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Seligmann JF, Elliott F, Richman S, Hemmings G, Brown S, Jacobs B, Williams C, Tejpar S, Barrett JH, Quirke P, Seymour M. Clinical and molecular characteristics and treatment outcomes of advanced right-colon, left-colon and rectal cancers: data from 1180 patients in a phase III trial of panitumumab with an extended biomarker panel. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:1021-1029. [PMID: 32387453 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary tumour location (PTL) is being adopted by clinicians to guide treatment decisions in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Here we test PTL as a predictive marker for panitumumab efficacy, and examine its relationship with an extended biomarker profile. We also examine rectal tumours as a separate location. PATIENTS AND METHODS mCRC patients from the second-line PICCOLO trial of irinotecan versus irinotecan/panitumumab (IrPan). PTL was classified as right-PTL, left-PTL or rectal-PTL. PTL was assessed as a predictive biomarker for IrPan effect in RAS-wild-type (RAS-wt) patients (compared with irinotecan alone), then tested for independence alongside an extended biomarker profile (BRAF, epiregulin/amphiregulin (EREG/AREG) and HER3 mRNA expression). RESULTS PTL data were available for 1180 patients (98.5%), of whom 558 were RAS-wt. High HER3 expression was independently predictive of panitumumab overall survival improvement, but PTL and EREG/AREG were not. IrPan progression-free survival (PFS) improvement compared with irinotecan was seen in left-PTL [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.61, P = 0.002) but not right-PTL (HR = 0.98, P = 0.90) (interaction P = 0.05; RAS/BRAF-wt interaction P = 0.10), or in rectal-PTL (HR = 0.82, P = 0.20) (interaction P = 0.14 compared with left-PTL; RAS/BRAF-wt interaction P = 0.04). Patients with right-PTL and high EREG/AREG or HER3 expression, had IrPan PFS improvement (high EREG/AREG HR = 0.20, P = 0.04; high HER3 HR = 0.33, P = 0.10) compared with irinotecan. Similar effect was seen for rectal-PTL patients (high EREG/AREG HR = 0.44, P = 0.03; high HER3 HR = 0.34, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS RAS-wt patients with left-PTL are more likely to have panitumumab PFS advantage than those with right-PTL or rectal-PTL. However, an extended biomarker panel demonstrated significant heterogeneity in panitumumab PFS effect within a tumour location. AREG/EREG and HER3 mRNA expression identifies patients with right-PTL or rectal-PTL who achieve similar PFS effect with panitumumab as left-colon patients. Testing could provide a more reliable basis for clinical decision making. Further validation and development of these biomarkers is required to optimise routine patient care. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN identifier: ISRCTN93248876.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Seligmann
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - F Elliott
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S Richman
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - G Hemmings
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S Brown
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - B Jacobs
- Molecular Digestive Oncology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Williams
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S Tejpar
- Molecular Digestive Oncology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J H Barrett
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - P Quirke
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M Seymour
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Vuong K, Armstrong BK, Drummond M, Hopper JL, Barrett JH, Davies JR, Bishop DT, Newton-Bishop J, Aitken JF, Giles GG, Schmid H, Jenkins MA, Mann GJ, McGeechan K, Cust AE. Development and external validation study of a melanoma risk prediction model incorporating clinically assessed naevi and solar lentigines. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:1262-1268. [PMID: 31378928 PMCID: PMC6997040 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma risk prediction models could be useful for matching preventive interventions to patients' risk. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate a model for incident first-primary cutaneous melanoma using clinically assessed risk factors. METHODS We used unconditional logistic regression with backward selection from the Australian Melanoma Family Study (461 cases and 329 controls) in which age, sex and city of recruitment were kept in each step, and we externally validated it using the Leeds Melanoma Case-Control Study (960 cases and 513 controls). Candidate predictors included clinically assessed whole-body naevi and solar lentigines, and self-assessed pigmentation phenotype, sun exposure, family history and history of keratinocyte cancer. We evaluated the predictive strength and discrimination of the model risk factors using odds per age- and sex-adjusted SD (OPERA) and the area under curve (AUC), and calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS The final model included the number of naevi ≥ 2 mm in diameter on the whole body, solar lentigines on the upper back (a six-level scale), hair colour at age 18 years and personal history of keratinocyte cancer. Naevi was the strongest risk factor; the OPERA was 3·51 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2·71-4·54] in the Australian study and 2·56 (95% CI 2·23-2·95) in the Leeds study. The AUC was 0·79 (95% CI 0·76-0·83) in the Australian study and 0·73 (95% CI 0·70-0·75) in the Leeds study. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test P-value was 0·30 in the Australian study and < 0·001 in the Leeds study. CONCLUSIONS This model had good discrimination and could be used by clinicians to stratify patients by melanoma risk for the targeting of preventive interventions. What's already known about this topic? Melanoma risk prediction models may be useful in prevention by tailoring interventions to personalized risk levels. For reasons of feasibility, time and cost many melanoma prediction models use self-assessed risk factors. However, individuals tend to underestimate their naevus numbers. What does this study add? We present a melanoma risk prediction model, which includes clinically-assessed whole-body naevi and solar lentigines, and self-assessed risk factors including pigmentation phenotype and history of keratinocyte cancer. This model performs well on discrimination, the model's ability to distinguish between individuals with and without melanoma, and may assist clinicians to stratify patients by melanoma risk for targeted preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vuong
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - B K Armstrong
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Drummond
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J H Barrett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds University, Leeds, U.K
| | - J R Davies
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds University, Leeds, U.K
| | - D T Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds University, Leeds, U.K
| | - J Newton-Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds University, Leeds, U.K
| | - J F Aitken
- Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - G G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Schmid
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G J Mann
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K McGeechan
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A E Cust
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Liyanage UE, Law MH, Barrett JH, Iles MM, MacGregor S. Is there a causal relationship between vitamin D and melanoma risk? A Mendelian randomization study. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:97-103. [PMID: 31218665 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several preclinical studies have identified the antiproliferative effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; vitamin D]. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is essential for vitamin D synthesis yet increases the risk of melanoma. Observational studies on the association of vitamin D levels with melanoma risk have reported inconclusive results, and are difficult to interpret owing to the potential confounding from the dual role of UVR. OBJECTIVES To determine whether there is a causal association between genetically predicted 25(OH)D concentrations and melanoma using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS We performed MR using summary data from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of melanoma risk, consisting of 12 874 cases and 23 203 controls. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with 25(OH)D concentration - rs12785878, rs10741657, rs2282679, rs6013897 and rs116970203 - were selected as instrumental variables. An inverse variance weighted method was used to access the evidence for causality. MR results from the melanoma meta-analysis were combined with results from an MR study based on a melanoma risk GWAS using UK Biobank data. RESULTS A 20 nmol L-1 decrease in 25(OH)D was not associated with melanoma risk [odds ratio (OR) 1·06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·95-1·19]. Results from the UK Biobank were concordant with this, with meta-analysis of our and UK Biobank-derived MR causal estimates showing no association (OR 1·02, 95% CI 0·92-1·13 for a 20 nmol L-1 decrease). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that vitamin D levels may not be causally associated with the risk of melanoma. What's already known about this topic? Antitumour activity of vitamin D has been identified in preclinical studies. Observational studies link vitamin D deficiency with an increased risk of a range of cancers. There is a growing public interest for vitamin D supplementation. Observational studies of melanoma are fraught with difficulties because while higher ultraviolet radiation levels increase vitamin D levels, such exposure is also associated with increased melanoma risk. Results from observational studies are inconclusive regarding the effect of vitamin D on melanoma risk. What does this study add? Using Mendelian randomization, an approach to causal inference, which is analogous to a natural randomized controlled trial, we found no causal association between vitamin D levels and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- U E Liyanage
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - M H Law
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | | | - J H Barrett
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - M M Iles
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - S MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
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Barrett JH. Telomere length and melanoma - is there a straightforward relationship? Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:865-866. [PMID: 27790683 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K..
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Robinson JI, Taylor JC, Foy E, Vyse T, Cooper R, Chinoy H, Lamb J, Barton A, Martin J, Sawalha AH, Wilson AG, Barrett JH, Morgan AW. A6.17 FCGR2Aassociation with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209124.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Teo MTW, Dyrskjøt L, Nsengimana J, Buchwald C, Snowden H, Morgan J, Jensen JB, Knowles MA, Taylor G, Barrett JH, Borre M, Ørntoft TF, Bishop DT, Kiltie AE. Next-generation sequencing identifies germline MRE11A variants as markers of radiotherapy outcomes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:877-883. [PMID: 24623370 PMCID: PMC3969555 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) can be cured by radical radiotherapy (RT). We previously found tumour MRE11 expression to be predictive of survival following RT in MIBC, and this was independently validated in a separate institute. Here, we investigated germline MRE11A variants as possible predictors of RT outcomes in MIBC, using next-generation sequencing (NGS). PATIENTS AND METHODS The MRE11A gene was amplified in germline DNA from 186 prospectively recruited MIBC patients treated with RT and sequenced using bar-coded multiplexed NGS. Germline variants were analysed for associations with cancer-specific survival (CSS). For validation as a prognostic or predictive marker, rs1805363 was then genotyped in a cystectomy-treated MIBC cohort of 256 individuals. MRE11A mRNA isoform expression was measured in bladder cancer cell lines and primary tumour samples. RESULTS Carriage of at least one of six (five novel) rare variants was associated with the worse RT outcome (hazard ratio [HR] 4.04, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.42-11.51, P = 0.009). The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1805363 (minor allele frequency 11%), was also associated with worse CSS (per-allele HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.34-3.28, Ptrend = 0.001) following RT in MIBC, with a gene-dosage effect observed, but no effect seen on CSS in the cystectomy cohort (Ptrend = 0.89). Furthermore, rs1805363 influenced relative MRE11A isoform expression, with increased isoform 2 expression with carriage of the rs1805363 minor A allele. CONCLUSIONS Germline MRE11A SNP rs1805363 was predictive of RT, but not of cystectomy outcome in MIBC. If successfully validated in an independent RT-treated cohort, this SNP could be a useful clinical tool for selecting patients for bladder-conserving treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T W Teo
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - L Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Nsengimana
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Buchwald
- Department of Oncology, Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - H Snowden
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J Morgan
- Genomics Facility, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J B Jensen
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M A Knowles
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - G Taylor
- Genomics Facility, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J H Barrett
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M Borre
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T F Ørntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - D T Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A E Kiltie
- Department of Oncology, Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford.
