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Yakubu ZM, Bello IM, Tsiga-Ahmed F. Adherence to recommended hospital waste management practices by healthcare workers at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 44:124. [PMID: 37275284 PMCID: PMC10237206 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.124.34618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction the aim of this study was to determine what proportion of patients with confirmed esophageal cancer at the largest hospital in the country were recorded in the Zambia National Cancer Registry (ZNCR). Methods we reviewed esophageal cancer records at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) and ZNCR, between 2015 and 2017. Using Stata version 15, data were summarised and the Kruskal-Wallis was used to compute comparisons, Kaplan-Meier curves for survival estimates and Cox regression for associated factors. Results included in the final analysis were records for 222 patients with confirmed esophageal cancer and of these 51/222 (41%) were appearing in the ZNCR. The mean age of the patients was 56.2 years (SD, 13.0) and only 2/222 (1%) were confirmed alive at the time of data analysis. The median time from endoscopic diagnosis to histological confirmation was 12.5 days (IQR 7.5 - 21.5) and arrival at the Cancer Diseases Hospital (CDH) for treatment was 20 days (IQR 10 - 34). The overall median survival time in the study was 259 days (CI 95%; 151 - 501). Age, sex, time to diagnosis, histological classification and grade of tumour did not show any evidence of predicting survival in both the univariate and multivariable cox regression model (p>0.05). Conclusion a significant proportion of esophageal cancer cases seen at UTH were not included in the national registry suggesting that official figures for the prevalence of esophageal cancer in Zambia are underestimated. There is an urgent need to improve the collection of data on esophageal cancer in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isah Mohammed Bello
- World Health Organization (WHO), Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 5160, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Akpan GU, Mohammed HF, Touray K, Kipterer J, Bello IM, Ngofa R, Stein A, Seaman V, Mkanda P, Cabore J. Conclusions of the African Regional GIS Summit (2019): using geographic information systems for public health decision-making. BMC Proc 2022; 16:3. [PMID: 35715765 PMCID: PMC9206237 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-022-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of geographic information system (GIS) technologies to improve access to health is gaining momentum in Africa. This has become more pertinent with the increasing penetration of mobile-phone technology and internet use, and calls for innovative strategies to support implementation of the World Health Organization Sustainable Development Goals for universal health coverage on the continent. The huge potential benefits of GIS to advance health service delivery in Africa is, however, yet to be fully harnessed due to critical challenges such as proliferation of pilot projects, poor coordination, inadequate preparedness of the health workforce for GIS, lack of interoperability, and inadequate sustainable financing. To discuss these challenges and propose the way forward for rapid, cost-effective, and sustainable deployment of GIS, the African Regional GIS Summit was held in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, on 7–10 October 2019 under the umbrella of the AFRO GIS Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Ubong Akpan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo.
| | | | - Kebba Touray
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - John Kipterer
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Isah Mohammed Bello
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Reuben Ngofa
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Andrew Stein
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vince Seaman
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pascal Mkanda
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Joseph Cabore
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
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Tegegne AA, Maleghemi S, Bakata EMO, Anyuon AN, Legge GA, Kibrak AL, Ticha JM, Manyanga DP, Bello IM, Berta KK, Ndenzako F, Pascal M, Olu OO. Contribution of Auto-Visual AFP Detection and Reporting (AVADAR) on polio surveillance in South Sudan. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:14. [PMID: 36158937 PMCID: PMC9475055 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2022.42.1.33788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction the last wild polio virus in South Sudan was documented in 2009. Nonetheless, it was one of the last four countries in the WHO African region to be accepted as a polio-free country in June 2020. In line with this, to accelerate the polio-free documentation process, the country has piloted Auto Visual AFP Detection and Reporting (AVADAR) in three counties. This study examined the contribution of the AVADAR surveillance system to the traditional Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance system to document lessons learnt and best practices. Methods we performed a retrospective descriptive quantitative study design to analyze secondary AVADAR surveillance data collected from June 2018 to December 2019 and stored at the WHO AVADAR server. Results the AVADAR community surveillance system has improved the two main AFP surveillance indicators in the piloted counties and made up 86% of the total number of true AFP cases detected in these counties. The completeness and timeliness of weekly zero reporting were 97% and 94%, respectively and maintained above the standard throughout the study, while the two main surveillance indicators in the project area were improved progressively except for the Gogrial West County. In contrast, main surveillance indicators declined in some of the none-AVADAR implementing counties. Conclusion the AVADAR surveillance system can overcome the logistical and remoteness barriers that can hinder the early detection and reporting of cases due to insecurity, topographical, and communication barrier in rural and hard-to-reach areas to accomplish and sustain the two main surveillance indicators, along with the completeness and timeliness of weekly zero reporting. We recommend extending this application-based surveillance system to other areas with limited resources and similar challenges by incorporating other diseases of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesheshem Ademe Tegegne
