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Garseth ÅH, Fritsvold C, Svendsen JC, Bang Jensen B, Mikalsen AB. Cardiomyopathy syndrome in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.: A review of the current state of knowledge. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:11-26. [PMID: 29064107 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) is a severe cardiac disease affecting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. The disease was first recognized in farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway in 1985 and subsequently in farmed salmon in the Faroe Islands, Scotland and Ireland. CMS has also been described in wild Atlantic salmon in Norway. The demonstration of CMS as a transmissible disease in 2009, and the subsequent detection and initial characterization of piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) in 2010 and 2011 were significant discoveries that gave new impetus to the CMS research. In Norway, CMS usually causes mortality in large salmon in ongrowing and broodfish farms, resulting in reduced fish welfare, significant management-related challenges and substantial economic losses. The disease thus has a significant impact on the Atlantic salmon farming industry. There is a need to gain further basic knowledge about the virus, the disease and its epidemiology, but also applied knowledge from the industry to enable the generation and implementation of effective prevention and control measures. This review summarizes the currently available, scientific information on CMS and PMCV with special focus on epidemiology and factors influencing the development of CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Å H Garseth
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Fritsvold
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - A B Mikalsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Flávio HM, Ferreira P, Formigo N, Svendsen JC. Reconciling agriculture and stream restoration in Europe: A review relating to the EU Water Framework Directive. Sci Total Environ 2017; 596-597:378-395. [PMID: 28448914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is widespread across the EU and has caused considerable impacts on freshwater ecosystems. To revert the degradation caused to streams and rivers, research and restoration efforts have been developed to recover ecosystem functions and services, with the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) playing a significant role in strengthening the progress. Analysing recent peer-reviewed European literature (2009-2016), this review explores 1) the conflicts and difficulties faced when restoring agriculturally impacted streams, 2) the aspects relevant to effectively reconcile agricultural land uses and healthy riverine ecosystems and 3) the effects and potential shortcomings of the first WFD management cycle. Our analysis reveals significant progress in restoration efforts, but it also demonstrates an urgent need for a higher number and detail of restoration projects reported in the peer-reviewed literature. The first WFD cycle ended in 2015 without reaching the goal of good ecological status in many European water-bodies. Addressing limitations reported in recent papers, including difficulties in stakeholder integration and importance of small headwater streams, is crucial. Analysing recent developments on stakeholder engagement through structured participatory processes will likely reduce perception discrepancies and increase stakeholder interest during the next WFD planning cycle. Despite an overall dominance of nutrient-related research, studies are spreading across many important topics (e.g. stakeholder management, land use conflicts, climate change effects), which may play an important role in guiding future policy. Our recommendations are important for the second WFD cycle because they 1) help secure the development and dissemination of science-based restoration strategies and 2) provide guidance for future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Flávio
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal.