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Karrar S, Shiwen X, Nikotorowicz-Buniak J, Abraham DJ, Denton C, Stratton R, Bayley R, Kite KA, Clay E, Smith JP, Kitas GD, Buckley C, Young SP, Ye L, Zhang L, Goodall J, Gaston H, Xu H, Lutalo PM, Zhao Y, Meng Choong L, Sangle S, Spencer J, D'Cruz D, Rysnik OJ, McHugh K, Bowness P, Rump-Goodrich L, Mattey D, Kehoe O, Middleton J, Cartwright A, Schmutz C, Askari A, Middleton J, Gardner DH, Jeffery LE, Raza K, Sansom DM, Clay E, Bayley R, Fitzpatrick M, Wallace G, Young S, Shaw J, Hatano H, Cauli A, Giles JL, McHugh K, Mathieu A, Bowness P, Kollnberger S, Webster S, Ellis L, O'Brien LM, Fitzmaurice TJ, Gaston H, Goodall J, Nazeer Moideen A, Evans L, Osgood L, Williams A, Jones S, Thomas C, O'Donnell V, Nowell M, Ouboussad L, Savic S, Dickie LJ, Hintze J, Wong CH, Cook GP, Buch M, Emery P, McDermott MF, Hardcastle SA, Gregson CL, Deere K, Davey Smith G, Dieppe P, Tobias JH, Dennison E, Edwards M, Bennett J, Coggon D, Palmer K, Cooper C, McWilliams D, Young A, Kiely PD, Walsh D, Taylor HJ, Harding I, Hutchinson J, Nelson I, Blom A, Tobias J, Clark E, Parker J, Bukhari M, McWilliams D, Jayakumar K, Young A, Kiely P, Walsh D, Diffin J, Lunt M, Marshall T, Chipping J, Symmons D, Verstappen S, Taylor HJ, Harding I, Hutchinson J, Nelson I, Tobias J, Clark E, Bluett J, Bowes J, Ho P, McHugh N, Buden D, Fitzgerald O, Barton A, Glossop JR, Nixon NB, Emes RD, Dawes PT, Farrell WE, Mattey DL, Scott IC, Steer S, Seegobin S, Hinks AM, Eyre S, Morgan A, Wilson AG, Hocking L, Wordsworth P, Barton A, Worthington J, Cope A, Lewis CM, Guerra S, Ahmed BA, Denton C, Abraham D, Fonseca C, Robinson J, Taylor J, Haroon Rashid L, Flynn E, Eyre S, Worthington J, Barton A, Isaacs J, Bowes J, Wilson AG, Barrett JH, Morgan A, Kingston B, Ahmed M, Kirwan JR, Marshall R, Chapman K, Pearson R, Heycock C, Kelly C, Rynne M, Saravanan V, Hamilton J, Saeed A, Coughlan R, Carey JJ, Farah Z, Matthews W, Bell C, Petford S, Tibbetts LM, Douglas KMJ, Holden W, Ledingham J, Fletcher M, Winfield R, Price Z, Mackay K, Dixon C, Oppong R, Jowett S, Nicholls E, Whitehurst D, Hill S, Hammond A, Hay E, Dziedzic K, Righetti C, Lebmeier M, Manning VL, Hurley M, Scott DL, Choy E, Bearne L, Nikiphorou E, Morris S, James D, Kiely P, Walsh D, Young A, Wong EC, Long J, Fletcher A, Fletcher M, Holmes S, Hockey P, Abbas M, Chattopadhyay C, Flint J, Gayed M, Schreiber K, Arthanari S, Nisar M, Khamashta M, Gordon C, Giles I, Robson J, Kiran A, Maskell J, Arden N, Hutchings A, Emin A, Culliford D, Dasgupta B, Hamilton W, Luqmani R, Jethwa H, Rowczenio D, Trojer H, Russell T, Loeffler J, Hawkins P, Lachmann H, Verma I, Syngle A, Krishan P, Garg N, Flint J, Gayed M, Schreiber K, Arthanari S, Nisar M, Khamashta M, Gordon C, Giles I, McGowan SP, Gerrard DT, Chinoy H, Ollier WE, Cooper RG, Lamb JA, Taborda L, Correia Azevedo P, Isenberg D, Leyland KM, Kiran A, Judge A, Hunter D, Hart D, Javaid MK, Arden N, Cooper C, Edwards MH, Litwic AE, Jameson KA, Deeg D, Cooper C, Dennison E, Edwards MH, Jameson KA, Cushnaghan J, Aihie Sayer A, Deeg D, Cooper C, Dennison E, Jagannath D, Parsons C, Cushnaghan J, Cooper C, Edwards MH, Dennison E, Stoppiello L, Mapp P, Ashraf S, Wilson D, Hill R, Scammell B, Walsh D, Wenham C, Shore P, Hodgson R, Grainger A, Aaron J, Hordon L, Conaghan P, Bar-Ziv Y, Beer Y, Ran Y, Benedict S, Halperin N, Drexler M, Mor A, Segal G, Lahad A, Haim A, Rath U, Morgensteren DM, Salai M, Elbaz A, Vasishta VG, Derrett-Smith E, Hoyles R, Khan K, Abraham DJ, Denton C, Ezeonyeji A, Takhar G, Denton C, Ong V, Loughrey L, Bissell LA, Hensor E, Abignano G, Redmond A, Buch M, Del Galdo F, Hall FC, Malaviya A, Nisar M, Baker S, Furlong A, Mitchell A, Godfrey AL, Ruddlesden M, Hadjinicolaou A, Hughes M, Moore T, O'Leary N, Tracey A, Ennis H, Dinsdale G, Roberts C, Herrick A, Denton CP, Guillevin L, Hunsche E, Rosenberg D, Schwierin B, Scott M, Krieg T, Anderson M, Hall FC, Herrick A, McHugh N, Matucci-Cerinic M, Alade R, Khan K, Xu S, Denton C, Ong V, Nihtyanova S, Ong V, Denton CP, Clark KE, Tam FWK, Unwin R, Khan K, Abraham DJ, Denton C, Stratton RJ, Nihtyanova S, Schreiber B, Ong V, Denton CP, Seng Edwin Lim C, Dasgupta B, Corsiero E, Sutcliffe N, Wardemann H, Pitzalis C, Bombardieri M, Tahir H, Donnelly S, Greenwood M, Smith TO, Easton V, Bacon H, Jerman E, Armon K, Poland F, Macgregor A, van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Elewaut D, Pangan AL, Nguyen D, Badenhorst C, Kirby S, White D, Harrison A, Garcia JA, Stebbings S, MacKay JW, Aboelmagd S, Gaffney K, van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Braun J, Mack M, Hsu B, Gathany T, Han C, Inman RD, Cooper-Moss N, Packham J, Strauss V, Freeston JE, Coates L, Nam J, Moverley AR, Helliwell P, Hensor E, Wakefield R, Emery P, Conaghan P, Mease P, Fleischmann R, Wollenhaupt J, Deodhar A, Kielar D, Woltering F, Stach C, Hoepken B, Arledge T, van der Heijde D, Gladman D, Fleischmann R, Coteur G, Woltering F, Mease P, Kavanaugh A, Gladman D, van der Heijde D, Purcaru O, Mease P, McInnes I, Kavanaugh A, Gottlieb AB, Puig L, Rahman P, Ritchlin C, Li S, Wang Y, Mendelsohn A, Doyle M, Tillett W, Jadon D, Shaddick G, Cavill C, Robinson G, Sengupta R, Korendowych E, de Vries C, McHugh N, Thomas RC, Shuto T, Busquets-Perez N, Marzo-Ortega H, McGonagle D, Tillett W, Richards G, Cavill C, Sengupta R, Shuto T, Marzo-Ortega H, Thomas RC, Bingham S, Coates L, Emery P, John Hamlin P, Adshead R, Cambridge S, Donnelly S, Tahir H, Suppiah P, Cullinan M, Nolan A, Thompson WM, Stebbings S, Mathieson HR, Mackie SL, Bryer D, Buch M, Emery P, Marzo-Ortega H, Krutikov M, Gray L, Bruce E, Ho P, Marzo-Ortega H, Busquets-Perez N, Thomas RC, Gaffney K, Keat A, Innes W, Pandit R, Kay L, Lapshina S, Myasoutova L, Erdes S, Wallis D, Waldron N, McHugh N, Korendowych E, Thorne I, Harris C, Keat A, Garg N, Syngle A, Vohra K, Khinchi D, Verma I, Kaur L, Jones A, Harrison N, Harris D, Jones T, Rees J, Bennett A, Fazal S, Tugnet N, Barkham N, Basu N, McClean A, Harper L, Amft EN, Dhaun N, Luqmani RA, Little MA, Jayne DR, Flossmann O, McLaren J, Kumar V, Reid DM, Macfarlane GJ, Jones G, Yates M, Watts RA, Igali L, Mukhtyar C, Macgregor A, Robson J, Doll H, Yew S, Flossmann O, Suppiah R, Harper L, Hoglund P, Jayne D, Mukhtyar C, Westman K, Luqmani R, Win Maw W, Patil P, Williams M, Adizie T, Christidis D, Borg F, Dasgupta B, Robertson A, Croft AP, Smith S, Carr S, Youssouf S, Salama A, Pusey C, Harper L, Morgan M. Basic Science * 208. Stem Cell Factor Expression is Increased in the Skin of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis and Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Fibroblasts in vitro. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Suppa M, Elliott F, Mikeljevic JS, Mukasa Y, Chan M, Leake S, Karpavicius B, Haynes S, Bakker E, Peris K, Barrett JH, Bishop DT, Newton Bishop JA. The determinants of periorbital skin ageing in participants of a melanoma case-control study in the U.K. Br J Dermatol 2012; 165:1011-21. [PMID: 21787368 PMCID: PMC3202027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin ageing is said to be caused by multiple factors. The relationship with sun exposure is of particular interest because the detrimental cutaneous effects of the sun may be a strong motivator to sun protection. We report a study of skin ageing in participants of an epidemiological study of melanoma. OBJECTIVES To determine the predictors of periorbital cutaneous ageing and whether it could be used as an objective marker of sun exposure. METHODS Photographs of the periorbital skin in 1341 participants were graded for wrinkles, degree of vascularity and blotchy pigmentation and the resultant data assessed in relation to reported sun exposure, sunscreen use, body mass index (BMI), smoking and the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene status. Data were analysed using proportional odds regression. RESULTS Wrinkling was associated with age and heavy smoking. Use of higher sun-protection factor sunscreen was protective (P = 0·01). Age, male sex, MC1R variants ('r', P=0·01; 'R', P=0·02), higher reported daily sun exposure (P=0·02), increased BMI (P=0·01) and smoking (P=0·02) were risk factors for hypervascularity. Blotchy pigmentation was associated with age, male sex, higher education and higher weekday sun exposure (P=0·03). More frequent sunscreen use (P=0·02) and MC1R variants ('r', P=0·03; 'R', P=0·001) were protective. CONCLUSIONS Periorbital wrinkling is a poor biomarker of reported sun exposure. Vascularity is a better biomarker as is blotchy pigmentation, the latter in darker-skinned individuals. In summary, male sex, sun exposure, smoking, obesity and MC1R variants were associated with measures of cutaneous ageing. Sunscreen use showed some evidence of being protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suppa
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Cancer Research UK.
