1
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Ou DL, Liao ZX, Kempson IM, Li L, Yang PC, Tseng SJ. Nano-modified viruses prime the tumor microenvironment and promote the photodynamic virotherapy in liver cancer. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:1. [PMID: 38163894 PMCID: PMC10759334 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of 2020, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a form of liver cancer, stood as the third most prominent contributor to global cancer-related mortality. Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) with other therapies has shown promising results for treating unresectable HCC, offering new opportunities. Recombinant adeno-associated viral type 2 (AAV2) virotherapy has been approved for clinical use but it efficacy is stifled through systemic administration. On the other hand, iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) can be cleared via the liver and enhance macrophage polarization, promoting infiltration of CD8+ T cells and creating a more favorable tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy. METHODS To enhance the efficacy of virotherapy and promote macrophage polarization towards the M1-type in the liver, ION-AAV2 were prepared through the coupling of ION-carboxyl and AAV2-amine using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (Sulfo-NHS). Efficacy after systemic delivery of ION-AAV2 in an orthotopic HCC model was evaluated. RESULTS After 28 days, the tumor weight in mice treated with ION-AAV2 was significantly reduced by 0.56-fold compared to the control group. The ION-AAV2 treatment led to an approximate 1.80-fold increase in the level of tumor associated M1-type macrophages, while the number of M2-type macrophages was reduced by 0.88-fold. Moreover, a proinflammatory response increased the population of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in the ION-AAV2 group. This transformation converted cold tumors into hot tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the conjugation of ION with AAV2 could be utilized in virotherapy while simultaneously exploiting macrophage-modulating cancer immunotherapies to effectively suppress HCC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Liang Ou
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University YongLin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Lin Li
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - S-Ja Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- National Taiwan University YongLin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Program in Precision Health and Intelligent Medicine, Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Liao ZX, Kempson IM, Hsieh CC, Tseng SJ, Yang PC. Potential therapeutics using tumor-secreted lactate in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2508-2514. [PMID: 34325010 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Targeted-therapy failure in treating nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) frequently occurs because of the emergence of drug resistance and genetic mutations. The same mutations also result in aerobic glycolysis, which further antagonizes outcomes by localized increases in lactate, an immune suppressor. Recent evidence indicates that enzymatic lowering of lactate can promote an oncolytic immune microenvironment within the tumour. Here, we review factors relating to lactate expression in NSCLC and the utility of lactate oxidase (LOX) for governing therapeutic delivery, its role in lactate oxidation and turnover, and relationships between lactate depletion and immune cell populations. The lactate-rich characteristic of NSCLC provides an exploitable property to potentially improve NSCLC outcomes and design new therapeutic strategies to integrate with conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Chia-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - S-Ja Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; National Taiwan University YongLin Scholar, YongLin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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3
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Ou D, Tseng S, Kempson IM, Hsu C, Yang P, Liao Z. Enhanced Targeting and Immune Activation of Tumor Microenvironment by Nanomodified Anti‐PD1 in Liver Cancer. Adv Therap 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da‐Liang Ou
- Graduate Institute of Oncology National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei 10051 Taiwan
| | - S.‐Ja Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei 10051 Taiwan
| | - Ivan M. Kempson
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
| | - Chia‐Lang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei 10051 Taiwan
| | - Pan‐Chyr Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei 10051 Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Zi‐Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology National Sun Yat‐Sen University Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
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4
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Sepand MR, Ranjbar S, Kempson IM, Akbariani M, Muganda WCA, Müller M, Ghahremani MH, Raoufi M. Targeting non-apoptotic cell death in cancer treatment by nanomaterials: Recent advances and future outlook. Nanomedicine 2020; 29:102243. [PMID: 32623018 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many tumors develop resistance to most of the apoptosis-based cancer therapies. In this sense targeting non-apoptotic forms of cell death including necroptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis may have therapeutic benefits in apoptosis-defective cancer cells. Nanomaterials have shown great advantages in cancer treatment owing to their unique characteristics. Besides, the capability of nanomaterials to induce different forms of cell death has gained widespread attention in cancer treatment. Reports in this field reflect the therapeutic potential of necroptotic cell death induced by nanomaterials in cancer. Also, autophagic cell death induced by nanomaterials alone and as a part of chemo-, radio- and photothermal therapy holds great promise as anticancer therapeutic option. Besides, ferroptosis induction by iron-based nanomaterials in drug delivery, immunotherapy, hyperthermia and imaging systems shows promising results in malignancies. Hence, this review is devoted to the latest efforts and the challenges in this field of research and its clinical merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheyda Ranjbar
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Mostafa Akbariani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mareike Müller
- Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
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5
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Liao ZX, Huang KY, Kempson IM, Li HJ, Tseng SJ, Yang PC. Nanomodified strategies to overcome EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. J Control Release 2020; 324:482-492. [PMID: 32497570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related death worldwide. 85%-90% of cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) which characteristically exhibits altered epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is a major driver pathway. Unfortunately, therapeutic outcomes in treating NSCLC are compromised by the emergence of drug resistance in response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeted therapy due to the acquired resistance mutation EGFR T790M or activation of alternative pathways. There is current need for a new generation of TKIs to be developed to treat EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC. To overcome the above problems and improve clinical efficacy, nanotechnology with targeting abilities and sustained release has been proposed for EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC treatment and has already achieved success in in vitro or in vivo models. In this review, we summarize and illustrate representative nano-formulations targeting EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC. The described advances may pave the way to better understanding and design of nanocarriers and multifunctional nanosystems for efficient treatment for drug resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Hsin-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - S-Ja Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; National Taiwan University YongLin Scholar, YongLin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan.
