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Ochom E, Robsky KO, Gupta AJ, Tamale A, Kungu J, Turimumahoro P, Nakasendwa S, Rwego IB, Muttamba W, Joloba M, Ssengooba W, Davis JL, Katamba A. Geographic distribution and predictors of diagnostic delays among possible TB patients in Uganda. Public Health Action 2023; 13:70-76. [PMID: 37736583 PMCID: PMC10446659 DOI: 10.5588/pha.23.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the geographic distribution and factors associated with delayed TB diagnosis may help target interventions to reduce delays and improve patient outcomes. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of adults undergoing TB evaluation within a public health demonstration project in Uganda. Using Global Moran's I (GMI) and Getis-Ord GI* statistics, we evaluated for residential clustering and hotspots associated with patient-related and health system-related delays. We performed multivariate logistic regression to identify individual predictors of both types of delays. RESULTS Of 996 adults undergoing TB evaluation (median age: 37 years, IQR 28-49), 333 (33%) experienced patient delays, and 568 (57%) experienced health system delays. Participants were clustered (GMI 0.47-0.64, P ⩽ 0.001) at the sub-county level, but there were no statistically significant hotspots for patient or health system delays. Married individuals were less likely to experience patient delays (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.48-0.75; P < 0.001). Those aged 38-57 years (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.07-1.38; P = 0.002) were more likely than those aged ⩾58 years to experience patient delays. Knowledge about TB (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.63-0.98; P = 0.03) protected against health system delays. CONCLUSIONS We did not identify geographic hotspots for TB diagnostic delays. Instead, delays were associated with individual factors such as age, marital status and TB knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ochom
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Kampala, Uganda
| | - K O Robsky
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - A J Gupta
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Tamale
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources
| | - J Kungu
- Biotechnical and Biolab Sciences, and
| | - P Turimumahoro
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Kampala, Uganda
| | - S Nakasendwa
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Kampala, Uganda
| | - I B Rwego
- Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - M Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - W Ssengooba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J L Davis
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Katamba
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Kampala, Uganda
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Nzietchueng S, Kitua A, Nyatanyi T, Rwego IB. Facilitating implementation of the one health approach: A definition of a one health intervention. One Health 2023; 16:100491. [PMID: 36755741 PMCID: PMC9900431 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The last two decades has witnessed a disruption of socio-economic, security and political foundation worldwide due to surging of health events arising at the ecosystem, animal and human interface. The unprecedent magnitude of these events has led to the adoption of One Health approach. Several theoretical definitions and an operational one were released to help common user to understand the approach. To provide evidence of the impact of implementing the One Health approach and to assess the process outputs, a definition of a One Health intervention is required. We are proposing a definition and characteristics of a One Health intervention which will complement the operational definition of the One Health approach by the One Health High-Level Expert Panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Nzietchueng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium,Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Kenya,Corresponding author at: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
| | - Andrew Kitua
- Public Health and Environmental Interventions Enhancement (NGALAKERI NGO), Tanzania
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Fasina FO, Nanyingi M, Wangila RS, Gikonyo S, Omani R, Nyariki T, Wahome LW, Kiplamai J, Tenge E, Kivaria F, Okuthe S, Nzietchueng S, Kimani T, Kimutai J, Mucheru G, Njagi O, Njogu G, Rono R, Maina GN, Mogaka D, Mathooko J, Sirdar MM, Mogoa EG, Makumi A, Bett B, Mwatondo A, Kimonye VK, Rwego IB, Adan A, Wakhusama S, Bastiaensen P, Bebay C. Co-creation and priority setting for applied and implementation research in One Health: Improving capacities in public and animal health systems in Kenya. One Health 2022; 15:100460. [PMID: 36532669 PMCID: PMC9754982 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Kenyan government has successfully been implementing sector specific and multisectoral projects aligned to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). For operational readiness and to enhance the effective planning and implementation of Global Health Security Programs (GHSP) at national and subnational level, there is an urgent need for stakeholders' engagement process to seek input in identifying challenges, prioritise activities for field implementation, and identify applied research and development questions, that should be addressed in the next five years. Methods The modified Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method was used to identify global health security related priorities for multisectoral implementation in Kenya. Subject matter experts from human, animal and environmental health sectors at national and subnational level contributed to predefined research questions from a number of sources and activities for consideration for implementation using a One Health approach. Sixty-two experts scored the 193 questions based on five pre-defined criteria: 1) feasibility and answerability; 2) potential for burden reduction; 3) potential for a paradigm shift; 4) potential for translation and implementation; and 5) impact on equity. Data resulting from this process was then analysed in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to determine the research priorities and experts' agreements. Results Among the priority activities identified for implementation research were; strengthening One Health governance and legal frameworks; integration of ecosystem health into One Health programming; strengthening disease reporting, integrated data collection, information sharing and joint outbreak response; socio-anthropological and gender-based approaches in improving risk and behavioural change communication and community engagement; and one health workforce development. In addition, the potentials to invest in collaborative predictive risk modelling to enhance epidemic intelligence systems, while strengthening the One Health approach in the food safety incident and emergency response plans are feasible. Interpretation Successful multisectoral implementation of global health security program in Kenya calls for a whole of society approach that will harness community and private sector knowledge to build preparedness and response capacities while targeting neglected and marginalised populations. This research provides a framework that is worth emulating for cost-effective planning and implementation of overarching One Health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya,Corresponding author.