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9
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Abstract
ABSTRACTChanneling and lattice location has been used to investigate the structure of the boron-hydrogen complex in crystalline silicon. The positions of both the boron and hydrogen atoms have been determined. The results are compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. The boron atom in the B-H pair is found to be displaced from a substitutional site by 0.28±0.03Å, while the hydrogen atom is predominantly at a bond-center site, with a small proportion in a back-bonded position.
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10
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Mitra A, Conway C, Walker C, Cook M, Powell B, Lobo S, Chan M, Kissin M, Layer G, Smallwood J, Ottensmeier C, Stanley P, Peach H, Chong H, Elliott F, Iles MM, Nsengimana J, Barrett JH, Bishop DT, Newton-Bishop JA. Melanoma sentinel node biopsy and prediction models for relapse and overall survival. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:1229-36. [PMID: 20859289 PMCID: PMC2967048 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To optimise predictive models for sentinal node biopsy (SNB) positivity, relapse and survival, using clinico-pathological characteristics and osteopontin gene expression in primary melanomas. METHODS A comparison of the clinico-pathological characteristics of SNB positive and negative cases was carried out in 561 melanoma patients. In 199 patients, gene expression in formalin-fixed primary tumours was studied using Illumina's DASL assay. A cross validation approach was used to test prognostic predictive models and receiver operating characteristic curves were produced. RESULTS Independent predictors of SNB positivity were Breslow thickness, mitotic count and tumour site. Osteopontin expression best predicted SNB positivity (P=2.4 × 10⁻⁷), remaining significant in multivariable analysis. Osteopontin expression, combined with thickness, mitotic count and site, gave the best area under the curve (AUC) to predict SNB positivity (72.6%). Independent predictors of relapse-free survival were SNB status, thickness, site, ulceration and vessel invasion, whereas only SNB status and thickness predicted overall survival. Using clinico-pathological features (thickness, mitotic count, ulceration, vessel invasion, site, age and sex) gave a better AUC to predict relapse (71.0%) and survival (70.0%) than SNB status alone (57.0, 55.0%). In patients with gene expression data, the SNB status combined with the clinico-pathological features produced the best prediction of relapse (72.7%) and survival (69.0%), which was not increased further with osteopontin expression (72.7, 68.0%). CONCLUSION Use of these models should be tested in other data sets in order to improve predictive and prognostic data for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitra
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS97TF, UK.
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11
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Mitchell H, English DR, Elliott F, Gengos M, Barrett JH, Giles GG, Forman D. Immunoblotting using multiple antigens is essential to demonstrate the true risk of Helicobacter pylori infection for gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28:903-10. [PMID: 18624791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection, using IgG antibodies, may significantly underestimate the association with gastric cancer. AIM To compare associations between H. pylori and cardia (CGC) and noncardia gastric cancer (NCGC) using ELISA and immunoblotting and determine the effect of atrophic gastritis on detection. METHODS Nested case-control study within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Helicobacter pylori antibodies were detected in subjects with CGC (n = 18), NCGC (n = 34) and controls (n = 69 and 134 respectively) using ELISA (pylori DTect) and immunoblot (Helicoblot 2.1). Pepsinogen I levels were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Using ELISA, H. pylori-positivity in the CGC group was 33% vs. 35% in controls [odds ratio (OR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.3-2.7)], while that in the NCGC group was 79% vs. 63% in controls [OR = 2.3 (95% CI: 0.9-5.8)]. Based on immunoblotting, H. pylori-positivity in the CGC group was 44% vs. 39% in their controls [OR = 1.2 (95% CI: 0.4-3.4)], while that in the NCGC group was 94% vs. 63% in controls [OR = 10.6 (95% CI: 2.4-47.4)]. Pepsinogen I levels in the NCGC cases and controls showed the lowest median level (4 ng/mL) to be in subjects negative by ELISA but positive by immunoblotting. CONCLUSION Immunoblotting improves the accuracy of H. pylori studies involving gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mitchell
- The School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Nsengimana J, Barrett JH. Power, validity, bias and robustness of family-based association analysis methods in the presence of linkage for late onset diseases. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:793-800. [PMID: 18782299 PMCID: PMC2659381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This simulation-based report compares the performance of five methods of association analysis in the presence of linkage using extended sibships: the Family-Based Association Test (FBAT), Empirical Variance FBAT (EV-FBAT), Conditional Logistic Regression (CLR), Robust CLR (R-CLR) and Sibship Disequilibrium Test (SDT). The two tests accounting for residual familial correlation (EV-FBAT and R-CLR) and the model-free SDT showed correct test size in all simulated designs, while FBAT and CLR were only valid for small effect sizes. SDT had the lowest power, while CLR had the highest power, generally similar to FBAT and the robust variance analogues. The power of all model-dependent tests dropped when the model was misspecified, although often not substantially. Estimates of genetic effect with CLR and R-CLR were unbiased when the disease locus was analysed but biased when a nearby marker was analysed. This study demonstrates that the genetic effect does not need to be extreme to invalidate tests that ignore familial correlation and confirms that analogous methods using robust variance estimation provide a valid alternative at little cost to power. Overall R-CLR is the best-performing method among these alternatives for the analysis of extended sibship data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nsengimana
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, James's University, Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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13
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Barrett JH, Sheehan NA, Cox A, Worthington J, Cannings C, Teare MD. Family based studies and genetic epidemiology: theory and practice. Hum Hered 2007; 64:146-8. [PMID: 17476114 DOI: 10.1159/000101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Family based studies have underpinned many successes in uncovering the causes of monogenic and oligogenic diseases. Now research is focussing on the identification and characterisation of genes underlying common diseases and it is widely accepted that these studies will require large population based samples. Population based family study designs have the potential to facilitate the analysis of the effects of both genes and environment. These types of studies integrate the population based approaches of classic epidemiology and the methods enabling the analysis of correlations between relatives sharing both genes and environment. The extent to which such studies are feasible will depend upon population- and disease-specific factors. To review this topic, a symposium was held to present and discuss the costs, requirements and advantages of population based family study designs. This article summarises the features of the meeting held at The University of Sheffield, August 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Barrett
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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14
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Sak SC, Barrett JH, Paul AB, Bishop DT, Kiltie AE. The polyAT, intronic IVS11-6 and Lys939Gln XPC polymorphisms are not associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:2262-5. [PMID: 15886698 PMCID: PMC2361807 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical carcinogens from cigarette smoking and occupational exposure are risk factors for bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C (XPC) gene is essential for repair of bulky adducts from carcinogens. The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C gene polymorphisms may alter DNA repair capacity (DRC), thus giving rise to genetic predisposition to bladder cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated linkage disequilibrium between three polymorphisms in the XPC gene (polyAT, IVS11-6 and Lys939Gln) and these have been shown to influence the DRC, as well as to be associated with bladder cancer risk. We analysed all three XPC polymorphisms in 547 bladder TCC patients and 579 cancer-free controls to investigate the association between these polymorphisms and bladder cancer susceptibility, and we also attempted to assess gene–environmental interactions. We confirmed strong linkage disequilibrium among the polymorphisms (Lewontin's D′>0.99). Using logistic regression adjusting for smoking, occupational and family history, neither the heterozygote nor the homozygote variants of these polymorphisms were associated with increased bladder cancer risk (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] for heterozygote 0.82 [0.63–1.07], 0.82 [0.63–1.08] and 0.83 [0.63–1.08] for PolyAT, IVS11-6 and Lys939Gln, respectively and homozygote variant, 0.98 [0.68–1.42], 0.99 [0.69–1.43] and 1.01 [0.70–1.46]). Moreover, we did not find any significant interaction between these XPC polymorphisms and environmental exposure to cigarette smoking and occupational carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sak
- Molecular Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre in Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - J H Barrett
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre in Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - A B Paul
- Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - D T Bishop
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre in Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - A E Kiltie
- Molecular Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre in Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Molecular Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre in Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. E-mail:
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15
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Randerson-Moor JA, Gaut R, Turner F, Whitaker L, Barrett JH, Silva IDS, Swerdlow A, Bishop DT, Bishop JAN. The Relationship Between the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) 5′UTR Variant A61G and Melanoma/Nevus Susceptibility. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:755-9. [PMID: 15373781 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inheritance of a G allele in position 61 in the 5'UTR of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene has been reported to increase melanoma susceptibility, a finding we have investigated in this study. The most potent phenotypic risk factor for melanoma is the atypical mole syndrome (AMS) phenotype. Our hypothesis is that the AMS is genetically determined and that nevus genes are also low penetrance melanoma susceptibility genes. We report that the G allele frequencies were the same in 697 healthy women and 380 melanoma cases (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.8-1.2 p=0.76). We therefore found no evidence that this polymorphism is a melanoma susceptibility gene. Furthermore, we found no evidence that the polymorphism controls the nevus phenotype (nevus number, number atypical nevi or AMS phenotype). We did find some evidence that the G allele may be associated with decreased tumor Breslow thickness (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9) for the A/A genotype versus A/G and G/G combined in tumors of thickness >3.5 vs < or =3.5 mm and may therefore act as a predictor of survival, although this finding is not in accord with the original report. This is the second study to find no association between EGF +61 and melanoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Randerson-Moor
