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Ni HQ, Dai JC, Yang S, Loach RP, Chuba MD, McAlpine IJ, Engle KM. Catalytic σ-Bond Annulation with Ambiphilic Organohalides Enabled by β-X Elimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306581. [PMID: 37306958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a catalytic cascade sequence involving directed C(sp3 )-H activation followed by β-heteroatom elimination to generate a PdII (π-alkene) intermediate that then undergoes redox-neutral annulation with an ambiphilic aryl halide to access 5- and 6-membered (hetero)cycles. Various alkyl C(sp3 )-oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur bonds can be selectively activated, and the annulation proceeds with high diastereoselectivity. The method enables modification of amino acids with good retention of enantiomeric excess, as well as σ-bond ring-opening/ring-closing transfiguration of low-strain heterocycles. Despite its mechanistic complexity, the method employs simple conditions and is operationally straightforward to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing-Cheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, 92121, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard P Loach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 06340, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Matthew D Chuba
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 06340, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Genesis Therapeutics, 11568 Sorrento Valley Rd. Suite 8, 92121, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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McInturff EL, France SP, Leverett CA, Flick AC, Lindsey EA, Berritt S, Carney DW, DeForest JC, Ding HX, Fink SJ, Gibson TS, Gray K, Hubbell AK, Johnson AM, Liu Y, Mahapatra S, McAlpine IJ, Watson RB, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2021. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10150-10201. [PMID: 37528515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Each year, new drugs are introduced to the market, representing structures that have affinity for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates, provide insight into molecular recognition and serve as potential leads for the design of future medicines. This annual review is part of a continuing series highlighting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 35 NCEs that were first approved anywhere in the world during 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L McInturff
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Gray
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aran K Hubbell
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amber M Johnson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Genesis Therapeutics, 11568 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 8, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Ni HQ, Cooper P, Yang S, Wang F, Sach N, Bedekar PG, Donaldson JS, Tran-Dubé M, McAlpine IJ, Engle KM. Mapping Ambiphile Reactivity Trends in the Anti-(Hetero)annulation of Non-Conjugated Alkenes via Pd II /Pd IV Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114346. [PMID: 35007393 PMCID: PMC8923970 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically evaluate different ambiphilic organohalides for their ability to participate in anti-selective carbo- or heteroannulation with non-conjugated alkenyl amides under PdII /PdIV catalysis. Detailed optimization of the reaction conditions has led to protocols for synthesizing tetrahydropyridines, tetralins, pyrrolidines, and other carbo/heterocyclic cores via [n+2] (n=3-5) (hetero)annulation. Expansion of scope to otherwise unreactive ambiphilic haloketones through PdII /amine co-catalysis is also demonstrated. Compared to other annulation processes, this method proceeds via a distinct PdII /PdIV mechanism involving Wacker-type directed nucleopalladation. This difference results in unique reactivity and selectivity patterns, as revealed through assessment of reaction scope and competition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phillippa Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Neal Sach
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Pranali G Bedekar
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joyann S Donaldson
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michelle Tran-Dubé
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Ni HQ, Cooper P, Yang S, Wang F, Sach N, Bedekar PG, Donaldson JS, Tran-Dubé M, McAlpine IJ, Engle KM. Mapping Ambiphile Reactivity Trends in the Anti‐(Hetero)annulation of Non‐Conjugated Alkenes via Pd(II)/Pd(IV) Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qi Ni
- The Scripps Research Institute Chemistry 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. 92037 La Jolla UNITED STATES
| | | | - Shouliang Yang
- Pfizer Inc Oncology Medicinal Chemistry 10770 Science Center Drive 92121 San Diego UNITED STATES
| | - Fen Wang
- Pfizer Inc Oncology Medicinal Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Neal Sach
- Pfizer Inc Oncology Medicinal Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | | | - Keary Mark Engle
- The Scripps Research Institute Department of Chemistry 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. 92037 La Jolla UNITED STATES
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Jensen-Pergakes K, Tatlock J, Maegley KA, McAlpine IJ, McTigue MA, Xie T, Dillon CP, Wang Y, Yamazaki S, Spiegel N, Shi M, Nemeth A, Miller N, Hendrickson E, Lam H, Sherrill J, Chung CY, McMillan EA, Bryant SK, Palde P, Braganza J, Brooun A, Deng YL, Goshtasbi V, Kephart SE, Kumpf RA, Liu W, Patman RL, Rui E, Scales S, Tran-Dube M, Wang F, Wythes M, Paul TA. SAM Competitive PRMT5 Inhibitor PF-06939999 Demonstrates Antitumor Activity in Splicing Dysregulated NSCLC with Decreased Liability of Drug Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 21:3-15. [PMID: 34737197 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) over-expression in hematological and solid tumors methylates arginine residues on cellular proteins involved in important cancer functions including cell cycle regulation, mRNA splicing, cell differentiation, cell signaling, and apoptosis. PRMT5 methyltransferase function has been linked with high rates of tumor cell proliferation and decreased overall survival, and PRMT5 inhibitors are currently being explored as an approach for targeting cancer-specific dependencies due to PRMT5 catalytic function. Here we describe the discovery of potent and selective S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) competitive PRMT5 inhibitors, with in vitro and in vivo characterization of clinical candidate PF-06939999. Acquired resistance mechanisms were explored through the development of drug resistant cell lines. Our data highlight compound-specific resistance mutations in the PRMT5 enzyme that demonstrate structural constraints in the co-factor binding site that prevent emergence of complete resistance to SAM site inhibitors. PRMT5 inhibition by PF-06939999 treatment reduced proliferation of NSCLC cancer cells, with dose-dependent decreases in symmetric dimethyl arginine (SDMA) levels and changes in alternative splicing of numerous pre-mRNAs. Drug sensitivity to PF-06939999 in NSCLC cells associates with cancer pathways including MYC, cell cycle and spliceosome, and with mutations in splicing factors such as RBM10. Translation of efficacy in mouse tumor xenograft models with splicing mutations provides rationale for therapeutic use of PF-06939999 in the treatment of splicing dysregulated NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tao Xie