| | - Mark Nanyingi
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of One Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rinah S. Wangila
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Gikonyo
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth Omani
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Nyariki
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy W. Wahome
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joy Kiplamai
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evans Tenge
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Kivaria
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sam Okuthe
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Serge Nzietchueng
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tabitha Kimani
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimutai
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald Mucheru
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Obadiah Njagi
- Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Co-operatives, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Njogu
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert Rono
- Department of Health Services, Baringo County Government, Kabarnet, Kenya
| | - Grace N. Maina
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Murang'a County Government, Murang'a, Kenya
| | - Dan Mogaka
- World Health Organization (WHO), World Health Emergencies (WHE), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Mathooko
- Inclusive Value Chain, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohammed M. Sirdar
- Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, World Organization for Animal Health, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Eddy G.M. Mogoa
- Africa One Health University Network (AFROHUN) Kenya, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Angela Makumi
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Zoonotic Disease Unit (ZDU), Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Innocent B. Rwego
- CORE Group Polio-Global Health Security Project, Kenya and Somalia, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdirahman Adan
- CORE Group Polio-Global Health Security Project, Kenya and Somalia, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Wakhusama
- Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa, World Organization for Animal Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Bastiaensen
- Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa, World Organization for Animal Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Bebay
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of One Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Mahero MW, Pelican KM, Waila JM, Namusisi S, Rwego IB, Kajura C, Nyatuna C, Boulware DR, Hartter J, Mugisha L, Robertson C, Travis DA. "There are many fevers": Communities' perception and management of Febrile illness and its relationship with human animal interactions in South-Western Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010125. [PMID: 35192636 PMCID: PMC8929701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing the causative agent of febrile illness in resource-limited countries is a challenge in part due to lack of adequate diagnostic infrastructure to confirm cause of infection. Most febrile illnesses (>60%) are non-malarial, with a significant proportion being zoonotic and likely from animal origins. To better characterize the pathways for zoonotic disease transmission and control in vulnerable communities, adequate information on the communities' experiences and lexicon describing fever, and their understanding and perceptions of risk pathways is required. We undertook an ethnographic study to understand behaviors, exposures, and attitudes toward fever at the community level. Our hope is to better elucidate areas of priority surveillance and diagnostic investment. A focused ethnography consisting of participant observation, informal conversations, 4 barazas (community meetings), and formal ethnographic interviews (13 Focus group discussions and 17 Key informant interviews) was conducted between April and November 2015 in Kasese and Hoima Districts in Uganda. Perception of illness and associated risk factors was heavily influenced by the predominant livelihood activity of the community. The term "fever" referred to multiple temperature elevating disease processes, recognized as distinct pathological occurrences. However, malaria was the illness often cited, treated, or diagnosed both at the health facilities and through self-diagnosis and treatment. As expected, fever is as an important health challenge affecting all ages. Recognition of malarial fever was consistent with a biomedical model of disease while non-malarial fevers were interpreted mainly through ethno etiological models of explanation. These models are currently being used to inform education and prevention strategies and treatment regimens toward the goal of improving patients' outcomes and confidence in the health system. Development of treatment algorithms that consider social, cultural, and economic contexts, especially where human-animal interaction is prevalent, should factor animal exposure and zoonotic illnesses as important differentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wandanje Mahero
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Pelican
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Jacinta M. Waila
- Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shamilah Namusisi
- Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent B. Rwego
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - David R. Boulware
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- EcoHealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Cheryl Robertson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA United States of America
| | - Dominic A. Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota United States of America
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Aruho R, MacLeod ET, Manirakiza L, Rwego IB. A serological survey of brucellosis in wildlife in four major National Parks of Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:95. [PMID: 33648507 PMCID: PMC7923651 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a contagious zoonotic disease of great public health and economic significance especially in developing countries. The disease affects humans and several species of livestock and wildlife. Studies on Brucellosis in wildlife in Uganda have been limited to single populations particularly in Queen Elizabeth National Park. This study aimed at estimating the percentage of positive samples of Brucella spp. in wildlife in four major national parks of Uganda. This was a retrospective survey which utilized archived samples collected from wildlife during the annual disease surveillance activities between 2013 and 2017. Results A total of 241 samples from seven species namely African buffalo (Syncerus caffer, n = 109), African elephant (Loxodonta africana, n = 22), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi, n = 41), Uganda kob (Kobus kob thomasi, n = 36), lion (Panthera leo, n = 6), plain zebra (Equus quagga, n = 25), and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus, n = 2), were tested for antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test. The overall percentage of positive samples in the four national parks was 31.1% (75/241; 95% CI: 25.6–37.2). Kidepo Valley National Park had a significantly higher percentage of positive samples of 55.9% (19/34; 95% CI: 39.5–71.1) compared to other sampled national parks (p < 0.05). Lions had significantly higher percentage of positive samples at 66.7% (4/6) than African buffalo at 48.6% (53/109, p < 0.0001). There were no antibodies for Brucella spp. detected in African elephant and bushbuck. Conclusion This study shows variations in percentage of positive samples with Brucella spp. between species and across national parks and notably a high percentage with Brucella spp. in wildlife in Uganda than that recorded elsewhere in sub-Saharan region of Africa. Potential for transmission to other wildlife and spill over to livestock is high especially in national parks with high livestock-wildlife interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Aruho
- Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) Headquarters, Plot 7, Kira Road, Kamwokya, P. O Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda. .,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, 1 George Square, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Ewan T MacLeod
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, 1 George Square, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Leonard Manirakiza
- National Pharmacovigilance Centre, Uganda National Drug Authority, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- Department of Biosecurity Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, Africa One Health University Network (AFROHUN), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, One Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Kibuule M, Sekimpi D, Agaba A, Halage AA, Jonga M, Manirakiza L, Kansiime C, Travis D, Pelican K, Rwego IB. Preparedness of health care systems for Ebola outbreak response in Kasese and Rubirizi districts, Western Uganda. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:236. [PMID: 33509138 PMCID: PMC7844941 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of preparedness of the health care workers, the health facility and the entire health system determines the magnitude of the impact of an Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak as demonstrated by the West African Ebola outbreak. The objective of the study was to assess preparedness of the health care facilities and identify appropriate preparedness measures for Ebola outbreak response in Kasese and Rubirizi districts in western Uganda. METHODS A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted by interviewing 189 health care workers using a structured questionnaire and visits to 22 health facilities to determine the level of health care system preparedness to EVD outbreak. District level infrastructure capabilities, existence of health facility logistics and supplies, and health care workers' knowledge of EVD was assessed. EVD Preparedness was assessed on infrastructure and logistical capabilities and the level of knowledge of an individual health work about the etiology, control and prevention of EVD. RESULTS Twelve out of the 22 of the health facilities, especially health center III's and IV's, did not have a line budget to respond to EVD when there was a threat of EVD in a nearby country. The majority (n = 13) of the facilities did not have the following: case definition books, rapid response teams and/or committees, burial teams, and simulation drills. There were no personal protective equipment that could be used within 8 h in case of an EVD outbreak in fourteen of the 22 health facilities. All facilities did not have Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) incident management centers, isolation units, guidelines for burial, and one-meter distance between a health care worker and a patient during triage. Overall, 54% (n = 102) of health care workers (HCWs) did not know the incubation period of EVD. HCWs who had tertiary education (aOR = 5.79; CI = 1.79-18.70; p = 0.003), and were Christian (aOR = 10.47; CI = 1.94-56.4; p = 0.006) were more likely to know about the biology, incubation period, causes and prevention of EVD. CONCLUSIONS Feedback on the level of preparedness for the rural districts helps inform strategies for building capacity of these health centers in terms of infrastructure, logistics and improving knowledge of health care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kibuule
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Deogratias Sekimpi
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aggrey Agaba
- Africa One Health University Network (AFROHUN), 16A Elizabeth Avenue, Kololo, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abdullah Ali Halage
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Jonga
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Leonard Manirakiza
- National Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Drug Authority, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Catherine Kansiime
- Africa One Health University Network (AFROHUN), 16A Elizabeth Avenue, Kololo, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dominic Travis
- One Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Katharine Pelican
- One Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- Africa One Health University Network (AFROHUN), 16A Elizabeth Avenue, Kololo, Kampala, Uganda.
- One Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Department of Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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Ochieng JR, Rwego IB, Kisakye JJM, Brown M. Gastrointestinal parasites of blue monkeys (
Cercopithecus mitis
) and grey‐cheeked mangabeys (
Lophocebus albigena
) at the Ngogo Research Site in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Robert Ochieng
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Innocent B. Rwego
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB) Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - John Joseph M. Kisakye
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Michelle Brown
- Department of Anthropology University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
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Driciru M, Rwego IB, Ndimuligo SA, Travis DA, Mwakapeje ER, Craft M, Asiimwe B, Alvarez J, Ayebare S, Pelican K. Environmental determinants influencing anthrax distribution in Queen Elizabeth Protected Area, Western Uganda. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237223. [PMID: 32810178 PMCID: PMC7446795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, a disease that primarily affects herbivorous animals, is a soil borne endospore-forming microbe. Environmental distribution of viable spores determines risky landscapes for herbivore exposure and subsequent anthrax outbreaks. Spore survival and longevity depends on suitable conditions in its environment. Anthrax is endemic in Queen Elizabeth Protected Area in western Uganda. Periodic historical outbreaks with significant wildlife losses date to 1950s, but B. anthracis ecological niche in the ecosystem is poorly understood. This study used the Maximum Entropy modeling algorithm method to predict suitable niche and environmental conditions that may support anthrax distribution and spore survival. Model inputs comprised 471 presence-only anthrax occurrence data from park management records of 1956–2010, and 11 predictor variables derived from the World Climatic and Africa Soil Grids online resources, selected considering the ecology of anthrax. The findings revealed predicted suitable niche favoring survival and distribution of anthrax spores as a narrow-restricted corridor within the study area, defined by hot-dry climatic conditions with alkaline soils rich in potassium and calcium. A mean test AUC of 0.94 and predicted probability of 0.93 for anthrax presence were registered. The five most important predictor variables that accounted for 93.8% of model variability were annual precipitation (70.1%), exchangeable potassium (12.6%), annual mean temperature (4.3%), soil pH (3.7%) and calcium (3.1%). The predicted suitable soil properties likely originate from existing sedimentary calcareous gypsum rocks. This has implications for long-term presence of B. anthracis spores and might explain the long history of anthrax experienced in the area. However, occurrence of suitable niche as a restricted hot zone offers opportunities for targeted anthrax surveillance, response and establishment of monitoring strategies in QEPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Driciru
- Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail: , (MD); (KP)
| | - Innocent B. Rwego
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Sood A. Ndimuligo
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dominic A. Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Elibariki R. Mwakapeje
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Section, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Meggan Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Benon Asiimwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Ayebare
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Katharine Pelican
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (MD); (KP)
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9