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK, Cancer Genetics Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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16
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Bickeböller H, Barrett JH, Jacobs KB, Rosenberger A. Modeling and dissection of longitudinal blood pressure and hypertension phenotypes in genetic epidemiological studies. Genet Epidemiol 2004; 25 Suppl 1:S72-7. [PMID: 14635172 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We discuss analyses of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 data from the Framingham Heart Study and simulations based on this study. We summarize analyses that investigated measures of systolic blood pressure or hypertension as the main phenotype, with the main focus being the modeling of this complex longitudinal phenotype. The approaches include familial aggregation methods and one-stage and two-stage linkage methods. For one-stage linkage methods, phenotype modeling is carried out jointly with the linkage analysis or incorporated in the analysis design. For two-stage linkage methods, phenotypes are first modeled in order to develop summary measures that are then analyzed in a subsequent linkage analysis. Results depend on phenotype selection and on how analyses account for longitudinality, treatment effects, and heterodasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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17
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Crockford GP, Bishop DT, Barrett JH. Segregation analysis comparing liability and quantitative trait models for hypertension using the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 simulated data. BMC Genet 2003; 4 Suppl 1:S79. [PMID: 14975147 PMCID: PMC1866518 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-4-s1-s79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrete (qualitative) data segregation analysis may be performed assuming the liability model, which involves an underlying normally distributed quantitative phenotype. The appropriateness of the liability model for complex traits is unclear. The Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 simulated data provides measures on systolic blood pressure, a highly complex trait, which may be dichotomized into a discrete trait (hypertension). We perform segregation analysis under the liability model of hypertensive status as a qualitative trait and compare this with results using systolic blood pressure as a quantitative trait (without prior knowledge at that stage of the true underlying simulation model) using 1050 pedigrees ascertained from four replicates on the basis of at least one affected member. Both analyses identify models with major genes and polygenic components to explain the family aggregation of systolic blood pressure. Neither of the methods estimates the true parameters well (as the true model is considerably more complicated than those considered for the analysis), but both identified the most complicated model evaluated as the preferred model. Segregation analysis of complex diseases using relatively simple models is unlikely to provide accurate parameter estimates but is able to indicate major gene and/or polygenic components in familial aggregation of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- GP Crockford
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre in Leeds, Cancer Genetics Building, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - DT Bishop
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre in Leeds, Cancer Genetics Building, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - JH Barrett
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre in Leeds, Cancer Genetics Building, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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Barrett JH, Gaut R, Wachsmuth R, Bishop JAN, Bishop DT. Linkage and association analysis of nevus density and the region containing the melanoma gene CDKN2A in UK twins. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1920-4. [PMID: 12799637 PMCID: PMC2741098 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare mutations in the CDKN2A gene are highly penetrant for melanoma. Density of nevi is under strong genetic control and high density is a potent risk factor for melanoma. We used linkage and association analysis in adolescent twins from the UK to examine the hypothesis that the region containing the CDKN2A gene also contains a quantitative trait locus influencing normal nevus development. Five markers in the CDKN2A region were genotyped in 115 dizygotic twin pairs, and one marker (D9S942) was genotyped in 103 monozygotic twin pairs, all of whom had been phenotyped for nevus density. Linkage analysis showed no evidence of a quantitative trait locus influencing nevus density in this chromosomal region. A model partitioning the variation in phenotype into within- and between-twin pair components showed weak evidence of association between higher nevus density and longer mean length of the two D9S942 alleles (P=0.01). This relation, which was also observed in an earlier Australian twin study, could be because of the linkage disequilibrium between D9S942 and a neighbouring functional locus. Further investigation of this region is warranted in large-scale linkage or association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Barrett
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Genetic Epidemiology Division, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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19
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Morgan AW, Keyte VH, Babbage SJ, Robinson JI, Ponchel F, Barrett JH, Bhakta BB, Bingham SJ, Buch MH, Conaghan PG, Gough A, Green M, Lawson CA, Pease CT, Markham AF, Ollier WER, Emery P, Worthington J, Isaacs JD. FcgammaRIIIA-158V and rheumatoid arthritis: a confirmation study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42:528-33. [PMID: 12649399 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a robust assay for genotyping the FcgammaRIIIA-158V/F polymorphism and to confirm the putative association between the FcgammaRIIIA-158V allele and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS This allelic association study examined the FcgammaRIIIA-158V/F polymorphism for association with RA. A novel single-stranded conformational polymorphism assay was used to genotype 828 RA patients and 581 controls from the UK. RESULTS The FcgammaRIIIA-158V allele was associated with both RA (P=0.02) and nodules (P=0.04). Individuals homozygous for this higher affinity allele had a significantly increased risk of RA (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08-2.18) and the development of nodules (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.20-4.01). There was no evidence of an interaction with the shared epitope. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a novel assay to genotype the FcgammaRIIIA-158F/V polymorphism and confirmed that homozygosity for the FcgammaRIIIA-158V allele is associated with UK Caucasian RA, particularly in those individuals with nodules, suggesting FcgammaRIIIA may play a role in determining disease severity or in the development of nodules per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Morgan
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK.
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20
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Barrett JH, Smith G, Waxman R, Gooderham N, Lightfoot T, Garner RC, Augustsson K, Wolf CR, Bishop DT, Forman D. Investigation of interaction between N-acetyltransferase 2 and heterocyclic amines as potential risk factors for colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24:275-82. [PMID: 12584178 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/24.2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) acetylators may be at increased risk of colorectal cancer through the activation of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HA), which are produced by meat cooked at high temperatures and are found in cigarette smoke. A study of 500 incident colorectal cancer cases and population controls, matched for age, sex and general practitioner, was conducted in the UK to investigate this hypothesis. Usual meat intake and lifetime smoking habits were estimated using a detailed questionnaire administered by interview. Subjects also indicated how well cooked they ate their meat. Subjects were classified as fast or slow NAT2 acetylators on the basis of NAT2 genotype. Complete genotype data were available on 433 matched pairs. The risk of colorectal cancer showed a steady increase with meat intake, rising to an odds ratio of 1.51 [95% confidence interval (1.03, 2.23)] for the highest versus the lowest quartile, after adjustment for total energy intake, and this was even more pronounced for red meat [odds ratio 1.97 (1.30, 2.98)]. However, this effect was not influenced by the preference for well-done meat. Smoking was also associated with an increased risk [odds ratio 1.47 (1.10, 1.98) for ever- versus never-smokers]. In both cases and controls approximately 40% of subjects were classified as fast acetylators, and the risks associated with (red) meat intake and smoking did not vary with NAT2 status. This study provides no support for the hypothesis that fast NAT2 acetylators are at increased risk of colorectal cancer, even if exposed to high levels of HA from well-cooked meat or smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Barrett
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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21
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate genetic and environmental influences on anthropometric, metabolic and fibrinolytic traits of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) in a population not characterized by a high degree of insulin resistance. METHODS We recruited 537 adults from 89 randomly ascertained healthy families of white north European origin from the general population. We used maximum likelihood analysis to estimate the heritabilities and effects of environmental covariates on traits of the IRS in these families. RESULTS Adjusted for age, sex and body mass index, the traits showed considerable heritability. For waist-hip ratio, heritability was 15%. The heritabilities of fasting glucose, insulin and estimated insulin resistance were 20%, 23% and 23%, respectively. Heritabilities were 20%, 24% and 43% for triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, respectively. For PAI-1 Ag and t-PA Ag they were 20% and 26%. Covariates explained 20-25% of the variance of lipids and insulin resistance and 35-36% of fibrinolytic factors. Childhood household influences significantly affected variance for waist-hip ratio (4%), fasting insulin (11%) and estimated insulin resistance (12%). CONCLUSIONS These family data demonstrate significant genetic influence on anthropometric, fibrinolytic and glucose-related traits of the IRS in a healthy white North European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Freeman
- Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, The General Infirmary at Leeds, University of Leeds, UK.
