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Søland TM, Solhaug MB, Bjerkli IH, Schreurs O, Sapkota D. The prognostic role of combining Krüppel-like factor 4 score and grade of inflammation in a Norwegian cohort of oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12866. [PMID: 35363406 PMCID: PMC9321830 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc-finger transcription factor involved in inflammation, cancer development, and progression. However, the relationship between KLF4, inflammation, and prognosis in oral cancer is not fully understood. KLF4 expression levels were examined in a multicenter cohort of 128 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) specimens from the tongue (OTSCC) using immunohistochemistry. In two external KLF4 mRNA datasets (The Cancer Genome Atlas/The Genotype-Tissue Expression Portal), lower KLF4 mRNA expression was found in OSCC and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) than in control oral epithelium. These data indicate that down-regulation of KLF4 mRNA is linked to OSCC/HNSCC progression. Using Cox-multivariate analysis, a significantly favorable 5-year disease-specific survival rate was observed for a subgroup of patients with a combination of high levels of KLF4 expression and inflammation. OSCC cell lines exposed to IFN-γ showed a significant upregulation of nuclear KLF4 expression, indicating a link between inflammation and KLF4 expression in OSCC. Overall, the current data suggest a functional link between KLF4 and inflammation. The combination of high KLF4 nuclear expression and marked/moderate stromal inflammation might be useful as a favorable prognostic marker for a subgroup of OTSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine M Søland
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren B Solhaug
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger-Heidi Bjerkli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olav Schreurs
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Wirsing AM, Bjerkli IH, Steigen SE, Rikardsen O, Magnussen SN, Hegge B, Seppola M, Uhlin-Hansen L, Hadler-Olsen E. Validation of Selected Head and Neck Cancer Prognostic Markers from the Pathology Atlas in an Oral Tongue Cancer Cohort. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102387. [PMID: 34069237 PMCID: PMC8156750 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pathology Atlas is an open-access database that reports the prognostic value of protein-coding transcripts in 17 cancers, including head and neck cancer. However, cancers of the various head and neck anatomical sites are specific biological entities. Thus, the aim of the present study was to validate promising prognostic markers for head and neck cancer reported in the Pathology Atlas in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). We selected three promising markers from the Pathology Atlas (CALML5, CD59, LIMA1), and analyzed their prognostic value in a Norwegian OTSCC cohort comprising 121 patients. We correlated target protein and mRNA expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cancer tissue to five-year disease-specific survival (DSS) in univariate and multivariate analyses. Protein expression of CALML5 and LIMA1 were significantly associated with five-year DSS in the OTSCC cohort in univariate analyses (p = 0.016 and p = 0.043, respectively). In multivariate analyses, lymph node metastases, tumor differentiation, and CALML5 were independent prognosticators. The prognostic role of the other selected markers for head and neck cancer patients identified through unbiased approaches could not be validated in our OTSCC cohort. This underlines the need for subsite-specific analyses for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Wirsing
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
| | - Inger-Heidi Bjerkli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sonja Eriksson Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Oddveig Rikardsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Synnøve Norvoll Magnussen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
| | - Beate Hegge
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
| | - Marit Seppola
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.M.W.); (I.-H.B.); (S.E.S.); (O.R.); (S.N.M.); (B.H.); (M.S.); (L.U.-H.)