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
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6
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Liao ZX, Fa YC, Kempson IM, Tseng SJ. Repolarization of M2 to M1 Macrophages Triggered by Lactate Oxidase Released from Methylcellulose Hydrogel. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2697-2702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Fa
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M. Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - S.-Ja Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University YongLin Scholar, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
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7
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Turnbull T, Douglass M, Williamson NH, Howard D, Bhardwaj R, Lawrence M, Paterson DJ, Bezak E, Thierry B, Kempson IM. Cross-Correlative Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Biological Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Radiosensitization. ACS Nano 2019; 13:5077-5090. [PMID: 31009200 PMCID: PMC6546286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle radiosensitization has been demonstrated well to enhance the effects of radiotherapy, motivate the improvement of therapeutic ratios, and decrease morbidity in cancer treatment. A significant challenge exists in optimizing formulations and translation due to insufficient knowledge of the associated mechanisms, which have historically been limited to physical concepts. Here, we investigated a concept for the role of biological mechanisms. The mere presence of gold nanoparticles led to a down-regulation of thymidylate synthase, important for DNA damage repair in the radioresistant S-phase cells. By developing a cross-correlative methodology to reveal probabilistic gold nanoparticle uptake by cell sub-populations and the associated sensitization as a function of the uptake, a number of revealing observations have been achieved. Surprisingly, for low numbers of nanoparticles, a desensitization action was observed. Sensitization was discovered to preferentially impact S-phase cells, in which impairment of the DNA damage response by the homologous recombination pathway dominates. This small but radioresistant cell population correlates with much greater proliferative ability. Thus, a paradigm is presented whereby enhanced DNA damage is not necessarily due to an increase in the number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) created but can be from a nanoparticle-induced impairment of the damage response by down-regulating repair proteins such as thymidylate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyron Turnbull
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Michael Douglass
- Department of Medical Physics , Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide , South Australia 5000 , Australia
- Department of Physics , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Nathan H Williamson
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, NICHD , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Douglas Howard
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Richa Bhardwaj
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Critical Care Medicine , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia 5042 , Australia
| | | | - Eva Bezak
- Department of Physics , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
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8
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Tseng SJ, Kempson IM, Huang KY, Li HJ, Fa YC, Ho YC, Liao ZX, Yang PC. Targeting Tumor Microenvironment by Bioreduction-Activated Nanoparticles for Light-Triggered Virotherapy. ACS Nano 2018; 12:9894-9902. [PMID: 30277747 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors characteristically display higher levels of lactate production due to anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Meanwhile, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved virotherapy for use in cancer treatment; however systemic administration remains as a particular challenge. Here we report exploitation of tumor lactate production in designing a hypoxia-responsive carrier, self-assembled from hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugated with 6-(2-nitroimidazole)hexylamine, for localized release of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2). The carrier is loaded with lactate oxidase (LOX) and is permeable to small molecules such as the lactate that accumulates in the tumor. Subsequently, LOX oxidizes the lactate to pyruvate inside the carrier, accompanied by internal lowering of oxygen partial pressure. Bioreduction of the 2-nitroimidazole of the HA conjugated with 6-(2-nitroimidazole)hexylamine converts it into a hydrophilic moiety and electrostatically dissociates the carrier and virus. Efficacious and specific delivery was proven by transduction of a photosensitive protein (KillerRed), enabling significant limitation in tumor growth in vivo with photodynamic therapy. An approximate 2.44-fold reduction in tumor weight was achieved after a 2-week course, compared with control groups. Furthermore, conjugation of the AAV2 with iron oxide nanoparticles ("magnetized" AAV2) facilitated magnetic resonance imaging tracking of the virus in vivo. Taken together, the solid tumor microenvironment promotes bioreduction of the lactate-responsive carrier, providing rapid and specific delivery of AAV2 for light-triggered virotherapy via systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kuo-Yen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology , Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , Taoyuan 33303 , Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chen Fa
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology , National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Ho
- Department of BioAgricultural Science , National ChiaYi University , Chiayi City 60004 , Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology , National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan
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9
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Liao ZX, Kempson IM, Fa YC, Liu MC, Hsieh LC, Huang KY, Wang LF. Correction to Magnetically Guided Viral Transduction of Gene-Based Sensitization for Localized Photodynamic Therapy To Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2126. [PMID: 29812919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Liao ZX, Liu MC, Kempson IM, Fa YC, Huang KY. Light-triggered methylcellulose gold nanoparticle hydrogels for leptin release to inhibit fat stores in adipocytes. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:7603-7611. [PMID: 29089758 PMCID: PMC5655123 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is released in response to increased triglyceride storage in adipocytes and impacts body weight, but has drawbacks such as poor therapeutic effect and side effects when delivered systemically. Leptin also modifies adipocyte sensitivity to insulin to inhibit lipid accumulation. Here, light-triggered degradation of hydrogels was used to improve accuracy and effectiveness for sustained and controllable release. In our approach, leptin was entrapped within methylcellulose (MC)-based hydrogels, with incorporation of gold nanoparticles (NP). The incorporation of gold NP into MC hydrogels led to a tunable light irradiation response that dictated the hydrogel release rate of leptin. This manuscript demonstrates feasibility in designing tunable thermosensitive hydrogels for loading multimodality therapeutic agents to enhance the bioactivity of leptin for obesity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chia Liu
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Yu-Chen Fa
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei.,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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11