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22
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Thomson W, Barrett JH, Donn R, Pepper L, Kennedy LJ, Ollier WER, Silman AJS, Woo P, Southwood T. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis classified by the ILAR criteria: HLA associations in UK patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41:1183-9. [PMID: 12364641 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/41.10.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the HLA associations with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and its subgroups as defined by the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) classification criteria. METHODS Five hundred and twenty-one UK Caucasian JIA patients and 537 UK Caucasian controls were typed for HLA class II alleles. Phenotype and haplotype frequencies were compared between all JIA cases and controls and between the seven ILAR-defined JIA subgroups. RESULTS Three haplotypes (DRB1*08-DQA1*0401-DQB1*0402; DRB1*11-DQA1*05-DQB1*03; DRB1*1301-DQA1*01-DQB1*06) were associated with increased risk and one (DRB1*04-DQA1*03-DQB1*03) with decreased risk of JIA. However, in each case the frequencies also varied between JIA subgroups. CONCLUSION This study categorically demonstrates that there are multiple HLA class II associations with JIA. It has also, for the first time, defined these associations in the seven different ILAR subgroups in UK JIA cases. Although there are a number of common associations, each ILAR subgroup exhibits different patterns of HLA associations, suggesting that the ILAR classification system does define genetically distinct groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thomson
- Arthritis Research Campaign Epidemiology Unit, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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23
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Gül A, Uyar FA, Inanç M, Ocal L, Barrett JH, Aral O, Koniçe M, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. A weak association of HLA-B*2702 with Behçet's disease. Genes Immun 2002; 3:368-72. [PMID: 12209364 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2001] [Revised: 02/01/2002] [Accepted: 02/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the association of HLA-B alleles other than -B51 with Behçet's disease (BD). We also investigated the frequency of HLA-B alleles sharing the same natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) binding sequence with HLA-B51. Broad-genotyping of HLA-B locus by PCR-SSOP in 174 Turkish BD patients and 191 healthy controls confirmed the strong association of B*51 with BD (60.9% in BD patients, 24.6% in healthy controls, OR = 4.78). No other HLA-B allele was identified showing an association with BD after adjusting for multiple testing or by using relative predispositional effects (RPE) analysis after the deletion of B*51. HLA-B alleles reacting with the sequence specific oligonucleotide probe 23, which corresponds to the KIR binding site of B*51, were found to be positive in 127 BD patients (73%) and 90 controls (47%) (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 2-4.7). The repeated RPE analysis after separating HLA-B alleles carrying B51-KIR binding sequence as distinct alleles within a broad-type allele group revealed B*2702 allele as the only allele showing an association with BD after the deletion of B*51. Selective increase of B*2702, the only B*27 allele carrying the same KIR binding sequence with B*51, warrants investigation of the possibility of interaction of HLA molecules with KIRs on NK or other T cells in the pathogenesis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gül
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul School of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.
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24
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Saunders CL, Crockford GP, Bishop DT, Barrett JH. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms to investigate association between a candidate gene and disease. Genet Epidemiol 2002; 21 Suppl 1:S415-20. [PMID: 11793710 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.2001.21.s1.s415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A range of study designs, using unrelated or family controls, were used to investigate the pattern of association with disease of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate gene 1 (simulated data). Strong evidence of disease association at the functional locus was detected using all study designs, and in the "general" but not the "isolated" population the functional polymorphism displayed considerably higher association than surrounding SNPs. There was much variation in the strength of association of SNPs with disease, up to 70% of which was explained by SNP allele frequency and distance from the functional polymorphism. Some common polymorphisms very close to the functional locus however showed no association with disease. Analysis of short haplotypes of SNPs reduced but did not totally remove this feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Saunders
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Imperial Cancer Research Fund Clinical Centre in Leeds, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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25
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Freeman MS, Mansfield MW, Barrett JH, Grant PJ. Genetic contribution to circulating levels of hemostatic factors in healthy families with effects of known genetic polymorphisms on heritability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:506-10. [PMID: 11884298 DOI: 10.1161/hq0302.104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Levels of fibrinogen, factor VII (FVII), factor XIII (FXIII), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and tissue plasminogen activator have been associated with coronary artery disease as have genetic polymorphisms. Quantitative genetic analyses allow determination of the genetic contribution to phenotypic variation. We investigated familial influences on these hemostatic factors in 537 adults from 89 randomly ascertained healthy families of white North European origin. We used maximum likelihood analysis to estimate the heritabilities of these factors and effects of covariates on the factors in these families. After adjustment for age and sex, the factors showed considerable heritability, varying from 26% (PAI-1) to 47% (FXIII complex). The influence of known polymorphisms was negligible for fibrinogen and contributed 2% to the variance of the FXIII complex and PAI-1 and 11% to the variance of FVII coagulant activity. Age, sex, body mass index, lifestyle, and metabolic covariates explained between 10% (FXIII) and 44% (PAI-1) of phenotypic variance. Childhood household influences significantly affected FVII (11%) and FXIII (18%). A significant degree of phenotypic variance of several hemostatic factors can be explained by additive genes and known covariates. The impact of certain well-characterized polymorphisms to the heritability is small in this population of healthy families, indicating the need to localize new genes influencing hemostatic factor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Freeman
- Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, The General Infirmary at Leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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26
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Payton A, Holmes J, Barrett JH, Sham P, Harrington R, McGuffin P, Owen M, Ollier W, Worthington J, Thapar A. Susceptibility genes for a trait measure of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study in a non-clinical sample of twins. Psychiatry Res 2001; 105:273-8. [PMID: 11814546 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable disorder, and molecular genetic studies are underway, with most researchers focusing on identifying susceptibility genes in clinical samples with ADHD. An alternative approach is to search for quantitative trait loci underlying the trait measure of ADHD in non-clinical samples. Positive findings of association of the dopamine transporter DAT1 480 bp allele (allele 10) and the DRD4 7 repeat allele with clinical ADHD have been previously reported. In this pilot study, we examined these polymorphisms in a selected population-based sample of twins (50 high scoring pairs, 42 low scoring pairs). There was a trend for an increase in the frequency of the dopamine receptor DRD4 7 repeat allele in the high-scoring concordant monozygotic twins (odds ratio=1.4). Although this result was not statistically significant, the frequency of the 7 repeat allele was similar to that reported for our clinic sample of ADHD patients drawn from the same geographical area. There was a non-significant trend for an increased frequency of the DAT1 allele 10 (odds ratio=1.3). These results suggest that a molecular genetic study based on a questionnaire-derived measure of ADHD in a non-clinical sample is feasible and the results appear to be comparable with those from studies of clinical cases. However, sample size and power are key issues to consider when using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Payton
- ARC Epidemiology Unit and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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27
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Wachsmuth RC, Gaut RM, Barrett JH, Saunders CL, Randerson-Moor JA, Eldridge A, Martin NG, Bishop TD, Newton Bishop JA. Heritability and gene-environment interactions for melanocytic nevus density examined in a U.K. adolescent twin study. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:348-52. [PMID: 11511314 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for melanoma include environmental (particularly ultraviolet exposure) and genetic factors. In rare families, susceptibility to melanoma is determined by high penetrance mutations in the genes CDKN2A or CDK4, with more common, less penetrant genes also postulated. A further, potent risk factor for melanoma is the presence of large numbers of melanocytic nevi so that genes controlling nevus phenotype could be such melanoma susceptibility genes. A large Australian study involving twins aged 12 y of predominantly U.K. ancestry showed strong evidence for genetic influence on nevus number and density. We carried out essentially the same study in the U.K. to gain insight into gene-environment interactions for nevi. One hundred and three monozygous (MZ) and 118 dizygous (DZ) twin pairs aged 10-18 y were examined in Yorkshire and Surrey, U.K. Nevus counts were, on average, higher in boys (mean = 98.6) than girls (83.8) (p = 0.009) and higher in Australia (110.4) than in the U.K. (79.2, adjusted to age 12 y, p < 0.0001), and nevus densities were higher on sun-exposed sites (92 per m2) than sun-protected sites (58 per m2) (p < 0.0001). Correlations in sex and age adjusted nevus density were higher in MZ pairs (0.94, 95%CI 0.92-0.96) than in DZ pairs (0.61, 95%CI 0.49-0.72), were notably similar to those of the Australian study (MZ = 0.94, DZ = 0.60), and were consistent with high heritability (65% in the U.K., 68% in Australia). We conclude that emergence of nevi in adolescents is under strong genetic control, whereas environmental exposures affect the mean number of nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Wachsmuth