- The Public Dental Health Service Competence Centre of Northern Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-48-06-72-49
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Søland TM, Bjerkli IH, Georgsen JB, Schreurs O, Jebsen P, Laurvik H, Sapkota D. High-risk human papilloma virus was not detected in a Norwegian cohort of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the mobile tongue. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 7:70-77. [PMID: 33140903 PMCID: PMC7853882 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of and the causative role of high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) is a subject of controversy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The disagreement can be related to the misclassification of OSCC as oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and/or lack of standard detection methods. This study aimed to examine the presence of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV in a homogenous Norwegian cohort of primary and second primary OSCC of the mobile tongue (oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma-OTSCC). METHODS Tissue microarrays containing formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded cores of 146 OTSCC from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (n = 128 primary and n = 18 second primary) from a multicentric Norwegian cohort were examined for the presence of high-risk HPV by DNA- and RNA-in situ hybridization (ISH) assays and p16 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Transcriptionally active HPV (E6/E7 mRNA) was not identified in any of the OTSCC specimens. In parallel, no tumors were positive for HPV by DNA ISH. Although, 61 (42%) OTSCC demonstrated p16 positivity with varying staining intensity and subcellular localization, only two cases demonstrated strong and uniform p16-staining (both cytoplasmic and nuclear) in >70% of cancer cells. The absence of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV in this cohort of OTSCC indicates that high-risk HPV is an unlikely causative factor in the present material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine M Søland
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger-Heidi Bjerkli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Olaf Schreurs
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Jebsen
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helene Laurvik
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Sieviläinen M, Wirsing AM, Hyytiäinen A, Almahmoudi R, Rodrigues P, Bjerkli IH, Åström P, Toppila-Salmi S, Paavonen T, Coletta RD, Hadler-Olsen E, Salo T, Al-Samadi A. Evaluation Challenges in the Validation of B7-H3 as Oral Tongue Cancer Prognosticator. Head Neck Pathol 2020; 15:469-478. [PMID: 32959211 PMCID: PMC8134649 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B7-H3 was the only molecule identified with prognostic potential from a recent systematic review of the prognostic value of immune checkpoints in oral cancer. We aimed to validate this finding in a multicenter international cohort. We retrospectively retrieved 323 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) samples from three different countries (Brazil, Finland, and Norway) for immunostaining and scoring for B7-H3. We evaluated tumor immunogenicity by analyzing the amount of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and divided the tumors into immune hot and cold. To increase the reliability of the results, both digital and manual visual scoring were used. Survival curves were constructed based on the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazard model was utilized for univariate and multivariate survival analysis. B7-H3 expression was not significantly associated with overall or disease-specific survival in the whole OTSCC cohort. When divided into immune hot and cold tumors, high B7-H3 expression was significantly associated with poor disease-specific and overall survival in the immune hot group, depending on the scoring method and the country of the cohort. This was achieved only in the univariate analysis. In conclusion, B7-H3 was a negative prognosticator for OTSCC patient survival in the subgroup of immune hot tumors, and was not validated as a prognosticator in the full cohort. Our findings suggest that the immune activity of the tumor should be considered when testing immune checkpoints as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Sieviläinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Maria Wirsing
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aini Hyytiäinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabeia Almahmoudi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Priscila Rodrigues
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Inger-Heidi Bjerkli
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway ,grid.412244.50000 0004 4689 5540Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pirjo Åström
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Paavonen
- grid.412330.70000 0004 0628 2985Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Fimlab laboratories, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ricardo D. Coletta
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway ,The Public Dental Health Competence Center of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tuula Salo
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666University of Helsinki Central hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Steigen SE, Søland TM, Nginamau ES, Laurvik H, Costea DE, Johannessen AC, Jebsen P, Bjerkli IH, Uhlin-Hansen L, Hadler-Olsen E. Grading of oral squamous cell carcinomas - Intra and interrater agreeability: Simpler is better? J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:630-635. [PMID: 31899572 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have been presented on histological grading of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) for predicting survival, but uncertainty of their usefulness rises due to discordances of results. A scoring system should be robust and well validated, and intra- and interrater agreement can be used as a tool to visualize the strength of reproducibility. METHODS Here, we present an intra- and inter-observer study on evaluation of OSCC using some of the most common histopathological parameters. The observers were from different Norwegian university hospitals, and calibration to ensure accuracy was first performed. Percentage of the agreement was calculated for the score made by the individual observer at different times, as well as between pairs of observers. RESULTS The evaluation made by the same observer at two different time points (intrarater) correlated better than observations made by different participants (interrater). In an attempt to increase the rate of agreement, many of the parameters were either dichotomized into simply low- and high grade, or to a three-tier system when more than three options in the original design. This increased the concurrence with 15.4% for the intrarater and with 23% for the interrater comparisons. CONCLUSION High agreement for histopathological parameters can be difficult to obtain on hematoxylin and eosin staining in scoring systems with many options. A simpler system might be more advantageous to achieve higher degree of reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja E Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tine M Søland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Helene Laurvik
