cytogenetics. There are few reports about cytogenetic changes in non-neoplastic cells, involving predominantly the sex chromosomes. Cytogenetic analyses of different entities of canine tumors revealed that, comparable to human tumors, tumors of the dog are often characterized by clonal chromosome aberrations, which might be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The integration of modern techniques (molecular genetic approaches, adaptive computer programs) will facilitate and complete conventional cytogenetic studies. However, conventional cytogenetics is still non-replaceable.

Ventricular fractional shortening in 108 dogs with malignant lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy with a cyclic combination protocol including doxorubicin

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether changes in the left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) can be detected in dogs with malignant lymphoma undergoing a cyclic combination chemotherapy protocol including doxorubicin.

HYPOTHESIS

Left ventricular fractional shortening as a stand-alone measurement will not show a significant change during the cyclic combination protocol.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this retrospective study, the records of dogs with malignant lymphoma treated between April 2001 and October 2010 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria comprised: a diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, a cyclic combination chemotherapy (including L-asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and prednisolone), and an echocardiographic examination by an experienced examiner before treatment and after each doxorubicin administration.

RESULTS

One hundred and eight dogs were included and a total of 446 LVFS measurements had been performed. Patients were divided into four groups according to the number of doxorubicin administrations. Median LVFS did not change significantly during the cyclic combination protocol in all groups. All median LVFS values remained above the lower reference value of 25%.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The measurement of LVFS did not show a significant change during the cyclic combination protocol treatment including doxorubicin in this population of dogs. Therefore either this cyclic combination protocol does not cause a systolic dysfunction or LVFS is not sensitive enough to detect early changes. Newer methods that are more sensitive then LVFS might be necessary to detect such changes.

Postoperative treatment outcome in canine mammary tumors. Multivariate analysis of the prognostic value of pre- and postoperatively available information

OBJECTIVE

Mammary tumors belong to the most common canine neoplasias. Few data are available on postoperative outcome and independent prognostic value of variables including pre-operatively available parameters such as cytology. The aim of this study was to characterize outcome following surgery and identify independent prognostic factors in canine mammary tumors.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Prospective study in which dogs with mammary tumors underwent surgical tumor removal followed by histopathologic examination of the neoplasias. Kaplan-Meier log rank analysis and multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate survival, recurrence-free interval (RFI) and metastasis free interval (MFI) as well as independent influence of variables on outcome.

RESULTS

134 dogs with mammary tumors were included. In 126 dogs without distant metastasis, overall survival duration was 1113 d; median RFI and MFI were not reached. Histologic grade showed independent influence on duration of RFI (p=0.040), MFI (p=0.007), and survival (p=0.029). Median survival in benign (n=98), grade 1 (n=10) and grade 2 (n=16) malignant tumors was 1319 d, 670 d, 406 d, respectively. Cytology exerted independent influence on the likelihood for recurrence (p=0.013), duration of RFI (p=0.026) and survival (p=0.030).

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Histologic grade was of independent prognostic significance for postoperative outcome in this population of dogs with mammary tumors. As a pre-operatively available parameter, cytology may also possess prognostic value in canine mammary neoplasias.

In vivo MRI of intraspinally injected SPIO-labelled human CD34+ cells in a transgenic mouse model of ALS

BACKGROUND/AIM

Administration of stem cells is a promising novel approach for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. For in vivo monitoring of transplanted cells, non-invasive imaging modalities are needed. In this study we determined the tracking efficiency of a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labelled canine cell line (MTH53A) in vitro as well as the human CD34(+) umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCBCs) in vitro and in vivo efficiency by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SPIO-labelled MTH53A cells and hUCBCs were scanned in agar gel phantoms at 1.0 T or 7.0 T. For in vivo detection, 100,000 labelled hUCBCs were injected into the spinal cord of a transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse and scanned at 7.0 T.

RESULTS

In vitro, 100,000 MTH53A cells and 250,000 hUCBCs were visible at 1.0 T. Scanning with 7.0 T revealed 25,000 detectable MTH53A cells. In vivo, 7.0 T MRI showed clear signals of 100,000 implanted cells.

CONCLUSION

MRI combined with SPIO nanoparticles provides valuable potential for non-invasive, non-toxic in vivo tracking of cells implanted into the spinal cord.

Relevance of chromosome 13 aberrations in canine tumours

For human tumours there are many reports documenting the correlation between chromosome aberrations and tumour entities. Due to the complex canine karyotypic pattern (78 chromosomes), cytogenetic studies of tumours of the dog are rare. However, the reports in the literature show, that canine chromosome 13 (CFA13) is predominantly involved in chromosomal changes. Interestingly, CFA 13 shows high homology to regions on the human chromosomes 4 (HSA 4) and 8 (HSA 8), which harbour the proto-oncogenes c-KIT and c-MYC . Both of these genes are involved in the development and progression of some human and canine tumour diseases.