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Liao ZX, Kempson IM, Fa YC, Liu MC, Hsieh LC, Huang KY, Wang LF. Magnetically Guided Viral Transduction of Gene-Based Sensitization for Localized Photodynamic Therapy To Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1702-1708. [PMID: 28482158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy represents a conventional treatment for many cancers at different stages and is either solely prescribed or concomitant to surgery, radiotherapy, or both. However, treatment is tempered in instances of acquired drug resistance in response to either chemotherapy or targeted therapy, leading to therapeutic failure. To overcome this challenge, many studies focus on how cancer cells manipulate their genomes and metabolism to prevent drug influx and facilitate the efflux of accumulated chemotherapy drugs. Herein, we demonstrate magnetic adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (ironized AAV2) has an ability to be magnetically guided and transduce the photosensitive KillerRed protein to enable photodynamic therapy irrespective of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Yu-Chen Fa
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chia Liu
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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12
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Kaur S, Kempson IM, Lindén JB, Larsson M, Nydén M. Unhindered copper uptake by glutaraldehyde-polyethyleneimine coatings in an artificial seawater model system with adsorbed swollen polysaccharides and competing ligand EDTA. Biofouling 2017; 33:184-194. [PMID: 28198663 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1284204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Shortly after a surface is submerged in the sea, a conditioning film is generally formed by adsorption of organic molecules, such as polysaccharides. This could affect transport of molecules and ions between the seawater and the surface. An artificial seawater model system was developed to understand how adsorbed polysaccharides impact copper binding by glutaraldehyde-crosslinked polyethyleneimine coatings. Coating performance was also determined when competed against copper-chelating EDTA. Polysaccharide adsorption and copper binding and distribution were investigated using advanced analytical techniques, including depth-resolved time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In artificial seawater, the polysaccharides adsorbed in a swollen state that copper readily penetrated and the glutaraldehyde-polyethyleneimine coatings outcompeted EDTA for copper binding. Furthermore, the depth distribution of copper species was determined with nanometre precision. The results are highly relevant for copper-binding and copper-releasing materials in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simarpreet Kaur
- a Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , Australia
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- a Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , Australia
| | - Johan B Lindén
- a Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , Australia
| | - Mikael Larsson
- a Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , Australia
- b School of Energy and Resources , University College London , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Magnus Nydén
- a Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , Australia
- b School of Energy and Resources , University College London , Adelaide , Australia
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13
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Abstract
Clinical virotherapy has been successfully approved for use in cancer treatment by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; however, a number of improvements are still sought to more broadly develop virotherapy. A particular challenge is to administer viral therapy systemically and overcome limitations in intratumoral injection, especially for complex tumors within sensitive organs. To achieve this, however, a technique is required that delivers the virus to the tumor before the body's natural self-defense eradicates the virus prematurely. Here we show that recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) chemically conjugated with iron oxide nanoparticles (∼5 nm) has a remarkable ability to be remotely guided under a magnetic field. Transduction is achieved with microscale precision. Furthermore, a gene for production of the photosensitive protein KillerRed was introduced into the AAV2 genome to enable photodynamic therapy (PDT), or light-triggered virotherapy. In vivo experiments revealed that magnetic guidance of "ironized" AAV2-KillerRed injected by tail vein in conjunction with PDT significantly decreases the tumor growth via apoptosis. This proof-of-principle demonstrates guided and highly localized microscale, light-triggered virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Ja Tseng
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center (YongLin Scholar) , Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, S.A. 5095, Australia
| | - Shih-Han Kao
- Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chia Liu
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Chen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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14
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Lindén JB, Larsson M, Kaur S, Skinner WM, Miklavcic SJ, Nann T, Kempson IM, Nydén M. Polyethyleneimine for copper absorption II: kinetics, selectivity and efficiency from seawater. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08029k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-thin coatings of glutaraldehyde cross-linked polyethyleneimine effectively and selectively accumulated copper from natural seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan B. Lindén
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes
- Australia
| | - Mikael Larsson
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes
- Australia
| | - Simarpreet Kaur
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes
- Australia
| | - William M. Skinner
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes
- Australia
| | - Stanley J. Miklavcic
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes
- Australia
| | - Thomas Nann
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes
- Australia
| | - Ivan M. Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes
- Australia
| | - Magnus Nydén
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes
- Australia
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15
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Jing L, Ding K, Kershaw SV, Kempson IM, Rogach AL, Gao M. Magnetically engineered semiconductor quantum dots as multimodal imaging probes. Adv Mater 2014; 26:6367-86. [PMID: 25178258 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) combined with magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents within a single nanoparticle platform are considered to perform as multimodal imaging probes in biomedical research and related clinical applications. The principles of their rational design are outlined and contemporary synthetic strategies are reviewed (heterocrystalline growth; co-encapsulation or assembly of preformed QDs and magnetic nanoparticles; conjugation of magnetic chelates onto QDs; and doping of QDs with transition metal ions), identifying the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. Some of the opportunities and benefits that arise through in vivo imaging using these dual-mode probes are highlighted where tumor location and delineation is demonstrated in both MRI and fluorescence modality. Work on the toxicological assessments of QD/magnetic nanoparticles is also reviewed, along with progress in reducing their toxicological side effects for eventual clinical use. The review concludes with an outlook for future biomedical imaging and the identification of key challenges in reaching clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Jing
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei Yi Jie 2, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing, 100190, China
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16