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Iramiot JS, Rwego IB, Kansiime C, Asiimwe BB. Epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae associated with the 2017 outbreak in Kasese district, Uganda. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1405. [PMID: 31664972 PMCID: PMC6819361 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uganda is among the 51 countries where cholera outbreaks are common with epidemics occurring predominantly along the western border with Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Kampala city slums, Busia district which is a border town with Western Kenya, Mbale district and the Karamoja Sub-region. This report summarizes findings from the epidemiologic investigation, which aimed at identifying the mode of transmission and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Vibrio cholerae isolated in Kasese district, Uganda. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out between 2017 and 2018 to describe the epidemiology of the cholera epidemic in Kasese district, Uganda. Rectal swabs were collected from 69 suspected case-persons and cultured on Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Salts Sucrose (TCBS™; SEIKEN Japan) agar and incubated at 37 °C for 18-24 h. The isolates were serotyped with polyvalent 01 antiserum and monovalent serotype Inaba and Ogawa antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to determine which serotype was responsible for the outbreak. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. A list of discharged patients was obtained from the isolation units of Bwera hospital and Kagando hospital and the individuals were followed to the community where they live. Questionnaires were administered to a total of 75 participants who were either the cases or relatives to the case. GPS points of the homes of the cases and pictures of potential source infection were also taken and cases were mapped. RESULTS A total of 222 cases were recorded in the Kasese District outbreak between the month of September 2017 and January 2018 with the case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.4%. Children below the age of 14 years contributed the biggest proportion of the cases (70%) and out of these, 33% were aged below 5 years. Culture isolated 69 V. cholerae 01 serotype Inaba from the total of 71 samples. Salmonella typhi was Isolated from the other two samples which were negative for V. cholerae. Antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was done on isolates from 69 participants and showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin and over 50% were resistant to trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole whereas gentamicin showed 100% susceptibility. Environmental assessment revealed rampant cases of open defecation. CONCLUSION Though we did not culture water to confirm contamination with Vibrio cholerae, we hypothesize that the cholera epidemic in Kasese 2017 was sparked off by consumption of contaminated water following the heavy floods that washed away latrines into water sources in Bwera, Isango and Nakiyumbu sub-counties. V. cholerae was also highly resistant to the commonly used antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Stanley Iramiot
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) network, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,One Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Catherine Kansiime
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) network, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benon B Asiimwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) network, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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10
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Murphy SC, Negron ME, Pieracci EG, Deressa A, Bekele W, Regassa F, Wassie BA, Afera B, Hajito KW, Walelign E, Abebe G, Newman S, Rwego IB, Mutonga D, Gulima D, Kebede N, Smith WA, Kramer LM, Kibria A, Bonnenfant YT, Mortenson JA, Vieira AR, Kadzik M, Sugerman D, Amare B, Kanter T, Walke H, Belay E, Gallagher K. One Health collaborations for zoonotic disease control in Ethiopia. REV SCI TECH OIE 2019; 38:51-60. [PMID: 31564741 DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.1.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases require a One Health approach for successful control and elimination due to the nature of their transmission between animals and humans. One Health recognises that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are all interconnected. Ethiopia has committed itself to controlling five prioritised zoonotic diseases (rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis and echinococcosis), using a One Health approach. The National One Health Steering Committee (NOHSC) provides a framework for national stakeholders to address gaps in multisectoral communication, coordination and collaboration. In addition, the NOHSC oversees the formation of several specialised disease-focused groups, referred to as 'Technical Working Groups' (TWGs). These TWGs are responsible for developing disease prevention and control strategies, as well as implementing disease-focused public health activities and providing recommendations to the NOHSC. Ethiopia's success using the One Health approach and its efficient control of zoonotic diseases will depend on the commitment of all member Ministries to support the NOHSC and TWGs, as well as to build capacity in Ethiopia's workforce and laboratories, a task supported by its many international partners.
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11
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Nzietchueng S, Kambarage D, Rwego IB, Mfinanga SG, Mbonye A, Mutonga D, Kaboyo W, Makumbi I, Muriuki S, Casimir N, Mduma S, Makasi C, Kitua AY. Post-Ebola Awakening: Urgent Call for Investing in Maintaining Effective Preparedness Capacities at the National and Regional Levels in Sub-Saharan Africa. East Afr Health Res J 2019; 3:79-84. [PMID: 34308199 PMCID: PMC8279345 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj-d-19-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The 2014 Ebola outbreak reminded us of the importance of preparedness for addressing health security threats. Learning from this experience, we aim to (1) enhance the understanding of preparedness by policy and decision makers, (2) discuss opportunities for Africa to invest in the prevention of health security threats, (3) highlight the value of investing in preventing health security threats, and (4) propose innovations to enhance investments for the prevention or containment of health security threats at the source. Methods: We used observations of governments' attitudes towards investing in preparedness for health security prevention or containment at the source. We conducted a literature review through PubMed, the World Wide Web, and Mendeley using the keywords: “health emergency financing”, “investing in health threats prevention”, and “stopping outbreaks at the source”. Results: Countries in sub-Saharan Africa invest inadequately towards building and maintaining critical capacities for preventing, detecting, and containing outbreaks at the source. Global health security emergency funding schemes target responses to outbreaks but neglect their prevention. Governments are not absorbing and maintaining adequately capacity built through GHS, World Bank, and development aid projects – a lost opportunity for building and retaining outbreak prevention capacity. Recommendations: Governments should (1) allocate adequate national budgets for health honouring the Abuja and related commitments; (2) own and maintain capacities developed through International Development Aids, OH networks, research consortia and projects; (3) establish a regional health security threats prevention fund. The global community and scientists should (1) consider broadening existing health emergency funds to finance the prevention and containment outbreaks at the source and (2) Strengthen economic analyses and case studies as incentives for governments' budget allocations to prevent health security threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Nzietchueng
- One Health Division, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,USAID/EPT-2 Preparedness and Response Project
| | | | - Innocent B Rwego
- One Health Division, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sayoki G Mfinanga
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Department of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Afrique One-ASPIRE