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniela-Elena Costea
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,The Gade Laboratory of Pathology and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Christine Johannessen
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,The Gade Laboratory of Pathology and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter Jebsen
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger-Heidi Bjerkli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Bjerkli IH, Jetlund O, Karevold G, Karlsdóttir Á, Jaatun E, Uhlin-Hansen L, Rikardsen OG, Hadler-Olsen E, Steigen SE. Characteristics and prognosis of primary treatment-naïve oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in Norway, a descriptive retrospective study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227738. [PMID: 31945122 PMCID: PMC6964975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Incidence of oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas is rising worldwide, and population characterization is important to follow for future trends. The aim of this retrospective study was to present a large cohort of primary oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma from all four health regions of Norway, with descriptive clinicopathological characteristics and five-year survival outcomes. Materials and methods Patients diagnosed with primary treatment-naïve oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas at all four university hospitals in Norway between 2005–2009 were retrospectively included in this study. Clinicopathological data from the electronic health records were compared to survival data. Results A total of 535 patients with primary treatment-naïve oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas were identified. The median survival follow-up time was 48 months (range 0–125 months) after treatment. The median five-year overall survival was found to be 47%. Median five-year disease-specific survival was 52%, ranging from 80% for stage I to 33% for stage IV patients. For patients given treatment with curative intent, the overall survival was found to be 56% and disease-specific survival 62%. Median age at diagnosis was 67 years (range 24–101 years), 64 years for men and 72 years for women. The male: female ratio was 1.2. No gender difference was found in neither tumor status (p = 0.180) nor node status (p = 0.266), but both factors influenced significantly on survival (p<0.001 for both). Conclusions We present a large cohort of primary treatment-naïve oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas in Norway. Five-year disease-specific survival was 52%, and patients eligible for curative treatment had a five-year disease-specific survival up to 62%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger-Heidi Bjerkli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olav Jetlund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Head, Neck and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital—Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnhild Karevold
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Head, Neck and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital—Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ása Karlsdóttir
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Jaatun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Oddveig G. Rikardsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sonja E. Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Rikardsen OG, Bjerkli IH, Uhlin-Hansen L, Hadler-Olsen E, Steigen SE. Clinicopathological characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Northern Norway: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:103. [PMID: 25135120 PMCID: PMC4149799 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main aim of the study was to evaluate if patients with oral squamous carcinomas in Northern Norway differ from patients in other countries with regard to clinicopathological characteristics and also study the influence of risk factors. Such a comparison is of demographical interest, and also important for the interpretation of result from studies on prognostic biomarkers. Methods We describe clinicopathological characteristics of 133 North Norwegian patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in the period 1986–2002, and evaluate the significance of different risk factors. Results The cohort consisted of 69 men and 64 women, giving male/female ratio of 1.1. Forty-seven of the 133 patients (35%) died of the disease within 5 years from diagnosis. There was no significant difference between the genders concerning time to disease specific death, even though men both smoked and drank more alcohol than women. As expected, the strongest predictors for disease specific death were tumour size and the presence of regional lymph node metastasis. We also found that heavy smokers and drinkers presented with more advanced disease, more often localized to the floor of mouth compared to non-smoking and abstinent patients, who more often presented with tumours of the mobile tongue. Conclusions Our results correlate well with previously published clinicopathological data on comparable cohorts, which is important when considering the applicability of results from biomarker studies performed on this material compared to other cohorts, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sonja E Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumour Biology Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Abstract
On day 2 post partum, swab samples were obtained from the oropharyngx of 20 healthy, breast-fed babies. The samples were examined for aerobes (culture on agar plates), for bacterial coating with the immunoglobulins SIgA, IgG and IgM (immunofluorescence assay), for bacterial attachment to epithelial cells (fluorescence microscopy of acridine orange stained material, and scanning electron microscopy). alpha-Hemolytic streptococci grew almost exclusively in the oropharynx, while 32% (median value) of the epithelial cells showed bacterial attachment in abundance, viz. > 50 attached bacteria per cell, 66% (median value) of the bacteria showed positive reactivity when treated with anti-human SIgA serum. 72% (median value) of the bacteria were coated with IgG, but no IgM coating of the bacteria could be detected. Newborns do not possess IgA antibodies, as only IgG is able to pass the placental barrier. The SIgA-rich colostrum is capable of coating the oropharyngeal bacteria of breast-fed babies during their first days after birth. However, despite abundant SIgA-coating, bacteria still succeed in attaching to the epithelial cells of the oropharynx. This finding hints that factors other than SIgA impede the bacterial/cellular adhesion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Bjerkli
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tromse, Norway
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