- ICRF Genetic Epidemiology Division, ICRF Clinical Center in Leeds, UK
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28
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Payton A, Holmes J, Barrett JH, Hever T, Fitzpatrick H, Trumper AL, Harrington R, McGuffin P, O'Donovan M, Owen M, Ollier W, Worthington J, Thapar A. Examining for association between candidate gene polymorphisms in the dopamine pathway and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a family-based study. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:464-70. [PMID: 11449400 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood-onset psychiatric condition characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. The pathophysiology of ADHD is currently unknown. However, the therapeutic effects of stimulant medication together with findings from animal and neuroimaging studies as well as from several molecular genetic studies of the dopamine receptor D4 gene and dopamine transporter gene have implicated involvement of the dopaminergic system. To test the dopaminergic hypothesis further, we have looked for association between ADHD and alleles of seven dopamine-related candidate genes using a family-based association approach in a sample of 150 children diagnosed with ADHD. We tested polymorphisms in genes encoding three dopamine receptors (DRD3, DRD4, and DRD5) and four dopamine-relevant enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)], dopamine beta hydroxylase (DbetaH), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). We were unable to detect a significant association with any of the polymorphisms genotyped, although there was a trend for preferential transmission of the DRD5 148 bp marker allele and the MAOA 122 bp marker allele. We conclude that none of the alleles we have tested makes a major contribution to ADHD, although much larger samples are required to exclude small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Payton
- ARC Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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29
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Donn RP, Barrett JH, Farhan A, Stopford A, Pepper L, Shelley E, Davies N, Ollier WE, Thomson W. Cytokine gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis. British Paediatric Rheumatology Study Group. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:802-10. [PMID: 11315919 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200104)44:4<802::aid-anr136>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of candidate cytokine genes in the pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms and intragenic microsatellite markers within 8 candidate cytokine genes (interleukin-1alpha [IL-1alpha], IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-alpha1 [IFNA1], interferon-gamma [IFNG], and interferon regulatory factor 1 [IRF-1]) were investigated in 417 Caucasian patients with clinically characterized JIA and a panel of 276 unrelated, healthy Caucasian controls, all from the United Kingdom. RESULTS A novel 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) polymorphism in IRF-1 was found to be associated with susceptibility to JIA (corrected P = 0.002). No significant association with IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFNA1, or IFNG was observed. CONCLUSION An association between JIA and a previously unreported 3'UTR polymorphism of IRF-1 was observed. This association was not found to be specific to any particular JIA subgroup. This suggests that IRF-1 may contribute to a common pathogenesis shared by all JIA patients, regardless of clinical phenotype. This is most likely to be a genetic contribution to the chronic inflammatory process that underlies JIA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Donn
- Arthritis Research Campaign Epidemiology Unit, Manchester, UK
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30
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Bowden AP, Barrett JH, Fallow W, Silman AJ. Women with inflammatory polyarthritis have babies of lower birth weight. J Rheumatol 2001; 28:355-9. [PMID: 11246676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect on fetal outcome, and development of the child over the first 8 months of life, of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during pregnancy. METHODS Women with RA or undifferentiated inflammatory polyarthritis (IP) were recruited from throughout the UK and followed prospectively from late pregnancy to 8 months postpartum. Matched controls were obtained from general practitioners. The babies' health at birth and development at 8 months were monitored by the weight, head circumference, and length. Potential confounding variables were noted. RESULTS One hundred thirty-three women with RA or undifferentiated IP took part in the study. There were 5 (4%) admissions for hypertension during pregnancy and no cases of preeclampsia. Cesarean section was common (23%). Matched controls were found for 103 (77%) subjects. There were no significant differences between groups in head circumference or length at birth. Babies born to women with arthritis had lower mean birth weight than controls [3.3 kg (standard deviation 0.5) compared to 3.5 kg (0.4); p = 0.004], even after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Within the patient group those whose arthritis was in remission had significantly heavier babies than those with active disease [mean 3.5 kg (0.5) compared with 3.3 kg (0.5); p = 0.04]. This trend was still apparent at 8 months, but differences were no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSION This is the first relatively large prospective study of the effects on mother and baby of RA during pregnancy. The results suggest that, although disease improves in most women during pregnancy, it is still sufficiently active to have a modest negative effect on birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Bowden
- Arthritis Research Campaign Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK
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31
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Conner M, Kirk SF, Cade JE, Barrett JH. Why do women use dietary supplements? The use of the theory of planned behaviour to explore beliefs about their use. Soc Sci Med 2001; 52:621-33. [PMID: 11206658 DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements use is increasing, despite the lack of evidence to suggest they are needed to meet dietary deficiency in the majority of people. Reasons for consuming dietary supplements are likely to be complex, combining social, psychological, knowledge and economic factors. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is a widely used model of social cognition, which has recently been applied to the nutrition field. It was used in a questionnaire, along with a number of additional measures, to explore dietary supplement use in a cohort of women. Data from 303 questionnaires were included in the analysis. The results showed that intentions were the major predictor of dietary supplement use. Health value and susceptibility to illness were also significant predictors of dietary supplement use (total of 82.9% of respondents correctly classified as users or non-users). Intentions themselves were most strongly predicted by attitude, with 70% of variance explained by attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Other significant predictors of intentions were control beliefs, normative beliefs and health value. Beliefs underlying dietary supplement use revealed differences between supplement users and non-users in relation to the notion that taking dietary supplements acts as an insurance against possible ill-health, with supplement users believing more strongly than non-users that taking dietary supplements would stop them getting ill and help them to be healthy. Both users and non-users of supplements also perceived the media, in the form of books and magazines, to be a powerful influence on a person's decision to use supplements. The findings of this study highlight the potential of the TPB in exploring supplement-taking behaviour, while throwing light on the factors influencing an individual's motivations to use dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conner
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK.
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32
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Gül A, Hajeer AH, Worthington J, Barrett JH, Ollier WE, Silman AJ. Evidence for linkage of the HLA-B locus in Behçet's disease, obtained using the transmission disequilibrium test. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:239-40. [PMID: 11212166 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200101)44:1<239::aid-anr31>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gül
- University of Istanbul, Turkey
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33
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Myerscough A, John S, Barrett JH, Ollier WE, Worthington J. Linkage of rheumatoid arthritis to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus loci: evidence supporting a hypothesis for the existence of common autoimmune susceptibility loci. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:2771-5. [PMID: 11145035 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200012)43:12<2771::aid-anr17>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To seek potential autoimmune disease susceptibility loci by testing for linkage and linkage disequilibrium between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) susceptibility loci and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Five IDDM susceptibility loci map to 2 chromosomal regions, chromosome 2q31-34 (IDDM7, 12, and 13) and chromosome 6q25-27 (IDDM5 and 8). Microsatellite markers within these regions were genotyped in 255 RA families, by fluorescence-based genotyping technology. Evidence for linkage disequilibrium was assessed using the extended transmission disequilibrium test (ETDT) program. RESULTS With the ETDT, we found evidence for linkage disequilibrium of the marker D6S446, at IDDM8, with RA (P < 0.0001). There was additional evidence for linkage disequilibrium with 2 markers at IDDMS (D6S311 and D6S440) (P = 0.016 and P = 0.017, respectively). There was no evidence for significant linkage disequilibrium of RA with any markers at IDDM7, 12, or 13. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that there are autoimmune disease genes at IDDM5 and IDDM8.