- WHO, South Sudan Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan,,Corresponding author Ayesheshem Ademe Tegegne, WHO, South Sudan Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabian Ndenzako
- WHO, South Sudan Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan
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Bello IM, Akpan GU, Gital AY, Iliyasu M, Mohammed D, Barau FS, Rasheed DO, Bedada ET, Maleghemi S. Determining Inaccurate Coordinates in Electronic Data Collection for Surveillance and Immunization Supportive Supervision: A Case Study of Nigeria EPI Supportive Supervision Module. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:907004. [PMID: 35754460 PMCID: PMC9218187 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.907004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mobile phone global positioning system (GPS) is used to reconnaissance a mobile phone user's location, e.g., at work, home, shops, etc. Such information can be used to feed data gathering expeditions, the actual position of the interviewer/surveyor using the mobile phone inert settings of location mode via GPS, WIFI, and Mobile networks. Mobile devices are becoming progressively erudite and now integrate diverse and robust sensors. The new generation of smartphones is multi-laden with sensors, including GPS sensors. The study describes and evaluates a data-gathering process used by the World Health Organization (WHO–Nigeria, EPI Program) that uses phone-based in-built GPS sensors to identify the position of users while they undergo supportive supervision. This form of spatial data is collected intrinsically using the Open Data Kit (ODK) GPS interface, which interlaces with the mobile phone GPS sensor to fetch the geo-coordinates during the process. It represents a step in building a methodology of matching places on the map with the geo-coordinates received from the mobile phones to investigate deviation patterns by devices and location mode. The empirical results can help us to understand the variation in geospatial data collation across devices and highlight critical criteria for choosing mobile phones for mobile surveys and data campaigns. This study reviewed the existing data gathered inadvertently from 10 brands of smartphones over 1 year of using the mobile data collection with over 80,000 field visits to predict the deviation pattern for spatial data acquisition via mobile phones by different brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isah Mohammed Bello
- Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, World Health Organization (WHO), Harare, Zimbabwe
- *Correspondence: Isah Mohammed Bello
| | - Godwin Ubong Akpan
- Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization (WHO), Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Abdulsalam Yau Gital
- Department of Computer Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Musa Iliyasu
- Department of Computer Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Danlami Mohammed
- Department of Computer Science, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria
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Maleghemi S, Tegegne AA, Ferede M, Bassey BE, Akpan GU, Bello IM, Ticha JM, Anyuon A, Waya JL, Okiror SO, Ndoutabe M, Berta KK, Ndenzako F, Mkanda P, Olu OO. Polio eradication in a chronic conflict setting lessons from the Republic of South Sudan, 2010-2020. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:3. [PMID: 36158939 PMCID: PMC9474935 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2022.42.1.32922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION in 1988 the World Health Assembly set an ambitious target to eradicate Wild Polio Virus (WPV) by 2000, following the successful eradication of the smallpox virus in 1980. South Sudan and the entire African region were certified WPV free on August 25, 2020. South Sudan has maintained its WPV free status since 2010, and this paper reviewed the country's progress, outlined lessons learned, and describes the remaining challenges in polio eradication. METHODS secondary data analysis was conducted using the Ministry of Health and WHO polio surveillance datasets, routine immunisation coverage, polio campaign data, and surveys from 2010 to 2020. Relevant technical documents and reports on polio immunisation and surveillance were also reviewed. Data analysis was conducted using EPI Info 7 software. RESULTS administrative routine immunisation coverage for bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) 3rd dose declined from 77% in 2010 to 56% in 2020. In contrast, the administrative and post-campaign evaluation coverage recorded for the nationwide supplemental polio campaigns since 2011 was consistently above 85%; however, campaigns declined in number from four in 2011 to zero in 2020. Overall, 76% of notified cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) received three or more doses of the oral polio vaccine. The Annualized Non-AFP rate ranged between 4.0 to 5.4 per 100,000 under 15 years populations, and stool adequacy ranged from 83% to 94%. CONCLUSION South Sudan's polio-free status documentation was accepted by the ARCC in 2020, thereby enabling the African Region to be certified WPV free on August 25, 2020. However, there are concerns as the country continues to report low routine immunisation coverage and a reduction in the number of polio campaigns conducted each year. It is recommended that the country conduct high-quality nationwide supplemental polio campaigns yearly to achieve and maintain the required herd immunity. It invests in its routine immunisation program while ensuring optimal AFP surveillance performance indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Maleghemi
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan,,Corresponding author Sylvester Maleghemi, World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan.