| | - Anthony Mbonye
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Issa Makumbi
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ndongo Casimir
- Veterinary Service, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries.,National Public Health Institute, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Stephen Mduma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Public Health and Environmental Advancement Interventions "NGALAKERI" NGO, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Charles Makasi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Public Health and Environmental Advancement Interventions "NGALAKERI" NGO, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Andrew Y Kitua
- USAID/EPT-2 Preparedness and Response Project.,Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Public Health and Environmental Advancement Interventions "NGALAKERI" NGO, Morogoro, Tanzania
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12
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Driciru M, Rwego IB, Asiimwe B, Travis DA, Alvarez J, VanderWaal K, Pelican K. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of anthrax in Hippopotamus amphibious in Queen Elizabeth Protected Area, Uganda. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206922. [PMID: 30485342 PMCID: PMC6261556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax is a zoonotic disease primarily of herbivores, caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium with diverse geographical and global distribution. Globally, livestock outbreaks have declined but in Africa significant outbreaks continue to occur with most countries still categorized as enzootic, hyper endemic or sporadic. Uganda experiences sporadic human and livestock cases. Severe large-scale outbreaks occur periodically in hippos (Hippopotamus amphibious) at Queen Elizabeth Protected Area, where in 2004/2005 and 2010 anthrax killed 437 hippos. Ecological drivers of these outbreaks and potential of hippos to maintain anthrax in the ecosystem remain unknown. This study aimed to describe spatio-temporal patterns of anthrax among hippos; examine significant trends associated with case distributions; and generate hypotheses for investigation of ecological drivers of anthrax. METHODS Spatio-temporal patterns of 317 hippo cases in 2004/5 and 137 in 2010 were analyzed. QGIS was used to examine case distributions; Spearman's nonparametric tests to determine correlations between cases and at-risk hippo populations; permutation models of the spatial scan statistics to examine spatio-temporal clustering of cases; directional tests to determine directionality in epidemic movements; and standard epidemic curves to determine patterns of epidemic propagation. KEY FINDINGS Results showed hippopotamus cases extensively distributed along water shorelines with strong positive correlations (p<0.01) between cases and at-risk populations. Significant (p<0.001) spatio-temporal clustering of cases occurred throughout the epidemics, pointing towards a defined source. Significant directional epidemic spread was detected along water flow gradient (206.6°) in 2004/5 and against flow gradient (20.4°) in 2010. Temporal distributions showed clustered pulsed epidemic waves. CONCLUSION These findings suggest mixed point-source propagated pattern of epidemic spread amongst hippos and points to likelihood of indirect spread of anthrax spores between hippos mediated by their social behaviour, forces of water flow, and persistent presence of infectious carcasses amidst schools. This information sheds light on the epidemiology of anthrax in highly social wildlife, can help drive insight into disease control, wildlife conservation, and tourism management, but highlights the need for analytical and longitudinal studies aimed at clarifying the hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Driciru
- Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent B. Rwego
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Benon Asiimwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dominic A. Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Katharine Pelican
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, United States of America
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13
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Stanley IJ, Kajumbula H, Bazira J, Kansiime C, Rwego IB, Asiimwe BB. Multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae carried in the gut of out-patients from pastoralist communities of Kasese district, Uganda. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200093. [PMID: 30016317 PMCID: PMC6049918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health emergency that requires urgent attention. Most of the effort to prevent this coming catastrophe is occurring in high income countries and we do not know the extent of the problem in low and middle-income countries, largely because of low laboratory capacity coupled with lack of effective surveillance systems. We aimed at establishing the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae carried in the gut of out-patients from pastoralist communities of rural Western Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among pastoralists living in and around the Queen Elizabeth Protected Area (QEPA). Stool samples were collected from individuals from pastoralist communities who presented to the health facilities with fever and/or diarrhea without malaria and delivered to the microbiology laboratory of College of Health Sciences-Makerere University for processing, culture and drug susceptibility testing. Results A total of 300 participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited into the study. Three hundred stool samples were collected, with 209 yielding organisms of interest. Out of 209 stool samples that were positive, 181 (89%) grew E. coli, 23 (11%) grew K. pneumoniae and five grew Shigella. Generally, high antibiotic resistance patterns were detected among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated. High resistance against cotrimoxazole 74%, ampicillin 67%, amoxicillin/clavulanate 37%, and ciprofloxacin 31% was observed among the E. coli. In K. pneumoniae, cotrimoxazole 68% and amoxicillin/clavulanate 46%, were the most resisted antimicrobials. Additionally, 57% and 82% of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively were resistant to at least three classes of the antimicrobials tested. Resistance to carbapenems was not detected among K. pneumoniae and only 0.6% of the E. coli were resistant to carbapenems. Isolates producing ESBLs comprised 12% and 23% of E. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively. Conclusion We demonstrated high antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance, among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from pastoralist out-patients. We recommend a One Health approach to establish the sources and drivers of this problem to inform public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iramiot Jacob Stanley
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joel Bazira
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Catherine Kansiime
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) network, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) network, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda.,Ecosystem Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Benon B Asiimwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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14
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Hermanns K, Zirkel F, Kopp A, Marklewitz M, Rwego IB, Estrada A, Gillespie TR, Drosten C, Junglen S. Discovery of a novel alphavirus related to Eilat virus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:43-49. [PMID: 28206905 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods and infect vertebrate hosts. An exception is Eilat virus (EILV), the only described alphavirus with a host range restricted to insects. We established a new generic reverse transcription PCR assay for alphaviruses and tested 8860 tropical mosquitoes. We detected a novel alphavirus, tentatively named Taï Forest alphavirus (TALV), in Culex decens mosquitoes collected in Ivory Coast. The full genome was sequenced, and closest similarity was found to EILV. Pairwise amino acid identities to EILV ranged between 67 and 88 % for the corresponding proteins, suggesting that TALV defines a proposed new alphavirus species. Phylogenetic analyses placed TALV as a sister species to EILV with a basal relationship to the western equine encephalitis virus complex. In comparison to the highly abundant insect-specific flaviviruses, insect-specific alphaviruses seem to be rare. This new PCR assay can detect novel alphaviruses and may facilitate the identification of additional new alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hermanns