| | - P Ferreira
- Laboratory of Molecular EcoPhysiology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - N Formigo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal
| | - J C Svendsen
- Section for Ecosystem based Marine Management, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund 2920, Denmark
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3
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Murray L, Rennie MD, Svendsen JC, Enders EC. Respirometry increases cortisol levels in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: implications for measurements of metabolic rate. J Fish Biol 2017; 90:2206-2213. [PMID: 28345192 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the extent to which chasing, handling and confining Oncorhynchus mykiss to a small respirometer chamber during respirometric experiments is stressful and affects metabolic measurements. The study observed increased cortisol levels in animals tested using a chase protocol and subsequent intermittent-flow respirometry, suggesting that this procedural treatment may stress animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Murray
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M D Rennie
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Lakehead University, Department of Biology, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E, Canada
- IISD-Experimental Lakes Area, 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325, Winnipeg, MB, R3B OT4, Canada
| | - J C Svendsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Alle 1, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - E C Enders
- Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
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4
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Adams GD, Flores D, Flores OG, Aarestrup K, Svendsen JC. Spatial ecology of blue shark and shortfin mako in southern Peru: local abundance, habitat preferences and implications for conservation. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Rosewarne PJ, Wilson JM, Svendsen JC. Measuring maximum and standard metabolic rates using intermittent-flow respirometry: a student laboratory investigation of aerobic metabolic scope and environmental hypoxia in aquatic breathers. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:265-283. [PMID: 26768978 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rate is one of the most widely measured physiological traits in animals and may be influenced by both endogenous (e.g. body mass) and exogenous factors (e.g. oxygen availability and temperature). Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) are two fundamental physiological variables providing the floor and ceiling in aerobic energy metabolism. The total amount of energy available between these two variables constitutes the aerobic metabolic scope (AMS). A laboratory exercise aimed at an undergraduate level physiology class, which details the appropriate data acquisition methods and calculations to measure oxygen consumption rates in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, is presented here. Specifically, the teaching exercise employs intermittent flow respirometry to measure SMR and MMR, derives AMS from the measurements and demonstrates how AMS is affected by environmental oxygen. Students' results typically reveal a decline in AMS in response to environmental hypoxia. The same techniques can be applied to investigate the influence of other key factors on metabolic rate (e.g. temperature and body mass). Discussion of the results develops students' understanding of the mechanisms underlying these fundamental physiological traits and the influence of exogenous factors. More generally, the teaching exercise outlines essential laboratory concepts in addition to metabolic rate calculations, data acquisition and unit conversions that enhance competency in quantitative analysis and reasoning. Finally, the described procedures are generally applicable to other fish species or aquatic breathers such as crustaceans (e.g. crayfish) and provide an alternative to using higher (or more derived) animals to investigate questions related to metabolic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Rosewarne
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - J M Wilson
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - J C Svendsen
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Jensen LF, Thomsen DS, Madsen SS, Ejbye-Ernst M, Poulsen SB, Svendsen JC. Development of salinity tolerance in the endangered anadromous North Sea houting Coregonus oxyrinchus: implications for conservation measures. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Poulsen SB, Svendsen JC, Aarestrup K, Malte H. Calcium-dependent behavioural responses to acute copper exposure in Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Fish Biol 2014; 84:1326-1339. [PMID: 24773536 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, the present study demonstrated that: (1) calcium (Ca) increased the range of copper (Cu) concentrations that O. mykiss avoided; (2) Ca conserved the maintenance of pre-exposure swimming activity during inescapable acute (10 min) Cu exposure. Data showed that when presented with a choice of Cu-contaminated water (ranging from 0 to 454 µg Cu l⁻¹ ) and uncontaminated water in a choice tank, O. mykiss acclimated and tested at low Ca concentration (3 mg Ca l⁻¹ avoided the 10 µg Cu l⁻¹ only. By contrast, O. mykiss acclimated and tested at high Ca concentration (158 mg Ca l⁻¹) avoided all the Cu concentrations ≥37 µg⁻¹. The Cu avoidance was connected with increased spontaneous swimming speed in the Cu-contaminated water. When subjected to inescapable Cu exposure (35 µg Cu l⁻¹), O. mykiss acclimated and tested at low Ca concentration reduced their spontaneous swimming speed, whereas no response was observed in O. mykiss acclimated and tested at high Ca concentration. Collectively, the data support the conclusion that in O. mykiss the behavioural responses to acute Cu exposure are Ca-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Poulsen