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Kempson IM, Chang P, Bremmell K, Prestidge CA. Low temperature thermal dependent Filgrastim adsorption behavior detected with ToF-SIMS. Langmuir 2013; 29:15573-15578. [PMID: 24274767 DOI: 10.1021/la403607m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) detected changes in Filgrastim (granulocyte colony stimulating growth factor, G-CSF) adsorption behavior at a solid interface when exposed to temperatures as low as 35 °C, i.e., before thermal denaturation, was detected by circular dichroism (CD) or dynamic light scattering (DLS). Biopharmaceuticals rely on maintaining sufficient conformation to impart correct biological function in vivo. Stability of such molecules is critical during synthesis, storage, transport, and administration. CD analysis indicated loss of structure at temperatures greater than ~60 °C, while DLS detected aggregation at ~42 °C. Furthermore, we demonstrate the nature of G-CSF interaction with a surface was altered rapidly and at relatively low temperatures. Specifically, after 10 min thermal treatment, changes in adsorption behavior occurred at 35 °C indicated by principal component analysis of spectra as primarily due to increasing yields of methionine fragments. This was likely to be due to either altering the preferential protein orientation upon adsorption or greater denaturation exposing the hydrophobic core. This investigation demonstrates the sensitivity of ToF-SIMS in studying biopharmaceutical adsorption and conformational change and can assist with studies into promoting their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, S.A. 5095, Australia
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17
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Tseng SJ, Zeng YF, Deng YF, Yang PC, Liu JR, Kempson IM. Switchable delivery of small interfering RNA using a negatively charged pH-responsive polyethylenimine-based polyelectrolyte complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2670-2. [PMID: 23435386 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A small interfering RNA (siRNA)-loaded polyelectrolyte constructed with branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) and copolymers, consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), histidine (His), and glutamic acid (Glu), was developed in order to provide a tumor acidosis-triggered delivery system with low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Ja Tseng
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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18
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Tung HT, Chen IG, Song JM, Tsai MG, Kempson IM, Margaritondo G, Hwu Y. Cu(In(1-x)Ga(x))S2 nanocrystals and films: low-temperature synthesis with size and composition control. Nanoscale 2013; 5:4706-4710. [PMID: 23652384 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00264k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a single-step X-ray irradiation process that yields high-quality Cu(In1-xGax)S2 nanocrystals in colloidal solutions, with complete control of size and composition. Thin films produced by drop-casting exhibit high-quality photoresponse, confirming that our process is suitable for microelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tse Tung
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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19
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Tseng SJ, Kempson IM, Peng SF, Ke BH, Chen HH, Chen PF, Hwu Y. Environment acidity triggers release of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 from a tunable matrix. J Control Release 2013; 170:252-8. [PMID: 23702235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Successful design of a pH responsive polyelectrolyte-based virus delivery matrix with extracellular release triggered by tumor acidosis has been achieved. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) is loaded in the polyelectrolyte-based matrix (AAV2-matrix), which is formed by a biodegradable copolymer of poly(polyethylene glycol-1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole-dl-aspartic acid) with tuned pH response based on inclusion of polyethyleneimine (PEI(800)). Physico-chemical properties of AAV2-matrix are optimized to minimize cellular interactions until a tumor acidosis-like environment protonates the matrix, reverses ζ-potential and causes particles to swell, releasing the AAV2 virus. The pH-dependent release is highly controllable and potentially useful to optimize site specific viral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Ja Tseng
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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20
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Kempson IM, Skinner WM. A comparison of washing methods for hair mineral analysis: internal versus external effects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:10-4. [PMID: 22639387 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A major difficulty in hair elemental (mineral) analysis for biomonitoring is adequate understanding of the effectiveness of washing procedures. A review of washing protocols used in hair analysis publications showed little consensus with regard to solvents and surfactants used, washing times, and number of washing stages. Two washing approaches were subsequently used to compare their influence on internal and external surface elemental signals determined with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe were assessed with regard to their relative signal compared to carbon. Both washing methods had similar effect. All elements except for Fe appear to be removed from the surface of the hair as well as from inside the hair. Only the internal Fe content changed with washing and could indicate that external surface bound Fe may not be removed with most washing procedures. It is shown that washing procedures can have a significant effect on reducing the internal elemental signal levels in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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21
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Tung HT, Chen IG, Kempson IM, Song JM, Liu YF, Chen PW, Hwang WS, Hwu Y. Shape-controlled synthesis of silver nanocrystals by X-ray irradiation for inkjet printing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012; 4:5930-5935. [PMID: 23072314 DOI: 10.1021/am3015718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A suite of silver (Ag) nanocrystals have been synthesized using a rapid water radiolysis approach via X-ray irradiation. Various shapes including spheroidal, prism, rod, and multifaceted nanoparticles can be produced by varying the initial concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) relative to silver nitrate (AgNO₃). UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) have been used to characterize these Ag products. At an optimized reagent ratio, a mixture of high-aspect-ratio rods (tunable to ∼50) and spheroidal particles result. Such a mixture is proven to have highly beneficial melting point and dispersive properties suited to inkjet printing of conductive Ag lines. The resistivity of the printed lines decreases to 77.7 μΩ and 33.1 μΩ after heating to 200 and 350 °C.
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22
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Kempson IM, Chien CC, Chung CY, Hwu Y, Paterson D, de Jonge MD, Howard DL. Fate of intravenously administered gold nanoparticles in hair follicles: follicular delivery, pharmacokinetic interpretation, and excretion. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184825 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are intravenously administered to mice. Deposition at the pilosebacious unit and whiskers is visualized with X-ray fluorescence after 30 minutes and 14 days. After 30 minutes the dermal papilla, bulge region, and root sheath all contain NPs. GNPs are driven externally out from follicles, counteractive to transfollicular delivery. After 14 days, gold bands in hairs reflect pharmacokinetic profiles indicating blood concentration kinetics. Elimination rate constants infer half-lives from 3 hairs from an individual mouse within reasonable agreement (6.08, 7.15, and 8.66 hours). 3D reconstruction of NP distributions with confocal microscopy identifies aggregates within the medullary canal. Intermittent NP deposition continues randomly over the two week period demonstrating prolonged NP mobility in vivo. NPs are still retained at the hair bulb after 14 days. The observations further account for the excretory mechanisms of NPs and their behavior in the pilosebacous unit, and demonstrate monitoring pharmacokinetic behavior in individual animals.