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Zirkel
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Present address: Ecosystem Health Initiative, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Salzer JS, Pinto CM, Grippi DC, Williams-Newkirk AJ, Peterhans JK, Rwego IB, Carroll DS, Gillespie TR. Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Native and Invasive Trypanosomes of Rodents in Forested Uganda. Ecohealth 2016; 13:698-707. [PMID: 27655649 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Habitat disturbance and anthropogenic change are globally associated with extinctions and invasive species introductions. Less understood is the impact of environmental change on the parasites harbored by endangered, extinct, and introduced species. To improve our understanding of the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on such host-parasite interactions, we investigated an invasive trypanosome (Trypanosoma lewisi). We screened 348 individual small mammals, representing 26 species, from both forested and non-forested habitats in rural Uganda. Using microscopy and PCR, we identified 18% of individuals (order Rodentia) as positive for trypanosomes. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed two trypanosomes circulating-T. lewisi and T. varani. T. lewisi was found in seven species both native and invasive, while T. varani was identified in only three native forest species. The lack of T. varani in non-forested habitats suggests that it is a natural parasite of forest-dwelling rodents. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic disturbance may lead to spillover of an invasive parasite (T. lewisi) from non-native to native species, and lead to local co-extinction of a native parasite (T. varani) and native forest-dwelling hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Salzer
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - C Miguel Pinto
- Department of Mammalogy and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, PO Box 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dylan C Grippi
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Amanda Jo Williams-Newkirk
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Julian Kerbis Peterhans
- College of Professional Studies, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
- Division of Mammals, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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16
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Rwego IB, Babalobi OO, Musotsi P, Nzietchueng S, Tiambo CK, Kabasa JD, Naigaga I, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Pelican K. One Health capacity building in sub-Saharan Africa. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:34032. [PMID: 27906125 PMCID: PMC5131459 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.34032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Africa of late has been faced with challenges that require a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach to address them, and academic and non-academic institutions have played a key role in training and conducting research that would promote the One Health approach. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to document networks and organizations conducting One Health training, research, and outreach in Africa, as one of a series of articles around the world. METHODS Data for this review were collected from organizations through key contacts of the authors and their knowledge of networks they have worked with. Web searches were conducted using One Health, training, and research as key words for work done in Africa. RESULTS Africa has major networks involved in One Health training, research, and outreach, with participation of both academic and non-academic institutions. This review highlights an effort in Africa to form networks to conduct multidisciplinary training and research. The main networks include Afrique One, Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), and One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA). CONCLUSIONS Both academic and non-academic institutions and organizations have shown an interest to conduct multidisciplinary training and research in Africa for managing challenges that Africa is facing currently, especially the outbreak of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent B Rwego
- Ecosystem Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;
| | - Olutayo Olajide Babalobi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Serge Nzietchueng
- Ecosystem Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,USAID Preparedness and Response, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christian Keambo Tiambo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John David Kabasa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene Naigaga
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Katherine Pelican
- Ecosystem Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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17
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Asiimwe BB, Kansiime C, Rwego IB. Risk factors for human brucellosis in agro-pastoralist communities of south western Uganda: a case-control study. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:405. [PMID: 26337599 PMCID: PMC4559326 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a zoonosis of veterinary, public health and economic significance in most developing countries. The disease can result in permanent and disabling sequelae and considerable medical expenses in addition to loss of income due to loss of working hours. A case-control study was conducted in Nyabushozi, Kiruhura district, Uganda, so as to determine the risk factors for transmission of brucellosis to humans in these communities. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study among participants in a previous study who were positive by the standard Serum Agglutination Test with titres ≥1:160. Controls were two neighbors for each case, matched by sex and age. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data on potential risk factors for brucellosis. Categorical variables were presented as proportions and their associations determined by Chi-square test. Bivariate analysis was performed to explore associations between the disease and the risk factors of brucellosis. Conditional logistic regression models were fitted to estimate independent associations between the disease and the risk factors using Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS A total of 45 cases and 90 controls were interviewed. Of the 45 cases, 21 (46.7%) were male while 44/90 (48.9%) of the controls were female. The most significant risk factors for infection being an agro-pastoralist (P = 0.05), consumption of raw cow ghee (P = 0.03) and consumption of unpasteurized milk (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION The greatest risk factors for acquiring brucellosis in the study area were being an agro-pastoralist, consumption of raw cow ghee and consumption of unboiled milk. We recommend dissemination of health education packages regarding risks and prevention measures for brucellosis in these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benon B Asiimwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Catherine Kansiime