| | | | - Melisachew Ferede
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan
| | | | - Godwin Ubong Akpan
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Isah Mohammed Bello
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team office for East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 5160, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Johnson Muluh Ticha
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Atem Anyuon
- Ministry of Health, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Joy Luba Waya
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Samuel Oumo Okiror
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Modjirom Ndoutabe
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Kibebu Kinfu Berta
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Fabian Ndenzako
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Pascal Mkanda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Olushayo Oluseun Olu
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Ministerial Complex, Juba, South Sudan
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6
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Akpan GU, Bello IM, Mohamed HF, Touray K, Kipterer J, Ngofa R, Oyaole DR, Atagbaza A, Ticha JM, Manengu C, Chikwanda C, Nshuti MB, Omoleke S, Oviaesu D, Diallo M, Ndoutabe M, Seaman V, Mkanda P. The digitization of Active Surveillance: An insight-based evaluation of Interactive visualization of active case search for Polio surveillance to support decision making in Africa (Preprint). JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022. [DOI: 10.2196/37450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Mwenda JM, Hallowell BD, Parashar U, Shaba K, Biey JNM, Weldegebriel GG, Paluku GK, Ntsama B, N'diaye A, Bello IM, Bwaka AM, Zawaira FR, Mihigo R, Tate JE. Impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age - World Health Organization African Region, 2008-2018. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:1605-1608. [PMID: 34089588 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among children worldwide. Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction, over one third of AGE hospitalizations in Africa were due to rotavirus. We describe the impact of rotavirus vaccines using data from the African Rotavirus Surveillance Network (ARSN). METHODS For descriptive analysis, we included all sites reporting to ARSN for any length of time between 2008-2018. For vaccine impact analysis, continuous surveillance throughout the year was required to minimize potential bias due to enrollment of partial seasons and sites had to report a minimum of 100 AGE cases per year. We report the proportion of rotavirus AGE cases by year relative to vaccine introduction, and the relative reduction in the proportion of rotavirus AGE cases reported following vaccine introduction. RESULTS From 2008-2018, 97,366 prospectively enrolled hospitalized children <5 years of age met the case definition for AGE, and 34.1% tested positive for rotavirus. Among countries that had introduced rotavirus vaccine, the proportion of hospitalized AGE cases positive for rotavirus declined from 39.2% in the pre-vaccine period to 25.3% in the post-vaccine period, a 35.5% (95% CI: 33.7-37.3) decline. No declines were observed among countries that had not introduced the vaccine over the 11-year period. CONCLUSION Rotavirus vaccine introduction led to large and consistent declines in the proportion of hospitalized AGE cases that are positive for rotavirus. To maximize the public health benefit of these vaccines, efforts to introduce rotavirus vaccines to the remaining countries in the region and improve coverage should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Benjamin D Hallowell
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Keith Shaba
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Gilson Kipese Paluku
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Bernard Ntsama
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Aboubacar N'diaye
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Isah Mohammed Bello
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Ado Mpia Bwaka
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Felicitas R Zawaira
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Mihigo
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
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Akpan GU, Bello IM, Touray K, Ngofa R, Oyaole D, Maleghemi S, Babona Nshuti MA, Chikwanda CS, Poy A, Roland Mboussou FF, Ogundiran O, Impouma B, Mihigo R, Yao NKM, Ticha JM, Tuma J, Mohammed HFAH, Kanmodi K, Ejiofor NE, Manengu C, Kasolo F, Seaman V, Mkanda P. Leveraging Polio GIS platforms in the African Region for mitigating Covid-19 contact tracing and Surveillance challenges. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 10:e22544. [PMID: 34854813 PMCID: PMC8972111 DOI: 10.2196/22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Africa is an urgent public health crisis. Estimated models projected over 150,000 deaths and 4,600,000 hospitalizations in the first year of the disease in the absence of adequate interventions. Therefore, electronic contact tracing and surveillance have critical roles in decreasing COVID-19 transmission; yet, if not conducted properly, these methods can rapidly become a bottleneck for synchronized data collection, case detection, and case management. While the continent is currently reporting relatively low COVID-19 cases, digitized contact tracing mechanisms and surveillance reporting are necessary for standardizing real-time reporting of new chains of infection in order to quickly reverse growing trends and halt the pandemic. Objective This paper aims to describe a COVID-19 contact tracing smartphone app that includes health facility surveillance with a real-time visualization platform. The app was developed by the AFRO (African Regional Office) GIS (geographic information system) Center, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) emergency preparedness and response team. The app was developed through the expertise and experience gained from numerous digital apps that had been developed for polio surveillance and immunization via the WHO’s polio program in the African region. Methods We repurposed the GIS infrastructures of the polio program and the database structure that