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23
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Zeng YF, Tseng SJ, Kempson IM, Peng SF, Wu WT, Liu JR. Controlled delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 using pH-sensitive poly(ethylene glycol)-poly-L-histidine hydrogels. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9239-45. [PMID: 23026709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Loading of viral vectors in synthetic polymers is a promising strategy for overcoming hurdles associated with viral gene delivery. For enhanced gene expression at a specific site, gene transfer by using hydrogels represents a versatile approach. In this study, adeno-associated virus serotype 2 containing the green fluorescent protein gene (rAAV2-GFP) were loaded into poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels, with and without incorporation of poly-L-hisditine (polyHis). Inclusion of polyHis created pH responsive hydrogels in a physiological range of tissues, containing the damaged vasculature and activated phagocytosis. The fraction of polyHis used controlled the degree of swelling, water uptake and subsequent degradation of the hydrogels and release rate of rAAV2-GFP. The swelling ratio of the PEG-polyHis hydrogels increased inversely with environment pH. As pH declined from 7.4 to 6.0, PEG-polyHis hydrogel swelling ratio and degradation rate increased 875% and 135%, respectively. As a result, release and transduction efficiency of the rAAV2-GFP from PEG-polyHis hydrogel in human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells increased significantly compared to a PEG hydrogel. Transduction rate can be controlled by the hydrogels' polyHis concentration and is sensitive to localized decreases in pH consistent with inflammation. This is relevant to optimizing parameters for wound care and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Zeng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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24
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Smith E, Gancarz D, Rofe A, Kempson IM, Weber J, Juhasz AL. Antagonistic effects of cadmium on lead accumulation in pregnant and non-pregnant mice. J Hazard Mater 2012; 199-200:453-456. [PMID: 22118847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
People are frequently exposed to combinations of contaminants but there is a paucity of data on the effects of mixed contaminants at low doses. This study investigated the influence of cadmium (Cd) on lead (Pb) accumulation in pregnant and non-pregnant mice following exposure to contaminated soil. Exposure to Pb from contaminated soils increased Pb accumulation in both pregnant and non-pregnant mice compared to unexposed control animals (pregnant and non-pregnant). Lead accumulation in the liver and kidneys of exposure pregnant mice (40 ± 15 mg Pb kg(-1)) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than concentrations detected in control pregnant mice (<1 mg Pb kg(-1)). The presence of Cd in contaminated soil had a major effect on the Pb and Fe accumulation in the kidneys and liver, respectively. This study shows that Pb uptake is mediated by the presence of Cd in the co-contaminated soil and demonstrates that further research is required to investigate the influence of co-contaminants on human exposure at sub-chronic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Smith
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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25
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Chen TY, Chen YT, Wang CL, Kempson IM, Lee WK, Chu YS, Hwu Y, Margaritondo G. Full-field microimaging with 8 keV X-rays achieves a spatial resolutions better than 20 nm. Opt Express 2011; 19:19919-19924. [PMID: 21997000 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.019919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fresnel zone plates (450 nm thick Au, 25 nm outermost zone width) used as objective lenses in a full field transmission reached a spatial resolution better than 20 nm and 1.5% efficiency with 8 keV photons. Zernike phase contrast was also realized without compromising the resolution. These are very significant achievements in the rapid progress of high-aspect-ratio zone plate fabrication by combined electron beam lithography and electrodeposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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26
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Smith E, Kempson IM, Juhasz AL, Weber J, Rofe A, Gancarz D, Naidu R, McLaren RG, Gräfe M. In vivo-in vitro and XANES spectroscopy assessments of lead bioavailability in contaminated periurban soils. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:6145-52. [PMID: 21707121 DOI: 10.1021/es200653k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) bioaccessibility was assessed using 2 in vitro methods in 12 Pb-contaminated soils and compared to relative Pb bioavailability using an in vivo mouse model. In vitro Pb bioaccessibility, determined using the intestinal phase of the Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC) assay, strongly correlated with in vivo relative Pb bioavailability (R(2) = 0.88) following adjustment of Pb dissolution in the intestinal phase with the solubility of Pb acetate at pH 6.5 (i.e., relative Pb bioaccessibility). A strong correlation (R(2) = 0.78) was also observed for the relative bioaccessibility leaching procedure (RBALP), although the method overpredicted in vivo relative Pb bioavailability for soils where values were <40%. Statistical analysis of fit results from X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) data for selected soils (n = 3) showed that Pb was strongly associated with Fe oxyhydroxide minerals or the soil organic fraction prior to in vitro analysis. XANES analysis of Pb speciation during the in vitro procedure demonstrated that Pb associated with Fe minerals and the organic fraction was predominantly solubilized in the gastric phase. However, during the intestinal phase of the in vitro procedure, Pb was strongly associated with formation of ferrihydrite which precipitated due to the pH (6.5) of the SBRC intestinal phase. Soils where Fe dissolution was limited had markedly higher concentrations of Pb in solution and hence exhibited greater relative bioavailability in the mouse model. This data suggests that coexistence of Fe in the intestinal phase plays an important role in reducing Pb bioaccessibility and relative bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Smith
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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27