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- Ecosystem Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA. .,Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Kansiime C, Atuyambe LM, Asiimwe BB, Mugisha A, Mugisha S, Guma V, Rwego IB, Rutebemberwa E. Community Perceptions on Integrating Animal Vaccination and Health Education by Veterinary and Public Health Workers in the Prevention of Brucellosis among Pastoral Communities of South Western Uganda. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132206. [PMID: 26218368 PMCID: PMC4517904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of veterinary, public health, and economic significance in most developing countries, yet there are few studies that show integrated human and veterinary health care intervention focusing on integration at both activity and actors levels. The aim of our study, therefore, was to explore community perceptions on integration of animal vaccination and health education by veterinary and public health workers in the management of brucellosis in Uganda. METHODS This study used a qualitative design where six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) that were homogenous in nature were conducted, two from each sub-county, one with the local leaders, and another with pastoralists and farmers. Five Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with two public health workers and three veterinary extension workers from three sub-counties in Kiruhura district, Uganda were conducted. All FGDs were conducted in the local language and tape recorded with consent from the participants. KIIs were in English and later transcribed and analyzed using latent content data analysis method. RESULTS All the groups mentioned that they lacked awareness on brucellosis commonly known as Brucella and its vaccination in animals. Respondents perceived improvement in human resources in terms of training and recruiting more health personnel, facilitation of the necessary activities such as sensitization of the communities about brucellosis, and provision of vaccines and diagnostic tests as very important in the integration process in the communities. The FGD participants also believed that community participation was crucial for sustainability and ownership of the integration process. CONCLUSIONS The respondents reported limited knowledge of brucellosis and its vaccination in animals. The community members believed that mass animal vaccination in combination with health education about the disease is important and possible if it involves government and all other stakeholders such as wildlife authorities, community members, local to national political leaders, as well as the technical personnel from veterinary, medical and public health sectors since it affects both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kansiime
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lynn M. Atuyambe
- Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benon B. Asiimwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anthony Mugisha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Mugisha
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Victor Guma
- Department of Mental Health and Community Psychology, Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent B. Rwego
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Ecosystem Health Initiative, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizeus Rutebemberwa
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Kansiime C, Mugisha A, Makumbi F, Mugisha S, Rwego IB, Sempa J, Kiwanuka SN, Asiimwe BB, Rutebemberwa E. Knowledge and perceptions of brucellosis in the pastoral communities adjacent to Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:242. [PMID: 24612845 PMCID: PMC3975325 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic infections globally. Lack of knowledge about brucellosis may affect the health-seeking behavior of patients, thus leading to sustained transmission in these communities. Our study assessed knowledge and perceptions of brucellosis among pastoral communities adjacent to Lake Mburo National Park (LMNP), Kiruhura District, Uganda. Methods A community cross-sectional questionnaire survey involving 371 randomly selected household heads from three sub-counties neighboring LMNP were interviewed between June and August 2012. Data collected included communities’ knowledge on causes, symptoms, transmission, treatment, prevention and risk factors of brucellosis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore strength of association between overall knowledge of brucellosis and various individual factors using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results Only 70 (19%) knew the symptoms of brucellosis in animals, and three quarters (279, 75.5%) mentioned joint and muscle pain as a common symptom in humans. Almost all participants (370, 99.3%) had ever heard about brucellosis, majority (311, 84.7%) believed it affects all sexes and two thirds (67.7%) of the respondents believed close proximity to wildlife contributes to the presence of the disease. Almost all (352, 95.4%) knew that brucellosis in humans could be treatable using modern drugs. The main routes of infection in humans such as consumption of unpasteurized dairy products were known by 97% (360/371); eating of half-cooked meat by 91.4% and eating contaminated pasture in animals by 97.4%. There was moderate overall knowledge of brucellosis 197 (53.1%). Factors associated with higher overall knowledge were being agro-pastoralists (aOR: 2.08, CI: 1.17-3.71) compared to pure pastoralists while those who reported that the disease was a health problem (aOR: 0.18, CI: 0.06-0.56) compared to those who said it was not were less likely to be knowledgeable. Conclusions There was moderate overall knowledge of human and animal brucellosis among the participants. Majority of the participants believed that close proximity to wildlife contributes to the presence of the disease in the area. There is a need for collaboration between the public health, veterinary and wildlife sectors to provide health education on brucellosis for better management of the disease in the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kansiime
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, P, O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
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Johnston AR, Gillespie TR, Rwego IB, Tranby McLachlan TL, Kent AD, Goldberg TL. Molecular epidemiology of cross-species Giardia duodenalis transmission in western Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e683. [PMID: 20485494 PMCID: PMC2867944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is prevalent in tropical settings where diverse opportunities exist for transmission between people and animals. We conducted a cross-sectional study of G. duodenalis in people, livestock, and wild primates near Kibale National Park, Uganda, where human-livestock-wildlife interaction is high due to habitat disturbance. Our goal was to infer the cross-species transmission potential of G. duodenalis using molecular methods and to investigate clinical consequences of infection. Methodology/Principal Findings Real-time PCR on DNA extracted from fecal samples revealed a combined prevalence of G. duodenalis in people from three villages of 44/108 (40.7%), with prevalence reaching 67.5% in one village. Prevalence rates in livestock and primates were 12.4% and 11.1%, respectively. Age was associated with G. duodenalis infection in people (higher prevalence in individuals ≤15 years) and livestock (higher prevalence in subadult versus adult animals), but other potential risk factors in people (gender, contact with domestic animals, working in fields, working in forests, source of drinking water, and medication use) were not. G. duodenalis infection was not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in people, nor was clinical disease noted in livestock or primates. Sequence analysis of four G. duodenalis genes identified assemblage AII in humans, assemblage BIV in humans and endangered red colobus monkeys, and assemblage E in livestock and red colobus, representing the first documentation of assemblage E in a non-human primate. In addition, genetic relationships within the BIV assemblage revealed sub-clades of identical G. duodenalis sequences from humans and red colobus. Conclusions/Significance Our finding of G. duodenalis in people and primates (assemblage BIV) and livestock and primates (assemblage E) underscores that cross-species transmission of multiple G. duodenalis assemblages may occur in locations such as western Uganda where people, livestock, and primates overlap in their use of habitat. Our data also demonstrate a high but locally variable prevalence of G. duodenalis in people from western Uganda, but little evidence of associated clinical disease. Reverse zoonotic G. duodenalis transmission may be particularly frequent in tropical settings where anthropogenic