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Susol E, Rands AL, Herrick A, McHugh N, Barrett JH, Ollier WE, Worthington J. Association of markers for TGFbeta3, TGFbeta2 and TIMP1 with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39:1332-6. [PMID: 11136875 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.12.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether six microsatellite markers known to map closely to genes involved in fibrosis are associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Markers mapping to TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, TGFbeta3, PDGFB, TIMP1 and COL5A2 were genotyped and allele frequency distributions compared in 191 patients and 196 controls. As TIMP1 maps to the X chromosome, male and females were analysed separately. Markers associated with SSc were further investigated according to whether patients had limited (lcSSc) or diffuse (dcSSc) cutaneous fibrosis. RESULTS Associations were found between SSc and markers for TGFbeta3 (chi(2)=17.3, df=8, P=0.02), TGFbeta2 (chi(2)=25.2, df=13, P=0.02) and TIMP1 (with male SSc, chi(2)=11.9, df=5, P=0.03), between lcSSc and the TGFss2 marker (chi(2)=25.6, df=13, P=0.02), and between dcSSc and TGFbeta3 marker (chi(2)=27.1, df=8, P=0.001). Between lcSSc and dcSSc patients, the allele frequency distribution differed only for the TGFbeta3 marker (chi(2)=16.5, df=6, P=0.01). CONCLUSION These associations indicate a possible role for TGFbeta3, TGFbeta2 and TIMP1 in genetic susceptibility to SSc and for TGFbeta3 in determining the degree of cutaneous fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susol
- ARC Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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35
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Holmes J, Payton A, Barrett JH, Hever T, Fitzpatrick H, Trumper AL, Harrington R, McGuffin P, Owen M, Ollier W, Worthington J, Thapar A. A family-based and case-control association study of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and dopamine transporter gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5:523-30. [PMID: 11032386 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable psychiatric condition of early childhood onset characterised by marked inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Molecular genetic investigations of ADHD have found positive associations with the 480-bp allele of a VNTR situated in the 3' untranslated region of DAT1 and allele 7 of a VNTR in exon 3 of DRD4. A number of independent studies have attempted to replicate these findings but the results have been inconsistent. We used both family-based and case control approaches to examine these polymorphisms in a sample of 137 children diagnosed with ICD-10, DSM-IV or DSM-III-R ADHD. We found no evidence of association with the DAT1 polymorphism, despite a sample size that has up to 80% power to detect a previously reported effect size. We observed a significant increase in the DRD4 7 repeat allele amongst ADHD probands (21.7%) and their parents (18.9% in mothers, 22.3% in fathers), compared to ethnically matched controls (12.8%). However TDT analysis showed no preferential transmission of allele 7 to ADHD probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Holmes
- University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, UK
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36
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Susol E, MacGregor AJ, Barrett JH, Wilson H, Black C, Welsh K, Silman A, Ollier B, Worthington J. A two-stage, genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:1641-6. [PMID: 10902770 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200007)43:7<1641::aid-anr30>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify chromosomal regions containing genes involved in the susceptibility to primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). METHODS Six extended families with multiple individuals affected with primary RP (n = 37) were examined for linkage in a 2-stage, whole-genome screen, using a total of 298 microsatellite markers. RESULTS Multipoint, nonparametric linkage analysis identified 5 areas of possible linkage, with a nominal level of significance of P < or = 0.05. Analysis of a finer map of markers in these regions defined the regions of linkage as 21.4 cM on 6q13-6q23.3 (D6S261; P = 0.0004), 10.2 cM on 7p22-7p15 (D7S664; P = 0.014), 1.6 cM on 9p23-9p22 (D9S156; P = 0.0075), 5.1 cM on 17p13.1-17p12 (D17S1791; P = 0.036), and 11.8 cM on Xp11.4-Xp11.23 (DXS8054; P = 0.006). Three potential candidate genes map to these regions: the beta subunit of the muscle acetylcholine receptor and the serotonin 1B and 1E receptors. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence of the presence and location of genes that are involved in the genetic susceptibility to primary RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susol
- ARC Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Manchester, UK
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37
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Thomas E, Barrett JH, Donn RP, Thomson W, Southwood TR. Subtyping of juvenile idiopathic arthritis using latent class analysis. British Paediatric Rheumatology Group. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:1496-503. [PMID: 10902751 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200007)43:7<1496::aid-anr12>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use statistical techniques to identify underlying subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) that best explain the observed relationships of clinical and laboratory variables, and to compare the statistically derived subtypes with those defined by the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria and examine them for HLA associations. METHODS Information on 572 patients diagnosed as having JIA was summarized by 10 clinical and laboratory categorical variables (age at onset, large joint involvement, small joint involvement, polyarthritis, symmetric arthritis, spinal pain, fever, psoriasis, antinuclear antibodies [ANA], and rheumatoid factor). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify underlying ("latent") classes that explained the relationships among the observed variables. Statistical models incorporating 5-8 latent classes were applied to the data. RESULTS The 7-class model was the most appropriate. Patterns of joint involvement and the presence of ANA were influential in determining latent classes. There was some correspondence between the latent classes and the ILAR categories, but they did not coincide completely. Significant differences between the latent classes were seen for 3 HLA haplotypes (DRB1*04-DQA1*03-DQB1*03, DRB1*13-DQA1*01-DQB1*06, and DRB1*08-DQA1*0401-DQB1*0402). CONCLUSION LCA provides a novel approach to the task of identifying homogeneous subtypes within the umbrella of JIA. In further work, the identified latent classes will be examined for associations with other candidate genes and for differences in outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thomas
- ARC Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK
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38
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that breast-feeding increases the risk of postpartum flare in inflammatory polyarthritis. METHODS We compared disease activity during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum among 49 non-breast-feeders, 38 first-time breast-feeders, and 50 repeat breast-feeders. RESULTS After we adjusted for possible confounders, including treatment, first-time breast-feeders had increased disease activity 6 months postpartum, based on self-reported symptoms, joint counts, and C-reactive protein levels. CONCLUSION Postpartum flare may be induced by breast-feeding.
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39
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Greenwood DC, Cade JE, Draper A, Barrett JH, Calvert C, Greenhalgh A. Seven unique food consumption patterns identified among women in the UK Women's Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54:314-20. [PMID: 10745282 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE [corrected] To identify groups of subjects with similar food consumption patterns so that complex disease-diet relationships can be investigated at the level of the whole diet, rather than just in terms of nutrient intake. SUBJECTS 33,971 women in the UK Women's Cohort Study. 60,000 women on the World Cancer Research Fund mailing list were initially invited to take part. Subjects were selected to include a high proportion of vegetarians. DESIGN The cohort completed a 217 item food frequency questionnaire. Cluster analysis was used to identify groups of women with similar food consumption patterns. Clusters were compared on socio-demographic characteristics, indicators of health and diet, and nutrient intakes. RESULTS Seven clusters were identified including two vegetarian clusters. Groups appeared to be differentiated by differences in food types and in diversity of diet. Socio-demographic, health and diet characteristics and nutrient intakes all differed significantly between groups. CONCLUSION Classifying diets in more pragmatic terms than just nutrient intake should provide valuable insight into understanding complex diet-disease relationships. Dietary advice, whilst based on nutrient content of meals, needs to take account of the combinations of different food types that people naturally choose to use together. SPONSORSHIP World Cancer Research Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Greenwood
- Nuffield Institute for Health, 71-75 Clarendon Road, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9PL, UK
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John S, Myerscough A, Worthington J, Barrett JH. A semiquantitative whole genome screen analysis of alcohol dependence. Genet Epidemiol 1999; 17 Suppl 1:S181-6. [PMID: 10597433 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.1370170731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two whole genome screens were applied to sibling pairs from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) family data to compare a semiquantitative method with a standard qualitative approach. The semiquantitative method used a score derived from 11 symptoms, and the qualitative approach used the COGA criteria for alcohol dependence. There was no concordance in the regions identified by the two models. Three regions of nominal significance were identified using the symptom score. In these three regions, correlated traits were also analyzed to determine whether linkage could be attributed to their intermediate effect. The evidence for linkage to one locus on chromosome 6 could be explained by linkage to the personality trait harm avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John
- ARC Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of delay between symptom onset and notification to an arthritis register and the effect of application of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR; formerly, the American Rheumatism Association) 1987 criteria in a cumulative manner on estimates of the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS General practitioners and/or hospital consultants in the Norwich Health Authority, Norfolk, UK, notified the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR) of all patients who had onset of inflammatory polyarthritis (swelling of > or =2 joints) during 1990. The patients were assessed within 2 weeks of notification and annually thereafter. The ACR 1987 criteria for RA were applied at each assessment. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates were calculated. RESULTS If up to 12 months elapsed from symptom onset to notification to NOAR and the ACR criteria were applied at the baseline assessment, RA incidence estimates, age-adjusted to the population of England and Wales, were 30.8/100,000 for women and 12.7/100,000 for men. If up to 5 years elapsed from symptom onset to notification, these estimates rose by 45% for women and 36% for men. If up to 5 years elapsed between symptom onset and notification and the criteria were applied cumulatively, the estimates rose by 75% and 93% for women and men, respectively, compared with the 1-year data, reaching 54.0/100,000 for women and 24.5 per 100,000 for men. CONCLUSION Accurate estimation of the incidence of RA requires long-term followup of patients who present with undifferentiated inflammatory polyarthritis. The highest age-adjusted estimates from this study are probably the best that are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wiles
- University of Manchester Medical School, UK
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Barrett JH, Brennan P, Fiddler M, Silman AJ. Does rheumatoid arthritis remit during pregnancy and relapse postpartum? Results from a nationwide study in the United Kingdom performed prospectively from late pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42:1219-27. [PMID: 10366115 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1219::aid-anr19>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain the influence of pregnancy on disease activity in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during pregnancy and postpartum. METHODS One hundred forty pregnant women were recruited from a nationwide campaign and were followed prospectively in the last trimester and at 1 and 6 months postpartum. Standardized assessment of joint symptoms, examination of inflamed joints, and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) were the main measures of disease activity. RESULTS There was only a modest fall in HAQ scores during pregnancy, with >25% of women having substantial levels of disability. Other parameters of disease activity showed a greater trend toward improvement, although only 23 (16%) were in complete remission (no joints with active disease and no therapy). Similarly, there was relatively little change in the distribution of HAQ scores from pregnancy to postpartum. There was, however, a statistically significant increase in the mean number of inflamed joints compared with the findings during pregnancy. Analysis of the possible influence of treatment suggested that therapy was associated with more severe disease and was not related to reduction in disease activity. CONCLUSION This, the largest prospective study of the influence of pregnancy on RA activity, has demonstrated widespread variability in disease response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Barrett
- Arthritis Research Campaign Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics of dietary supplement users in a large cohort of women and test the hypothesis that supplement users would be more likely to have a healthier lifestyle than non-users. DESIGN Comparison of nutrient intakes from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data for 8409 supplement users and 5413 non-users. Use of logistic regression modelling to determine predictors of supplement use in this cohort. SUBJECTS 13,822 subjects from the UK Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS) for whom data on supplement use was available. RESULTS Significant differences in nutrient intakes from FFQ were seen between the two groups, with supplement users having higher intakes of all nutrients, except for fat and vitamin B12. Use of dietary supplements was associated with being vegetarian, vegan or fish-eating, consuming more fruit and vegetables, being more physically active and having a lower alcohol intake. Supplement use was less likely in those with a body mass index above 25 and those who reported smoking regularly. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that supplement use is associated with a healthier lifestyle profile and an adequate nutritional intake, suggesting that supplement users do not need to take supplements to meet a nutrient deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Kirk
- Division of Public Health, Nuffield Institute for Health, the University of Leeds, UK.