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Lai SF, Chen WC, Wang CL, Chen HH, Chen ST, Chien CC, Chen YY, Hung WT, Cai X, Li E, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Yang CS, Tok ES, Tan HR, Lin M, Margaritondo G. One-pot tuning of Au nucleation and growth: from nanoclusters to nanoparticles. Langmuir 2011; 27:8424-8429. [PMID: 21630657 DOI: 10.1021/la200861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple and effective method to obtain colloidal surface-functionalized Au nanoparticles. The method is primarily based on irradiation of a gold solution with high-flux X-rays from a synchrotron source in the presence of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA). Extensive tests of the products demonstrated high colloidal density as well as excellent stability, shelf life, and biocompatibility. Specific tests with X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrometry, visible microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dark-field visible-light scattering microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that MUA, being an effective surfactant, not only allows tunable size control of the nanoparticles, but also facilitates functionalization. The nanoparticle sizes were 6.45 ± 1.58, 1.83 ± 1.21, 1.52 ± 0.37 and 1.18 ± 0.26 nm with no MUA and with MUA-to-Au ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 3:1. The MUA additionally enabled functionalization with l-glycine. We thus demonstrated flexibility in controlling the nanoparticle size over a large range with narrow size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Lai
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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28
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Cai X, Chen HH, Wang CL, Chen ST, Lai SF, Chien CC, Chen YY, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Yang CS, Margaritondo G. Imaging the cellular uptake of tiopronin-modified gold nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:809-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Chen HH, Chien CC, Petibois C, Wang CL, Chu YS, Lai SF, Hua TE, Chen YY, Cai X, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Margaritondo G. Quantitative analysis of nanoparticle internalization in mammalian cells by high resolution X-ray microscopy. J Nanobiotechnology 2011; 9:14. [PMID: 21477355 PMCID: PMC3098147 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative analysis of nanoparticle uptake at the cellular level is critical to nanomedicine procedures. In particular, it is required for a realistic evaluation of their effects. Unfortunately, quantitative measurements of nanoparticle uptake still pose a formidable technical challenge. We present here a method to tackle this problem and analyze the number of metal nanoparticles present in different types of cells. The method relies on high-lateral-resolution (better than 30 nm) transmission x-ray microimages with both absorption contrast and phase contrast -- including two-dimensional (2D) projection images and three-dimensional (3D) tomographic reconstructions that directly show the nanoparticles. RESULTS Practical tests were successfully conducted on bare and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated gold nanoparticles obtained by x-ray irradiation. Using two different cell lines, EMT and HeLa, we obtained the number of nanoparticle clusters uptaken by each cell and the cluster size. Furthermore, the analysis revealed interesting differences between 2D and 3D cultured cells as well as between 2D and 3D data for the same 3D specimen. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of our method, proving that it is accurate enough to measure the nanoparticle uptake differences between cells as well as the sizes of the formed nanoparticle clusters. The differences between 2D and 3D cultures and 2D and 3D images stress the importance of the 3D analysis which is made possible by our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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30
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Abstract
Hair analysis receives a large amount of academic and commercial interest for wide-ranging applications. However, in many instances, especially for elemental or 'mineral' analysis, the degree of success of analytical interpretation has been quite minimal with respect to the extent of such endeavors. In this critical review we address the questions surrounding hair analysis with specific intent of discovering what hair concentrations can actually relate to in a biogenic sense. This is done from a chemistry perspective to explain why and how elements are incorporated into hair and their meaning. This includes an overview of variables attributed to altering hair concentrations, such as age, gender, melanin content, and other less reported factors. Hair elemental concentrations are reviewed with regard to morbidity, with specific examples of disease related effects summarized. The application of hair analysis for epidemiology and etiology studies is enforced. A section is dedicated specifically to the area of population studies with regards to mercury, which highlights how endogenous and exogenous incorporation relies on species dependant metabolism and metabolic products. Many of the considerations are relevant to other areas of interest in hair analysis, such as for drug and isotopic analysis. Inclusion of a table of elemental concentrations in hair should act as a valuable reference (298 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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31
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Chen YT, Chen TY, Yi J, Chu YS, Lee WK, Wang CL, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Gajdosik V, Margaritondo G. Hard x-ray Zernike microscopy reaches 30 nm resolution. Opt Lett 2011; 36:1269-1271. [PMID: 21479054 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Since its invention in 1930, Zernike phase contrast has been a pillar in optical microscopy and more recently in x-ray microscopy, in particular for low-absorption-contrast biological specimens. We experimentally demonstrate that hard-x-ray Zernike microscopy now reaches a lateral resolution below 30 nm while strongly enhancing the contrast, thus opening many new research opportunities in biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tung Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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32
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Wang CL, Hsao BJ, Lai SF, Chen WC, Chen HH, Chen YY, Chien CC, Cai X, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Margaritondo G. One-pot synthesis of AuPt alloyed nanoparticles by intense x-ray irradiation. Nanotechnology 2011; 22:065605. [PMID: 21212491 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/6/065605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized AuPt alloyed nanoparticles in colloidal solution by a one-pot procedure based on synchrotron x-ray irradiation in the presence of PEG (polyethylene glycol). The exclusive presence of alloyed nanoparticles with fcc structure was confirmed by several different experiments including UV-vis spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The composition of the AuPt alloyed nanoparticles can be varied in a continuous fashion by simply varying the feed ratios of Au and Pt precursors. The nanoparticles exhibited colloidal stability and biocompatibility, important for potential applications.