habitat disturbance forces people and livestock to interact at high rates with wildlife, and this could have negative consequences for wildlife conservation. Giardia duodenalis is a common protozoan parasite that infects multiple mammalian species, including humans. We analyzed G. duodenalis from people, livestock, and wild non-human primates in forest fragments near Kibale National Park, western Uganda, where habitat disturbance and human-animal interaction are high. Molecular analyses indicated that endangered red colobus monkeys were infected with G. duodenalis assemblages BIV and E, which characteristically infect humans and livestock, respectively. G. duodenalis infected people at rates of up to 67.5% in one village, and people age 15 years or younger were especially likely to be infected. G. duodenalis infection in people was not associated with other factors related to behavior and hygiene, and infected people were no more likely to have reported gastrointestinal symptoms than were uninfected people. These results demonstrate that G. duodenalis transmission from humans and domestic animals to wildlife may occur with ease in locations such as western Uganda, where habitat disturbance causes ecological overlap among people, livestock, and primates. This conclusion has conservation implications for wildlife such as red colobus, which are already endangered by habitat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Johnston
- Center for Zoonoses and Infectious Disease Research and Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Studies and Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Traci L. Tranby McLachlan
- Center for Zoonoses and Infectious Disease Research and Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Angela D. Kent
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Zoology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Center for Global Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rwego IB, Isabirye-Basuta G, Gillespie TR, Goldberg TL. Gastrointestinal bacterial transmission among humans, mountain gorillas, and livestock in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Conserv Biol 2008; 22:1600-1607. [PMID: 18717695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Habitat overlap can increase the risks of anthroponotic and zoonotic pathogen transmission between humans, livestock, and wild apes. We collected Escherichia coli bacteria from humans, livestock, and mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, from May to August 2005 to examine whether habitat overlap influences rates and patterns of pathogen transmission between humans and apes and whether livestock might facilitate transmission. We genotyped 496 E. coli isolates with repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting and measured susceptibility to 11 antibiotics with the disc-diffusion method. We conducted population genetic analyses to examine genetic differences among populations of bacteria from different hosts and locations. Gorilla populations that overlapped in their use of habitat at high rates with people and livestock harbored E. coli that were genetically similar to E. coli from those people and livestock, whereas E. coli from gorillas that did not overlap in their use of habitats with people and livestock were more distantly related to human or livestock bacteria. Thirty-five percent of isolates from humans, 27% of isolates from livestock, and 17% of isolates from gorillas were clinically resistant to at least one antibiotic used by local people, and the proportion of individual gorillas harboring resistant isolates declined across populations in proportion to decreasing degrees of habitat overlap with humans. These patterns of genetic similarity and antibiotic resistance among E. coli from populations of apes, humans, and livestock indicate that habitat overlap between species affects the dynamics of gastrointestinal bacterial transmission, perhaps through domestic animal intermediates and the physical environment. Limiting such transmission would benefit human and domestic animal health and ape conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent B Rwego
- Makerere University, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Goldberg TL, Gillespie TR, Rwego IB, Estoff EL, Chapman CA. Forest fragmentation as cause of bacterial transmission among nonhuman primates, humans, and livestock, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1375-82. [PMID: 18760003 PMCID: PMC2603117 DOI: 10.3201/eid1409.071196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective study of bacterial transmission among humans, nonhuman primates (primates hereafter), and livestock in western Uganda. Humans living near forest fragments harbored Escherichia coli bacteria that were approximately 75% more similar to bacteria from primates in those fragments than to bacteria from primates in nearby undisturbed forests. Genetic similarity between human/livestock and primate bacteria increased approximately 3-fold as anthropogenic disturbance within forest fragments increased from moderate to high. Bacteria harbored by humans and livestock were approximately twice as similar to those of red-tailed guenons, which habitually enter human settlements to raid crops, than to bacteria of other primate species. Tending livestock, experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms, and residing near a disturbed forest fragment increased genetic similarity between a participant's bacteria and those of nearby primates. Forest fragmentation, anthropogenic disturbance within fragments, primate ecology, and human behavior all influence bidirectional, interspecific bacterial transmission. Targeted interventions on any of these levels should reduce disease transmission and emergence.
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Salzer JS, Rwego IB, Goldberg TL, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Gillespie TR. Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. Infections in Primates in Fragmented and Undisturbed Forest in Western Uganda. J Parasitol 2007; 93:439-40. [PMID: 17539436 DOI: 10.1645/ge-970r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2005, we collected 115 fecal samples from wild primates in western Uganda and examined them for Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. with the use of immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) detection. We sampled primates from an undisturbed forest in Kibale National Park and from 3 highly disturbed forest fragments outside the park. Of disturbed forest samples, red colobus (Pilocolobus tephrosceles) and red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) harbored species of Cryptosporidium or Giardia, but black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) did not. All primate samples from undisturbed forest were negative for both parasites. Seven of 35 (20%) red colobus and 1 of 20 red-tailed guenons (5%) from forest fragments were infected with either Cryptosporidium sp. or Giardia sp. The presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in primates living in forest fragments, but not in primates in undisturbed forest, suggests that habitat disturbance may play a role in transmission or persistence of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Salzer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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Goldberg TL, Gillespie TR, Rwego IB, Kaganzi C. Killing of a pearl-spotted owlet (Glaucidium perlatum) by male red colobus monkeys (Procolobus tephrosceles) in a forest fragment near Kibale National Park, Uganda. Am J Primatol 2006; 68:1007-11. [PMID: 16892411 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adult male red colobus (Procolobus tephrosceles) were observed capturing and killing an owl (Glaucidium perlatum) in the Rurama forest fragment near Kibale National Park in western Uganda. The owl was not subsequently eaten by the colobus, their conspecifics, or the other primates present during the attack. Because the incident was preceded by an agonistic encounter with a raptor, the event is best interpreted as a misdirected antipredator behavior. Although antipredator behaviors are not unknown in red colobus, this is the first such incident directed against a raptor to be documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61802, USA.
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