[Computed tomography diagnosis of a retrobulbar abscess in a white tiger]

SUBJECT

Etiologic diagnosis of a retrobulbar process is essential for the initiation of a causative therapy. Penetrating foreign bodies and tooth root abscesses, but also neoplastic processes have to be considered as a differential diagnosis for a retrobulbar swelling. The objective of this case report of a tiger with a retrobulbar process was to demonstrate the diagnostic value of computed tomography for making a causative diagnosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

General examination of the tiger as well as subsequent computed tomography and surgical extraction of a fractured fourth premolar tooth of the left upper jaw was carried out under general anaesthesia. Collected alveolar tissue samples underwent cytological, histopathological and microbiological analyses.

RESULTS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Computed tomography was able to allocate the origin of the retrobulbar abscess to the left 4th premolar tooth of the upper jaw. The cytological, histopathological and microbiological examination of the recovered alveolar material confirmed the diagnosis of purulent-necrotic abscess-forming inflammation as a result of a mixed bacterial infection. The present case report demonstrates the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography for the diagnosis of a retrobulbar process of unknown origin.

Canine non-hematopoietic gastric neoplasia. Epidemiologic and diagnostic characteristics in 38 dogs with post-surgical outcome of five cases

OBJECTIVE

Aim of this study was to investigate epidemiologic and diagnostic characteristics of canine non-hematopoietic gastric neoplasia and to evaluate the surgical outcome of selected cases.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patient data of dogs with histologically confirmed non-hematopoietic gastric tumors were reviewed and dogs with surgical intervention were followed up.

RESULTS

38 dogs were included into the evaluation. Histopathologic diagnoses comprised carcinoma/adenocarcinoma (n=33), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) (n=4), and leiomyoma (n=1). Patients' median age was 10 years, median weight was 20 kg and the male:female ratio was 1.4:1. The breeds represented by most individuals were Chow Chow, Collie, Hovawart and mixed-breed. Most frequent presenting complaint was vomiting. Only a low proportion of dogs were presented with anemia, thrombocytopenia or hypoproteinemia. In 58% of cases, ultrasonographic examination led to findings that were considered compatible with gastric neoplasia. Gastric wall thickening and loss of layering were the most common sonographic findings. Most frequent endoscopic findings were mucosal thickening and reddening; ulcerations were infrequent. Computed tomography findings were compatible with gastric neoplasia in two cases in which CT was performed. Intra-operative cytology results showed accordance with histologic diagnoses in 88% of cases. Five dogs with different underlying pathology and variable disease extension underwent surgical tumor resection. In one patient, recurrence was diagnosed after 104 days. Survival times of these dogs ranged between 7 and 2326 days.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Ultrasonography and, in selected cases, computed tomography aided in the diagnosis of gastric neoplasia. Intra-operative cytology possessed diagnostic value. In cases in which surgical resection was attempted, survival times varied markedly likely due to variable disease extension and underlying pathology (e.g. adenocarcinoma versus leiomyoma).

Cytogenetic analysis of CpG-oligonucleotide DSP30 plus Interleukin-2-Stimulated canine B-Cell lymphoma cells reveals the loss of one X Chromosome as the sole abnormality

Human and canine lymphoid neoplasms are characterized by non-random cytogenetic abnormalities. However, due to the low mitotic activity of the B cells, cytogenetic analyses of B-cell lymphoid proliferations are difficult to perform. In the present study we stimulated canine B-cell lymphoma cells with the immunostimulatory CpG-oligonucleotide DSP30 in combination with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and obtained an adequate number of metaphases. Cytogenetic analyses revealed the loss of one X chromosome as the sole cytogenetic aberration. Chromosome analysis of the corresponding blood showed a normal female karyotype. Monosomy X as the sole clonal chromosomal abnormality is found in human hematopoietic malignancies as well, thus the dog may serve as a promising animal model.

High-mobility group protein HMGA2-derived fragments stimulate the proliferation of chondrocytes and adipose tissue-derived stem cells

In previous research, it was shown that recombinant HMGA2 protein enhances the proliferation of porcine chondrocytes grown in vitro, opening up promising applications of this embryonic architectural transcription factor for tissue engineering, such as in cartilage repair. In this paper, we describe the development and analyses of two synthetic fragments comprising the functional AT-hook motifs of the HMGA2 protein, as well as the nuclear transport domain. They can be synthesised up to large scales, while eliminating some of the problems of recombinant protein production, including unwanted modification or contamination by the expression hosts, or of gene therapy approaches such as uncontrolled viral integration and transgene expression even after therapy. Application of one of these peptides onto porcine hyaline cartilage chondrocytes, grown in in vitro monolayer cell culture, showed a growth-promoting effect similar to that of the wild type HMGA2 protein. Furthermore, it also promoted cell growth of adult adipose tissue derived stem cells. Due to its proliferation inducing function and vast availability, this peptide is thus suitable for further application and investigation in various fields such as tissue engineering and stem cell research.