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33
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Tung HT, Hwu Y, Chen IG, Tsai MG, Song JM, Kempson IM, Margaritondo G. Fabrication of single crystal CuGaS2 nanorods by X-ray irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9152-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12031j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Jani AMM, Kempson IM, Losic D, Voelcker NH. Dressing in Layers: Layering Surface Functionalities in Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Jani AMM, Kempson IM, Losic D, Voelcker NH. Dressing in Layers: Layering Surface Functionalities in Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:7933-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Cai X, Wang CL, Chen HH, Chien CC, Lai SF, Chen YY, Hua TE, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Yang CS, Margaritondo G. Tailored Au nanorods: optimizing functionality, controlling the aspect ratio and increasing biocompatibility. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:335604. [PMID: 20657043 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/33/335604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monodisperse gold nanorods with high aspect ratio were synthesized by x-ray irradiation. Irradiation was first used to stimulate the creation of seeds. Afterward, nanorod growth was stimulated either by chemical reduction or again by x-ray irradiation. In the last case, the entire process took place without reducing agents. The shape of the final products could be controlled by modulating the intensity of the x-ray irradiation during the seed synthesis. In turn, the nanorod aspect ratio determines the absorption wavelength of the nanorods that can thus be optimized for different applications. Likewise, the aspect ratio influences the uptake of the nanorods by HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Cai
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Kempson IM, Martin AL, Denman JA, French PW, Prestidge CA, Barnes TJ. Detecting the presence of denatured human serum albumin in an adsorbed protein monolayer using TOF-SIMS. Langmuir 2010; 26:12075-12080. [PMID: 20527920 DOI: 10.1021/la101253g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the application of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) in conjunction with multivariate statistics to differentiate trace levels of denatured proteins in adsorbed monolayers; specifically, human serum albumin (HSA) on oxidized silicon substrates. Subtle differences in protein conformation due to thermal denaturation of HSA, unable to be determined by dynamic light scattering nor circular dichroism, were differentiated by TOF-SIMS. The fragmentation pattern is highly sensitive to protein conformation, allowing assessment of relative amounts of proteins in mixtures and quantifying amounts of denatured protein in a sample. Discussion is presented on ascribing orientation and conformational differences between samples based upon TOF-SIMS spectra. This has implications for detecting denatured protein in biotechnology and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Kempson IM, Barnes TJ, Prestidge CA. Use of TOF-SIMS to study adsorption and loading behavior of methylene blue and papain in a nano-porous silicon layer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2010; 21:254-260. [PMID: 19913439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
TOF-SIMS was applied to study the cross-sectional distribution of methylene blue and papain in porous silicon layers. Elemental and molecular information were used to study their distributions in the porous region and the chemistry of their adsorption. Methylene blue (MW = 284 Da) penetrated to the base to the pores. Positive ions (SiCH(3)(+)) suggest methylene blue binds to the substrate via its methyl groups. Negative fragments (SiOSH(3)(-) and SiO(2)SCH(-)) also suggested chemisorption via O bridging of the substrate Si and methylene blue S. The larger Papain molecule (23,406 Da) distributed itself in a similar manner to methylene blue demonstrating larger molecules can be effectively incorporated into such pore structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia.
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Liu CJ, Wang CH, Chen ST, Chen HH, Leng WH, Chien CC, Wang CL, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Lai TC, Hsiao M, Yang CS, Chen YJ, Margaritondo G. Enhancement of cell radiation sensitivity by pegylated gold nanoparticles. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55:931-45. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/4/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Beattie DA, Kempson IM, Fan LJ, Skinner WM. Synchrotron XPS studies of collector adsorption and co-adsorption on gold and gold: silver alloy surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kempson IM, Henry D, Francis J. Characterizing arsenic in preserved hair for assessing exposure potential and discriminating poisoning. J Synchrotron Radiat 2009; 16:422-427. [PMID: 19395809 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049509010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advanced analytical techniques have been used to characterize arsenic in taxidermy specimens. Arsenic was examined to aid in discriminating its use as a preservative from that incorporated by ingestion and hence indicate poisoning (in the case of historical figures). The results are relevant to museum curators, occupational and environmental exposure concerns, toxicological and anthropological investigations. Hair samples were obtained from six taxidermy specimens preserved with arsenic in the late 1800s and early 1900s to investigate the arsenic incorporation. The presence of arsenic poses a potential hazard in museum and private collections. For one sample, arsenic was confirmed to be present on the hair with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and then measured with neutron activation analysis to comprise 176 microg g(-1). The hair cross section was analysed with synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence to investigate the transverse distribution of topically applied arsenic. It was found that the arsenic had significantly penetrated all hair samples. Association with melanin clusters and the medulla was observed. Lead and mercury were also identified in one sample. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy of the As K-edge indicated that an arsenate species predominantly existed in all samples; however, analysis was hindered by very rapid photoreduction of the arsenic. It would be difficult to discriminate arsenic consumption from topically applied arsenic based on the physical transverse distribution. Longitudinal distributions and chemical speciation may still allow differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
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Denman JA, Kempson IM, Skinner WM, Kirkbride KP. Discrimination of pencil markings on paper using elemental analysis: An initial investigation. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 175:123-9. [PMID: 17624705 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation and comparison of pencil markings on paper is an area of questioned document analysis that has previously not received much attention. Despite this, there would be value in an examiner being able to analyse two pencil markings and coming to a conclusion about whether they were from a similar or different source. Previous studies have analysed raw materials and bulk pencil cores for purposes of characterisation and differentiation, but to date, no studies have successfully analysed pencil markings non-destructively off a paper substrate. In this work, pencils from a number of manufacturers were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Analysis of data using multivariate techniques (principal component analysis), showed that ToF-SIMS can successfully be used to analyse such pencil markings to deduce whether two markings can be differentiated, in terms of inorganic elemental composition. It was possible to discriminate between pencil markings from different manufacturers, and it was also indicated that pencils from the same manufacturer, but discrete batches, can be significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Denman
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Kempson IM, Skinner WM, Kirkbride KP. The occurrence and incorporation of copper and zinc in hair and their potential role as bioindicators: a review. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2007; 10:611-622. [PMID: 18049926 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701389917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews evidence that suggests Cu and Zn concentrations are not altered significantly by exogenous processes and may be useful in applications of hair analysis. The review attempts to identify what Cu and Zn concentrations may actually indicate biogenically and investigates the mechanisms by which they are incorporated into hair. Associations with specific hair components are proposed and avenues for development as a bioindicator are identified. Areas of research that offer promise in application or confirming the use of Cu and Zn are also indicated. Correlations and relationships with other health disorders are reviewed. Endogenous blood concentrations may also explain alterations in hair structure relating to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia.