relies on mobile data collection that is built on the Open Data Kit. We harnessed the technology for visualization of real-time COVID-19 data using dynamic dashboards built on Power BI, ArcGIS Online, and Tableau. The contact tracing app was developed with the pragmatic considerations of COVID-19 peculiarities. The app underwent testing by field surveillance colleagues to meet the requirements of linking contacts to cases and monitoring chains of transmission. The health facility surveillance app was developed from the knowledge and assessment of models of surveillance at the health facility level for other diseases of public health importance. The Integrated Supportive Supervision app was added as an appendage to the pre-existing paper-based surveillance form. These two mobile apps collected information on cases and contact tracing, alongside alert information on COVID-19 reports at the health facility level; the information was linked to visualization platforms in order to enable actionable insights. Results The contact tracing app and platform were piloted between April and June 2020; they were then put to use in Zimbabwe, Benin, Cameroon, Uganda, Nigeria, and South Sudan, and their use has generated some palpable successes with respect to COVID-19 surveillance. However, the COVID-19 health facility–based surveillance app has been used more extensively, as it has been used in 27 countries in the region. Conclusions In light of the above information, this paper was written to give an overview of the app and visualization platform development, app and platform deployment, ease of replicability, and preliminary outcome evaluation of their use in the field. From a regional perspective, integration of contact tracing and surveillance data into one platform provides the AFRO with a more accurate method of monitoring countries’ efforts in their response to COVID-19, while guiding public health decisions and the assessment of risk of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Ubong Akpan
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | | | - Kebba Touray
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Reuben Ngofa
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | | | | | - Marie Aimee Babona Nshuti
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Chanda Sangawambi Chikwanda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Alain Poy
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Franck Fortune Roland Mboussou
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Opeayo Ogundiran
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Benido Impouma
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Richard Mihigo
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - N'da Konan Michel Yao
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Johnson Muluh Ticha
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Jude Tuma
- World Health Organization, Geneva, CH
| | - Hani Farouk Abdel Hai Mohammed
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | | | - Nonso Ephraim Ejiofor
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Casimir Manengu
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | - Francis Kasolo
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
| | | | - Pascal Mkanda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office of Africa, World Health Organization,Regional Office for AfricaCite Du Djoue ,, Brazzaville, CG
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Umar AS, Bello IM, Okeibunor JC, Mkanda P, Akpan GU, Manyanya D, Eshetu SM, Brine M, Belem M, Penelope M, Fussum D. The Effect of Real Time Integrated Supportive Supervision Visits on the Performance of Health Workers in Zambia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; Spec Iss:1114. [PMID: 35852320 PMCID: PMC7613054 DOI: 10.29245/2578-3009/2021/s2.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of online Integrated Supportive Supervision (ISS) is aimed to improve the quality of services provided by front line health workers. This work is aimed to document the effects of ISS on the performance of health workers in Zambia using selected key surveillance and immunization process indicators. ISS data on WHO ODK server of all Integrated Supportive Supervisory (ISS) visits that were conducted in Zambia between 1st January 2018 to 30th September 2018 were analysed to determine the Percentage point difference between the first and the most recent ISS visits in order to determine whether an observed gap during first ISS visit had persisted during the most recent ISS visit. Our study demonstrated that ISS has remarkable percentage point increase between the first and the most recent ISS visits on availability of an updated monitoring chart, health workers knowledge of AFP case definition and AFP case files. However, there exist variations in the frequency of ISS visits across the provinces of the country. Future research effort should consider assessing the quality of the ISS data through periodic data validation missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matapo Belem
- WHO East & Southern Africa Support Team (WHO ESA IST)
| | | | - Daniel Fussum
- WHO East & Southern Africa Support Team (WHO ESA IST)
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10
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Umar AS, Bello IM, Okeibunor JC, Mkanda P, Akpan GU, Manyanya D, Eshetu SM, Brine M, Belem M, Penelope M, Fussum D. The Effect of Real Time Integrated Supportive Supervision Visits on the Performance of Health Workers in Zambia. J Immunol Sci 2021; Spec Issue:1114. [PMID: 33954307 PMCID: PMC7610715 DOI: 10.29245/2578-3009/2021/s2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of online Integrated Supportive Supervision (ISS) is aimed to improve the quality of services provided by front line health workers. This work is aimed to document the effects of ISS on the performance of health workers in Zambia using selected key surveillance and immunization process indicators. ISS data on WHO ODK server of all Integrated Supportive Supervisory (ISS) visits that were conducted in Zambia between 1st January 2018 to 30th September 2018 were analysed to determine the Percentage point difference between the first and the most recent ISS visits in order to determine whether an observed gap during first ISS visit had persisted during the most recent ISS visit. Our study demonstrated that ISS has remarkable percentage point increase between the first and the most recent ISS visits on availability of an updated monitoring chart, health workers knowledge of AFP case definition and AFP case files. However, there exist variations in the frequency of ISS visits across the provinces of the country. Future research effort should consider assessing the quality of the ISS data through periodic data validation missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Sadiq Umar
- WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO)
- Correspondence: Dr. Abubakar Sadiq Umar, WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO), Africa;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matapo Belem
- WHO East & Southern Africa Support Team (WHO ESA IST)
| | | | - Daniel Fussum
- WHO East & Southern Africa Support Team (WHO ESA IST)
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Bello IM, Umar AS, Akpan GU, Okeibunor J, Shibeshi C, Eshetu M, Magwati CJ, Fasil T, Fussum D, Mihigo R, Mkanda P. Implementation of Mobile Phone Data Collection in the Conduct EPI Comprehensive Review in East and Southern African Countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; Spec Issue:1108. [PMID: 33954304 PMCID: PMC7610731 DOI: 10.29245/2578-3009/2021/s2.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mobile phone data collection tools are increasingly becoming very usable collecting, collating and analysing data in the health sector. In this paper, we documented the experiences with mobile phone data collection, collation and analysis in 5 countries of the East and Southern African, using Open Data Kit (ODK), where questionnaires were designed and coded on an XML form, uploaded and data collected using Android-Based mobile phones, with a web-based system to monitor data in real-time during EPI comprehensive review. The ODK interface supports in real-time monitoring of the flow of data, detection of missing or incomplete data, coordinate location of all locations visited, embedded charts for basic analysis. It also minimized data quality errors at entry level with the use of validation codes and constraint developed into the checklist. These benefits, combined with the improvement that mobile phones offer over paper-based in terms of timeliness, data loss, collation, and real-time data collection, analysis and uploading difficulties, make mobile phone data collection a feasible method of data collection that needs to be further explored in the conduct of all surveys in the organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Fussum
- WHO East & Southern Africa Support Team (WHO ESA IST)
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Bello IM, Lebo E, Shibeshi ME, Akpan GU, Chakauya J, Masresha BG, Daniel F. Implementation of integrated supportive supervision in the context of coronavirus 19 pandemic: its effects on routine immunization and vaccine preventable surveillance diseases indicators in the East and Southern African countries. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:164. [PMID: 33995771 PMCID: PMC8077641 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.164.27349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) global pandemic has caused serious disruption to almost all aspect of human endeavor forcing countries to implement unprecedented public health measures aimed at mitigating its effects, such as total lockdown (inter and intra), travel bans, quarantine, social distancing in an effort to contain the spread of the virus. Supportive supervision is a functional component of the immunization systems that allows identification of existing gaps, provides an opportunity for onsite training, and document real-time findings for improvement of the program. The control measures of COVID-19 pandemic have also resulted in limitation of operations of the immunization system including supportive supervision. This has limited many aspects of supportive supervision for surveillance and routine immunization monitoring system in the East and Southern African countries. The aim of this study is to identify the effects of COVID-19 on Integrated Supportive Supervision visits for expanded programme on immunization (EPI) and how it influences the immunization and vaccine preventable disease (VPD) surveillance indicators, and its short-term effect towards notification of increase or decrease morbidity and mortality. Methods we reviewed the integrated supportive supervision (ISS) data and the routine administrative coverage from 19 countries in the East and Southern Africa (ESA) for the period January to August 2019 to analyze the trends in the number of visits, vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD), and routine immunization (RI) indicators using t-test, and compare with the period January to August 2020 during the months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results thirteen countries out of the 19 considered, had shown a decline in the number of integrated supportive supervision (ISS) visits, with 10 (77%) having more than 59% decrease during the January-August 2020 as compared to the same period 2019. Eleven (57%) of the countries have shown a decrease (p-value < 0.05). Ethiopia and Kenya had the highest drop (p-value < 0.000). Six (32%) had an increase in the number of visits, with Madagascar, Zambia, and Zimbabwe having >100% increase in the number of visits. Sixty-seven percent (67%) of the countries that have decreased in the number of ISS visits have equally witnessed a drop in DPT3 administrative coverage. Countries with a low proportion of outreach sessions conducted in the period of January - August 2020, have all had sessions interruption, with more than 40% of the reasons associated with the lockdown. Conclusion countries have experienced a decrease in the number of supportive supervision visits conducted, during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic and, this has influenced the routine immunization and vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance (VPD) process indicators monitored through the conduct of the visits. Continuous decrease in these performance indicators pose a great threat to the performance sustained and the functionality of the surveillance and immunization system, and consequently on increased surveillance sensitivity to promptly detect outbreaks and aiming to reducing morbidity and mortality in the sub-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isah Mohammed Bello