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C.F.Møllers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Genz J, Jyde MB, Svendsen JC, Steffensen JF, Ramløv H. Excess post-hypoxic oxygen consumption is independent from lactate accumulation in two cyprinid fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:54-60. [PMID: 23396307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Carassius carassius responds to hypoxic conditions by conversion of lactate into ethanol, which is excreted over the gills. However, a closely related species, Cyprinus carpio, does not possess the ability to produce ethanol and would be expected to accumulate lactate during hypoxic exposure. While the increase in oxygen consumption in fish required following strenuous exercise or low environmental oxygen availability has been frequently considered, the primary contributing mechanism remains unknown. This study utilized the close relationship but strongly divergent physiology between C. carpio and C. carassius to examine the possible correlation between excess post-hypoxic oxygen consumption (EPHOC) and lactate accumulation. No difference in the EPHOC:O2 deficit ratio was observed between the two species after 2.5h anoxia, with ratios of 2.0±0.6 (C. carpio) and 1.3±0.3 (C. carassius). As predicted, lactate accumulation dynamics did significantly differ between the species in both plasma and white muscle following anoxic exposure. Significant lactate accumulation was seen in both plasma and muscle in C. carpio, but there was no accumulation of lactate in white muscle tissue of C. carassius. These findings indicate that lactate accumulated as a consequence of 2.5h anoxic exposure is not a major determinant of the resulting EPHOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Genz
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 369 Duff Roblin, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Poulsen SB, Jensen LF, Nielsen KS, Malte H, Aarestrup K, Svendsen JC. Behaviour of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss presented with a choice of normoxia and stepwise progressive hypoxia. J Fish Biol 2011; 79:969-979. [PMID: 21967584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify behavioural adjustments leading to avoidance of hypoxia. Using the oxygen-sensitive species rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as a model, individual fish were recorded while moving freely between two sides of a test arena: one with normoxia and one with stepwise progressive hypoxia [80-30% dissolved oxygen (DO) air saturation]. The results demonstrated a gradual decrease in the total time spent in hypoxia starting at 80% DO air saturation. At this DO level, the avoidance of hypoxia could not be attributed to changes in spontaneous swimming speed, neither in normoxia nor in hypoxia. Reducing the DO level to 60% air saturation resulted in decreased spontaneous swimming speed in normoxia, yet the number of trips to the hypoxic side of the test arena remained unchanged. Moreover, data revealed increased average residence time per trip in normoxia at DO levels ≤60% air saturation and decreased average residence time per trip in hypoxia at DO levels ≤50% air saturation. Finally, the spontaneous swimming speed in hypoxia increased at DO levels ≤40% air saturation and the number of trips to hypoxia decreased at the 30% DO air saturation level. Thus, avoidance of the deepest hypoxia was connected with a reduced number of trips to hypoxia as well as decreased and increased spontaneous swimming speed in normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Collectively, the data support the conclusions that the mechanistic basis for avoidance of hypoxia may (1) not involve changes in swimming speed during mild hypoxia and (2) depend on the severity of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Poulsen
- Fisheries and Maritime Museum, DK-6710 Esbjerg V, Denmark.
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10
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Poulsen SB, Svendsen JC, Jensen LF, Schulz C, Jäger-Kleinicke T, Schwarten H. Effects of food deprivation on refuge use and dispersal in juvenile North Sea houting Coregonus oxyrinchus under experimental conditions. J Fish Biol 2010; 77:1702-1708. [PMID: 21078028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the influence of energetic state on refuge use and dispersal in juvenile North Sea houting Coregonus oxyrinchus in an artificial stream. Food-deprived fish spent more time outside refuges than well-fed fish; however, the well-fed fish initiated dispersal faster than the food-deprived fish. The results may indicate state-dependent refuge use and dispersal in C. oxyrinchus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Poulsen
- Fisheries and Maritime Museum, DK-6710 Esbjerg V, Denmark.
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Svendsen JC, Aarestrup K, Dolby J, Svendsen TC, Christensen RHB. The volitional travel speed varies with reproductive state in mature female brown trout Salmo trutta. J Fish Biol 2009; 75:901-907. [PMID: 20738586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the effect of reproduction on the volitional travel speed of mature female brown trout Salmo trutta L. The downstream travel speed in the pre-spawning state was 0.25 m s(-1) (95% CI : 0.19, 0.34) while it increased significantly to 0.65 m s(-1) (95% CI: 0.49, 0.87) in the post-spawning state. The results suggest state-dependent travel speed in S. trutta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Svendsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Freshwater Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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