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Abstract
A variety of techniques (secondary electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, time-of-flight--secondary ion mass spectrometry, and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence) were utilized to distinguish metal contamination occurring in hair arising from endogenous uptake from an individual exposed to a polluted environment, in this case a lead smelter. Evidence was sought for elements less affected by contamination and potentially indicative of biogenic activity. The unique combination of surface sensitivity, spatial resolution, and detection limits used here has provided new insight regarding hair analysis. Metals such as Ca, Fe, and Pb appeared to have little representative value of endogenous uptake and were mainly due to contamination. Cu and Zn, however, demonstrate behaviors worthy of further investigation into relating hair concentrations to endogenous function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, S.A., 5095, Australia.
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Martin RR, Kempson IM, Naftel SJ, Skinner WM. Preliminary synchrotron analysis of lead in hair from a lead smelter worker. Chemosphere 2005; 58:1385-1390. [PMID: 15686756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence has been used to study the distribution of lead in a hair sample collected from a lead smelter worker. A mathematical model was used to imitate the transverse scan signal based on the analysis volume and concentration profiles. The results suggest that the Pb originates both from ingestion and environmental exposure, however direct deposition from the environment is the more important source of hair lead. The model could apply equally to any other analysis involving a thin cylindrical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
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Kempson IM, Skinner WM. ToF-SIMS analysis of elemental distributions in human hair. Sci Total Environ 2005; 338:213-227. [PMID: 15713330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Elemental distributions on whole and longitudinal sections of hairs plucked from the scalp were studied with the surface sensitive technique time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Endogenous and environmental influences on the distributions of elemental species were identified. The cuticle scales appear to play the major role in the accumulation of exogenous products. The functionality of the outer surfaces and scale edges each preferentially bind different elemental species. The majority of elements considered accumulated longitudinally on the outer surface of the hair above the scalp level. Internally, most elemental signals (especially Al) decreased longitudinally once exposed to the environment with the exception of Si, which showed an increase. Images of elemental distributions within the medulla suggest that regions of different reactivity exist and show a variable ability to accumulate elemental species. The greatest signal intensities were observed in the cuticle and medulla regions rather than the cortex. The cuticle is continually exposed to environmental contamination and the medulla may, or may not, exist in a hair. Therefore, the components of a hair that potentially contribute the most to the elemental concentrations (i.e. the cuticle and medulla) are also the most variable, and as such greatly complicate the interpretation of elemental concentrations in hair. Results also suggest that bleaching hair can enhance the accumulation of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia.
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Abstract
Calcium distributions on internal and external surfaces of longitudinally sectioned hairs were analysed with Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Externally, calcium deposits were observed at the cuticle scale edges. Internal sections showed that the bulk of calcium exists within or just inside the cuticle layer. The medulla may or may not be enriched and other localised concentrations exist in one of two forms; either associated with granular structures or the hair proteins. Calcium appears to show an affinity for proteins with low sulfur content.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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Kempson IM, Skinner WM, Kirkbride PK, Nelson AJ, Martin RR. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of hair from archaeological remains. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2003; 9:589-97. [PMID: 15100469 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hair from four individuals excavated from burial sites in Pacatnamu, Peru from the Moche (450-800 AD) and Lambayeque (900-1100 AD) periods was sectioned longitudinally and analysed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). An attempt was made to distinguish biogenic and diagenetic contributions to the elemental concentrations in the hair samples. Significant contamination was observed to have penetrated the hair samples from the burial environment. Results from the analyses indicate that the burial environment plays an important role in the postmortem variation in elemental content of hair samples. Various elements demonstrated an ability to permeate through the hair matrix over time. In addition, NaCl and what are believed to be aluminosilicates and mineral sulphates, were observed to have accumulated on the surface of the samples. Degradation of the samples was also suspected due to the presence of molecular fragments, possibly resulting from oxidation of the keratin proteins. The results should assist in the identification of reliable elemental signals in the analysis of ancient hair samples and promote caution when considering elements that are abundant in the burial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia
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Kempson IM, Skinner WM, Kirkbride PK. A method for the longitudinal sectioning of single hair samples. J Forensic Sci 2002; 47:889-92. [PMID: 12137002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple technique is presented for the longitudinal sectioning of hair samples without the need for any embedding medium. The technique applies to single hair samples that are placed in a groove of a particular depth and can either be scraped or cut to the desired level. Planar sections are obtained that reveal the internal structure of the sample and are ideal for the application of surface analytical techniques for the study of internal transverse and longitudinal distributions of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
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