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 5160, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Emmaculate Lebo
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 5160, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Messeret Eshetu Shibeshi
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 5160, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Godwin Ubong Akpan
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Cité du Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Jethro Chakauya
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 5160, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Balcha Girma Masresha
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Cité du Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Fussum Daniel
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 5160, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Bello IM, Moyo TN, Munyanyi M, Akpan GU, Isibor I, Sunganai LC, Umar AS, Krishnan RSSG, Touray K, Rupfutse M, Manangazira P, Ntale AG, Fussum D, Mkanda P. Use of geographic information systems web mapping application to support active case search to guide public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe: a preliminary report to guide replication of methods in similar resource settings. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:159. [PMID: 33995766 PMCID: PMC8077638 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.159.27143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the new coronavirus (COVID-19) that emerged from Wuhan, Hubei Province of China in December 2019, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has fast spread across the entire globe, with most countries struggling to slow and reduce the spread of the virus through rapid screening, testing, isolation, case management, contact tracing, implementing social distancing and lockdowns. This has been shown to be a major factor in countries that have been successful in containing COVID-19 transmission. Early detection of cases is important, and the use of geospatial technology can support to detect and easily identify potential hotspots that will require timely response. The use of spatial analysis with geographic information systems (GIS) had proved to be effective in providing timely and effective solutions in supporting epidemic response and pandemics over the years. It has developed and evolved rapidly with a complete technological tool for representing data, model construction, visualization and platform construction among others. METHODS we conducted a geospatial analysis to develop a web mapping application using ArcMap and ArcGIS online to guide and support active case search of potential COVID-19 cases, within 500m radius of COVID-19 confirmed cases to improve detection and testing of suspected cases. RESULTS the web mapping application tool guides the active case search teams in the field, with clear boundaries on the houses to be visited within 500-meter radius of confirmed positive cases, to conduct active case search of all cases of severe acute respiratory illnesses (SARI), acute respiratory illnesses (ARI), pneumonia etc, to detect and test for COVID-19 towards containing the pandemic. CONCLUSION the use of GIS and spatial statistical tools have become an important and valuable tool in decision-making and, more importantly, guiding health care professional and other stakeholders in the response being carried out in a more coherent and easy manner. It has proven to be effective in supporting the active case search process to rapidly detect, test and isolate cases during the process, towards containing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isah Mohammed Bello
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team office for East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | - Irene Isibor
- World Health Organization, African Regional Office, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | | | | | - Kebba Touray
- World Health Organization, Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maxwell Rupfutse
- World Health Organization, African Regional Office, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | | | - Daniel Fussum
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team office for East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Pascal Mkanda
- World Health Organization, Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
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Bello IM, Sylvester M, Ferede M, Akpan GU, Ayesheshem AT, Mwanza MN, Okiror S, Anyuon A, Oluseun OO. Real-time monitoring of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak immunization campaign using digital health technologies in South Sudan. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:200. [PMID: 35096227 PMCID: PMC8760295 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.200.31525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction the use of digital health technologies and geographical information systems (GIS) in the conduct of immunization campaigns had proven to be a success story, and is gaining acceptance towards improving supervision, accountability, and real-time access to quality information. The demand for real-time information by policymakers and stakeholders in the polio eradication programme is increasing towards ensuring a world free from all polioviruses. This study aims to develop a tool that monitor and evaluate the circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) campaign processes in real-time using open data kits (ODK) to collect data, analyze and visualize using an interactive dashboard in Power BI, towards improving timeliness and completeness of data reporting and providing real-time quality information to stakeholders. Methods electronic checklists were developed using open data kits (ODK) and uploaded onto android-based smartphones for data collection during a round of cVDPV outbreak response immunization. Supervisors were deployed to the field and the checklists were utilized at both stages of the campaign activities. A Power BI data visualization tool was used for reporting, analysis, and monitoring the activities of the campaign. Results an interactive dashboard was developed, providing real-time information that supports stakeholders during the campaign processes with improved timeliness and completeness of data reporting. The usage of the tool during the campaign enhanced close supervision, and increased transparency in data availability and accessibility by all partners. Conclusion the study had shown that real-time information has significantly improved the smooth conduct of the immunization campaign processes through identifying gaps, and challenges in the field and can be utilized in similar resource settings including complex and humanitarian. It has demonstrated the capability of mobile phones using ODK for data collection and linked to a Power BI dashboard for enhanced supervision and transparency, and we encourage further studies to assess the effects of the tools on the campaign results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isah Mohammed Bello