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Donn RP, Farhan AJ, Barrett JH, Thomson W, Worthington J, Ollier WE. Absence of association between interleukin 1 alpha and oligoarticular juvenile chronic arthritis in UK patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38:171-5. [PMID: 10342632 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1alpha) polymorphisms are associated with UK oligoarticular juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). PATIENTS AND CONTROLS A well-characterized population of 164 UK Caucasian oligo-JCA patients and a control panel of 173 unrelated healthy UK Caucasian individuals. METHODS The IL-1alpha promoter mutation at -889 was examined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. The cases and controls were also genotyped for an IL-1alpha intronic microsatellite repeat. RESULTS No association was observed between IL-1alpha polymorphisms and UK oligoarticular JCA patients. In particular, no association between IL-1alpha polymorphisms and chronic anterior uveitis was found. CONCLUSIONS IL-1alpha is not associated with oligoarticular JCA in UK patients. This differs markedly to findings for IL-1alpha in Norwegian JCA patients.
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McCormack LJ, Semple JI, Stickland MH, Barrett JH, Grant PJ. The effect of number of days in culture and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G genotype on PAI-1 antigen release by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Thromb Res 1998; 92:199-206. [PMID: 9851810 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
An insertion/deletion (4G/5G) polymorphism in what has been shown to be an enhancer/repressor binding site in the promoter region of the PAI-1 gene has been related to plasma PAI-1 activity. Transfection studies demonstrated increased interleukin-1 stimulated PAI-1 synthesis in cells containing the 4G sequence. To study this response in endothelial cells, first passage HUVEC from 26 umbilical cords were stimulated with interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. PAI-1 antigen was measured in 24-hour conditioned medium and allele-specific PCR utilized to determine genotype at the 4G/5G locus. Analysis of covariance was used to determine whether the effect of a variable time in culture was masking a difference between genotypes. A trend towards higher PAI-1 levels with increasing time in culture was observed. The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) of the basal rate of PAI-1 release was, 4G/4G 9.7 (7.0, 13.5) ng/24 hours (n=11), 4G/5G 9.5 (6.5, 13.9) ng/24 hours (n=9), and 5G/5G 10.9 (7.8, 15.1) ng/24 hours (n=6). In cells of the same cultures, the interleukin-1 stimulated levels were 25.9 (23.1, 29.1), 27.2 (23.6, 31.3), and 23.1 (19.5, 27.3) ng/24 hours, respectively, corresponding to ratios of stimulated to basal levels of 2.68, 2.87, and 2.12. After adjustment for time in culture the basal PAI-1 release was 4G/4G 10.7, 4G/5G 9.1, and 5G/5G 9.7 ng/24 hours. For interleukin-1 stimulated release the adjusted levels were 26.3, 27.0, and 22.7 ng/24 hours, respectively. Adjusted levels in 4G/4G genotype cells were non-significantly greater than those in cells of 5G/5G genotype by a factor of 1.16 (0.95, 4.08). This study did not demonstrate a significant difference in basal or cytokine stimulated PAI-1 release from cells of different PAI-1 promoter (4G/5G) genotypes but does not exclude increased interleukin-1 stimulated PAI-1 release in the 4G/4G compared with the 5G/5G genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J McCormack
- Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Barrett JH, Parslow RC, McKinney PA, Law GR, Forman D. Nitrate in drinking water and the incidence of gastric, esophageal, and brain cancer in Yorkshire, England. Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9:153-9. [PMID: 9578292 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008878126535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This small-area ecologic study in Yorkshire, northern England, examines the hypothesis that exposure to higher levels of nitrate in drinking water increases the risk of stomach, esophageal, or brain cancer in adults. METHODS Nitrate levels over the period 1990-95 and numbers of incident cancers from 1975-94 were available for 148 water supply zones, geographically defined areas each supplying water of homogeneous chemical composition to an average population of around 20,000. RESULTS No relationship was found between nitrate concentrations and the incidence of stomach or esophageal cancers. The incidence of cancer of the brain and central nervous system was found to be higher in areas with higher nitrate levels, with a relative risk of 1.18 (95 percent confidence interval = 1.08-1.30) in the quartile of the population with the highest average levels (mean 29.8 mg/l) compared with the lowest quartile (mean 2.4 mg/l). The increase in risk remained statistically significant (P < 0.01) after allowing for other covariates and for extra-Poisson variation in a regression model. CONCLUSIONS This study does not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of stomach or esophageal cancer associated with higher nitrate levels in drinking water. The observed relationship with brain cancer requires confirmation in other studies, including those involving data on individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Barrett
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK
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Calvert C, Cade J, Barrett JH, Woodhouse A. Using cross-check questions to address the problem of mis-reporting of specific food groups on Food Frequency Questionnaires. UKWCS Steering Group. United Kingdom Women's Cohort Study Steering Group. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51:708-12. [PMID: 9347293 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the potential mis-reporting of specific food groups from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data and to examine the effect of using a weighting factor on estimated nutrient intake and ranking of subjects within the cohort according to nutrient intake. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS A weighting factor was calculated for each of the individual 6572 women aged 35-69 y for four food groups, fish, meat, vegetables and fruit, using FFQ data and cross-check responses. RESULTS The vegetables weighting had most effect on median intakes, particularly of fibre, vitamins A, C and E and folate. When all the weightings were applied, the median intakes of vitamins A and E were reduced by 35% and 27% respectively and the vitamin C intake was reduced by 44%. Ranking of subjects within the cohort according to nutrient intake was barely affected by the fish and meat weightings. The vegetable weighting had most effect on vitamin A with a rank correlation coefficient of 0.88. When all the weightings were applied the rank correlations for vitamins A, C and E and folate were all less than 0.90. CONCLUSION Inclusion of cross-check questions in FFQs can provide an additional source of information on food group intake. This can be compared with FFQ data to help identify possible over-reporting and then to adjust frequency of intake accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calvert
- Division of Public Health, Nuffield Institute for Health, University of Leeds
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Catto AJ, Carter AM, Barrett JH, Bamford J, Rice PJ, Grant PJ. von Willebrand factor and factor VIII: C in acute cerebrovascular disease. Relationship to stroke subtype and mortality. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77:1104-8. [PMID: 9241740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a risk factor in the development of acute myocardial infarction. The importance of vWF and factor VII:C in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is poorly defined. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 208 cases of stroke whose pathological type was defined by cranial computed tomography. Cerebral infarcts were grouped according to the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) clinical classification. The results in patients were compared with 184 healthy reference subjects. In patients, vWF and FVIII:C levels were determined initially and after three months. Patients were followed prospectively for six months or until death. Levels of vWF and FVIII:C were elevated initially (1.86 IU/ml and 2.20 U/ml respectively) and after 3 months (1.51 IU/ml and 1.90 U/ml) compared with a healthy reference population (1.26 IU/ml and 1.49 U/ml p = 0.0001). In the initial sample, vWF was associated with age (p = 0.01). FVIII:C was related to age (p = 0.04), gender (p = 0.007 higher for females) and a history of diabetes mellitus (2.56 U/ml vs. 2.16 U/ml in non-diabetics, p = 0.008). Initial vWF levels were higher in subjects with large vessel disease (TACI/PACI) group compared with the small vessel disease (LACI) group [2.12 IU/ml, (n = 112) vs. 1.48 IU/ml (n = 59) respectively, p = 0.0001] and similarly in initial FVIII:C levels (2.43 U/ml vs. 1.87 U/ml, p = 0.0001). Analysis of six-month case fatality, vWF levels were associated with risk of death [p = 0.01, OR 1.73 (1.12, 2.66) for an increase of I U/ml], even after allowing for stroke type. CONCLUSION The relationship of vWF with stroke mortality has not previously been described. Although we have not demonstrated a causal role for vWF in the pathogenesis of CVD, elevated circulating levels of vWF may be associated with increased risk of death following stroke. A prospective study would be required to establish whether vWF is predictive for the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Catto
- Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, Research School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds General Infirmary, United Kingdom
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Varghese C, Barrett JH, Johnston C, Shires M, Rider L, Forman D. High risk of lymphomas in children of Asian origin: ethnicity or confounding by socioeconomic status? Br J Cancer 1996; 74:1503-5. [PMID: 8912553 PMCID: PMC2074790 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of ethnic origin as a risk factor for paediatric lymphoma, a cancer registry-based analysis was undertaken in Yorkshire, UK. Children of Asian ethnic origin were found to have an odds ratio for lymphomas of 1.60 (CI 0.98-2.62), after adjusting for age and sex. After adjusting also for 'super profile group' as an indicator of socioeconomic status, the estimate became 1.99 (CI 1.08-3.68). Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were analysed separately with similar results. Super profile group is an area-based measure and may not reflect the individual variation in living standards, especially among the Asian immigrants. Our results indicate that socioeconomic status does not confound the relationship between lymphomas and ethnic origin. However, there is a need for studies of ethnicity that include indicators of individual living standards or socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Varghese
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Leeds, UK
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Foy CA, McCormack LJ, Knowler WC, Barrett JH, Catto A, Grant PJ. The angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism and ACE levels in Pima Indians. J Med Genet 1996; 33:336-7. [PMID: 8730292 PMCID: PMC1050586 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.4.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with plasma ACE levels in white populations. The occurrence of the I/D polymorphism and relationship to ACE levels was examined in a Pima Indian group (n = 305). The frequency of the D allele was lower in Pimas than whites (0.29 v 0.52 respectively). ACE levels were significantly associated with genotype in both groups (p = 0.0001), which accounted for 6.5% of the variation in ACE levels in Pimas and 18% in whites. The association of the I/D polymorphism with ACE levels confirms the relationship across ethnic groups. The low frequency of the D allele in Pima Indians shows that ethnic differences should be accounted for when studying the ACE gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Foy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
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