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc
| | | | - Yuli Wang
- Oncology Research Division, Pfizer, Inc
| | - Shinji Yamazaki
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Johnson & Johnson (United States)
| | | | - Manli Shi
- Oncology Research Division, Pfizer, Inc
| | | | | | | | - Hieu Lam
- Oncology-Rinat Research Units, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
| | | | - Chi-Yeh Chung
- Pfizer Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer (United States)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ya-Li Deng
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc
| | | | | | | | - Wei Liu
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc
| | | | - Eugene Rui
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc
| | | | | | - Fen Wang
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc
| | | | - Thomas A Paul
- Pfizer Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer (United States)
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Patman RL, Barber JS, Kong D, Li W, McAlpine IJ, Nair SK, Sakata SK, Sun N. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed C–H Activation: Annulation of Petrochemical Feedstocks for the Construction of Isoquinolone Scaffolds. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe describe a simple and robust procedure for the Rh(III)-catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition of feedstock gases enabled through C–H activation. A diverse set of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolones and 3-methylisoquinolones have been prepared in good to excellent yields. The effects of using ethylene and propyne as coupling partners on C–H site selectivity have also been explored with a representative set of substrates and are discussed herein.
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Ni HQ, Kevlishvili I, Bedekar PG, Barber JS, Yang S, Tran-Dubé M, Romine AM, Lu HX, McAlpine IJ, Liu P, Engle KM. Anti-selective [3+2] (Hetero)annulation of non-conjugated alkenes via directed nucleopalladation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6432. [PMID: 33353940 PMCID: PMC7755910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-Dihydrobenzofurans and indolines are common substructures in medicines and natural products. Herein, we describe a method that enables direct access to these core structures from non-conjugated alkenyl amides and ortho-iodoanilines/phenols. Under palladium(II) catalysis this [3 + 2] heteroannulation proceeds in an anti-selective fashion and tolerates a wide variety of functional groups. N-Acetyl, -tosyl, and -alkyl substituted ortho-iodoanilines, as well as free -NH2 variants, are all effective. Preliminary results with carbon-based coupling partners also demonstrate the viability of forming indane core structures using this approach. Experimental and computational studies on reactions with phenols support a mechanism involving turnover-limiting, endergonic directed oxypalladation, followed by intramolecular oxidative addition and reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Pranali G Bedekar
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joyann S Barber
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Michelle Tran-Dubé
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Andrew M Romine
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hou-Xiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Kang T, Erbay TG, Xu KL, Gallego GM, Burtea A, Nair SK, Patman RL, Zhou R, Sutton SC, McAlpine IJ, Liu P, Engle KM. Multifaceted Substrate-Ligand Interactions Promote the Copper-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Benzylidenecyclobutanes and Related Compounds. ACS Catal 2020; 10:13075-13083. [PMID: 33791144 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A unified synthetic strategy to access tertiary four-membered carbo/heterocyclic boronic esters is reported. Use of a Cu(I) catalyst in combination with a modified dppbz ligand enables regioselective hydroboration of various trisubstituted benzylidenecyclobutanes and carbo/heterocyclic analogs. The reaction conditions are mild, and the method tolerates a wide range of medicinally relevant heteroarenes. The protocol can be conveniently conducted on gram-scale, and the tertiary boronic ester products undergo facile diversification into valuable targets. Reaction kinetics and computational studies indicate that the migratory insertion step is turnover-limiting and accelerated by electron-withdrawing groups on the dppbz ligand. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) calculations reveal that electron-deficient P-aryl groups on the dppbz ligand enhance the T-shaped π/π interactions with the substrate and stabilize the migratory insertion transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tuğçe G. Erbay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kane L. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gary M. Gallego
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alexander Burtea
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sajiv K. Nair
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ryan L. Patman
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ru Zhou
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott C. Sutton
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Indrawan J. McAlpine
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Barber JS, Scales S, Tran-Dubé M, Wang F, Sach NW, Bernier L, Collins MR, Zhu J, McAlpine IJ, Patman RL. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation: Ligand-Controlled Regioselective Synthesis of 4-Methyl-Substituted Dihydroisoquinolones. Org Lett 2019; 21:5689-5693. [PMID: 31264873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rh-catalyzed C-H functionalization of O-pivaloyl benzhydroxamic acids with propene gas provides access to 4-methyl-substituted dihydroisoquinolones. Good to excellent levels of regioselectivity are achieved using [CptRhCl2]2 as a precatalyst under optimized conditions. Thorough examination of aryl/heteroaryl O-pivaloyl hydroxamic acid substrates, ligand effects on C-H site selectivity, alkene scope, and demonstration of scale are discussed within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyann S Barber
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Stephanie Scales
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Michelle Tran-Dubé
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Neal W Sach
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Louise Bernier
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Michael R Collins
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - JinJiang Zhu
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Ryan L Patman
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrawan J. McAlpine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Robert W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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