- World Health Organization (WHO), Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Corresponding author: Isah Mohammed Bello, World Health Organization (WHO), Inter-Country Support Team Office for East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | | | | | - Godwin Ubong Akpan
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | - Michael Nzioki Mwanza
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Samuel Okiror
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, Brazzaville, Congo
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Ticha JM, Akpan GU, Paige LM, Senouci K, Stein A, Briand P, Tuma J, Oyaole DR, Ngofa R, Maleghemi S, Touray K, Salihu AA, Diallo M, Tegegne SG, Bello IM, Idris UK, Maduka O, Manengu C, Shuaib F, Galway M, Mkanda P. Outcomes of the Deployment of the Auto-Visual Acute Flaccid Paralysis Detection and Reporting (AVADAR) System for Strengthening Polio Surveillance in Africa From 2017 to 2018: Evaluation Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6:e18950. [PMID: 33263550 PMCID: PMC7744265 DOI: 10.2196/18950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As we move toward a polio-free world, the challenge for the polio program is to create an unrelenting focus on smaller areas where the virus is still present, where children are being repeatedly missed, where immunity levels are low, and where surveillance is weak. Objective This article aimed to describe a possible solution to address weak surveillance systems and document the outcomes of the deployment of the Auto-Visual Acute Flaccid Paralysis Detection and Reporting (AVADAR) project. Methods This intervention was implemented in 99 targeted high-risk districts with concerns for silent polio circulation from eight countries in Africa between August 1, 2017, and July 31, 2018. A total of 6954 persons (5390 community informants and 1564 health workers) were trained and equipped with a smartphone on which the AVADAR app was configured to allow community informants to send alerts on suspected acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and allow health worker to use electronic checklists for investigation of such alerts. The AVADAR and Open Data Kit ONA servers were at the center of the entire process. A dashboard system and coordination teams for monitoring and supervision were put in place at all levels. Results Overall, 96.44% (24,142/25,032) of potential AFP case alerts were investigated by surveillance personnel, yielding 1414 true AFP cases. This number (n=1414) reported through AVADAR was higher than the 238 AFP cases expected during the study period in the AVADAR districts and the 491 true AFP cases reported by the traditional surveillance system. A total of 203 out of the 1414 true AFP cases reported were from special population settings, such as refugee camps and insecure areas. There was an improvement in reporting in silent health areas in all the countries using the AVADAR system. Finally, there were 23,473 reports for other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and cerebrospinal meningitis, using the AVADAR platform. Conclusions This article demonstrates the added value of AVADAR to rapidly improve surveillance sensitivity. AVADAR is capable of supporting countries to improve surveillance sensitivity within a short interval before and beyond polio-free certification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Godwin Ubong Akpan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Lara Mf Paige
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kamel Senouci
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew Stein
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Jude Tuma
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Reuben Ngofa
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | - Kebba Touray
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | - Mamadou Diallo
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | | | | | | | - Casimir Manengu
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Faisal Shuaib
- National Primary Health Care Delivery Agency (NPHCDA), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Michael Galway
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Pascal Mkanda
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
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Ningi AI, Shuaib F, Ibrahim LM, Saleh JEA, Abdelrahim K, Bello IM, Abba B, Muluh TJ, Braka F, Tegegne SG, Wallah A, Korir C, Bawa S, Saidu M, Nsubuga P. Polio eradication in Nigeria: evaluation of the quality of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance documentation in Bauchi state, 2016. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1307. [PMID: 30541495 PMCID: PMC6292152 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nigeria is the only country in Africa that is yet to be certified as polio free. Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is the foundation of the polio eradication initiative since it provides information to alert both health managers and clinician that timely actions should be initiated to interrupt transmission of the polio virus. The strategy also provides evidence for the absence of wild poliovirus. This evaluation was performed to assess key quality indicators defined by the polio eradication program and thus to identify gaps to allow planning for corrective measures to achieve a polio-free situation in Bauchi state and in Nigeria at large. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study which involved a desk review of documents to authenticate the correctness and completeness of data, and a review of documented evidence for the quality of AFP surveillance. We interviewed Local Government Authority (LGA) surveillance officers and clinicians from focal and non-focal sites, along with caregivers of children with AFP and community leaders. The data were entered and analyzed in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of the AFP surveillance and documentation in eighteen of the twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Bauchi State. We assessed the knowledge of the clinician at focal and non-focal sites on case definition of AFP, the number and method of stool specimen collection to investigate a case and types of training received for AFP surveillance. We verified AFP case investigations for the last three years: The caregivers (mothers) were interviewed to authenticate the reported information of AFP cases, the method used for stool specimen collection and feedbacks. Community leaders' knowledge on AFP surveillance was also assessed. Data was entered and analyzed in excel spread sheet. RESULTS Of the 18 LGA Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers (DSNOs), only 2 (11%) and 5 (28%) had reports of polio outbreak investigations and supervisory visits at the lower levels, respectively. Furthermore, only 6 (33%) and 7 (39%) of the DSNOs had minutes of meetings and surveillance work plans, respectively. Of the 31 AFP cases investigated, only 39, 26, 23, and 23% had correct and complete information for the birth day, birth month, date of onset of paralysis, and date of investigation, respectively. Seventy-one percent of the clinicians at the AFP focal sites knew the correct definition for AFP compared with only 30% at the non-focal sites. Of the 38 caregivers (mothers), 16 (42%) did not remember the day or month the AFP investigation was conducted. However, 95% gave a correct number of stool samples collected and 40% mentioned that the samples were collected 24 h apart. Feedback was not given to 26 (68%) of the caregivers. The majority (79%) of the community leaders knew how to recognize a case of AFP and knew that the stool was the specimen required for the investigation, but 21% did not know to whom they should report a case of AFP in their community. CONCLUSION This study revealed a gap in the quality indicators for polio eradication in the state, especially regarding knowledge and documentation for AFP surveillance at the operational level. Regular training of the DSNOs and focal persons, regular sensitization of clinicians, community education, supplies of reporting tools, and ensuring their judicious use will improve AFP surveillance in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faisal Shuaib
- National Primary Healthcare Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Khalid Abdelrahim
- World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Bashir Abba
- World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Fiona Braka
- World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sisay G Tegegne
- World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Wallah
- World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Charles Korir
- World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Bawa
- World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mahmood Saidu
- World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria
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Olayemi IK, Ande AT, Ayanwale AV, Mohammed AZ, Bello IM, Idris B, Isah B, Chukwuemeka V, Ukubuiwe AC. Seasonal trends in epidemiological and entomological profiles of malaria transmission in North Central Nigeria. Pak J Biol Sci 2011; 14:293-9. [PMID: 21870632 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2011.293.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The influence of seasonal changes on epidemiological and entomological indices of malaria transmission in North Central Nigeria was elucidated in a series of studies carried out between January 2004 and December 2009. The climate in the study area was divided into three seasonal periods namely, rainy (May-October), dry (December-March) and transitional (April and November), during which larval and adult anopheline mosquito collections were carried out and assessed for densities, sporozoite infection and parity rates and potentials for malaria transmission. The results indicated that the climate in the study area was clearly seasonal, with close similarities in the patterns of distribution of the climatic factors in the study sites. Mosquito densities, both at the adult and larval stages (i.e., 29.35 +/- 5.10 adult mosquitoes/man/night and 10.36 +/- 3.34 larvae/dip, respectively), were significantly (p<0.05) highest during the rainy season. However, while the former varied significantly in the three seasonal periods, the latter was not significantly different during the dry and transitional seasons. Malaria transmission risks, in terms of sporozoite rates and entomological inoculation rates, was significantly (p<0.05) least in the dry season (i.e., 2.89 +/- 1.25% and 0.37 +/- 0.21 infective bite/man/night, respectively) but the two variables were not significantly (p>0.05) different during the transitional and rainy seasons. Adult mosquito daily survival rate and adult longevity were least in the dry season (26.52 +/- 11.80% and 6.80 days, respectively) and significantly (p<0.05) highest during the rainy season (72.28 +/- 4.00% and 16.95 +/- 4.20 days, respectively). Parous rates of the mosquitoes and duration of sporogony had distinct distribution pattern from the other variables investigated. While, significantly highest parous rates were recorded in the transitional season (86.00 +/- 4.30%), duration of sporogony was not significantly (p>0.05) different during the three seasons. The epidemiology of urban malaria in North Central Nigeria was discussed from the view points of the these results and concluded that the findings should promote the development of informed temporally-targeted vector control programs for the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Olayemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
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