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Olesen B, Hallberg H, Bangsborg J, Jensen JN, Jarløv JO. A new approach to recognition of Clostridium difficile infections with community onset. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:e55-6. [PMID: 25895635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Olesen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - H Hallberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bangsborg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J N Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J O Jarløv
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hald J, Galbo T, Rescan C, Radzikowski L, Sprinkel AE, Heimberg H, Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Jensen J, Scharfmann R, Gradwohl G, Kaestner KH, Stoeckert C, Jensen JN, Madsen OD. Pancreatic islet and progenitor cell surface markers with cell sorting potential. Diabetologia 2012; 55:154-65. [PMID: 21947380 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of the study was to identify surface bio-markers and corresponding antibody tools that can be used for the imaging and immunoisolation of the pancreatic beta cell and its progenitors. This may prove essential to obtain therapeutic grade human beta cells via stem cell differentiation. METHODS Using bioinformatics-driven data mining, we generated a gene list encoding putative plasma membrane proteins specifically expressed at distinct stages of the developing pancreas and islet beta cells. In situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry were used to further prioritise and identify candidates. RESULTS In the developing pancreas seizure related 6 homologue like (SEZ6L2), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 11 (LRP11), dispatched homologue 2 (Drosophila) (DISP2) and solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), member 8 (SLC30A8) were found to be expressed in early islet cells, whereas discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (DDR1) and delta/notch-like EGF repeat containing (DNER) were expressed in early pancreatic progenitors. The expression pattern of DDR1 overlaps with the early pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1)⁺/NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6-1)⁺ multipotent progenitor cells from embryonic day 11, whereas DNER expression in part overlaps with neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3)⁺ cells. In the adult pancreas SEZ6L2, LRP11, DISP2 and SLC30A8, but also FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2 (FXYD2), tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7) and transmembrane protein 27 (TMEM27), retain an islet-specific expression, whereas DDR1 is undetectable. In contrast, DNER is expressed at low levels in peripheral mouse and human islet cells. Re-expression of DDR1 and upregulation of DNER is observed in duct-ligated pancreas. Antibodies to DNER and DISP2 have been successfully used in cell sorting. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Extracellular epitopes of SEZ6L2, LRP11, DISP2, DDR1 and DNER have been identified as useful tags by applying specific antibodies to visualise pancreatic cell types at specific stages of development. Furthermore, antibodies recognising DISP2 and DNER are suitable for FACS-mediated cell purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hald
- Department of Beta-Cell Regeneration, Hagedorn Research Institute, Niels Steensens Vej 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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Sarkar SA, Kobberup S, Wong R, Lopez AD, Quayum N, Still T, Kutchma A, Jensen JN, Gianani R, Beattie GM, Jensen J, Hayek A, Hutton JC. Global gene expression profiling and histochemical analysis of the developing human fetal pancreas. Diabetologia 2008; 51:285-97. [PMID: 18094957 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS An immunohistochemical and genomic analysis of human pancreatic development from 9-23 weeks of fetal age was undertaken to provide a comparative analysis of human and murine islet development. METHODS Human fetal pancreases obtained at gestational ages 9-23 weeks were processed in parallel for immunohistochemistry and gene expression profiling by Affymetrix microarrays. RESULTS By 9-11 weeks, the pancreas was made up principally of mesenchymal tissue infiltrated by branched epithelial structures containing scattered hormone-negative neurogenin3-positive endocrine cells. Protoacinar structures emerged by 15-19 weeks, along with clusters of endocrine cells producing either glucagon or insulin. By 20-23 weeks, vascularised islet-like structures appeared. More than 70% of endocrine cells produced a single hormone at any age. Analysis of Ki67 immunoreactivity showed that the replicative rate of endocrine cells was low and suggested that the endocrine expansion was derived from hormone-negative precursors. Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide transcripts were present at 9-10 weeks and increased progressively, commensurate with the expansion of endocrine cell volume. The human equivalent of a mouse endocrine secondary transition was not evident, neither in terms of morphology nor in dramatic changes in endocrine-specific transcriptional regulators. By contrast, exocrine genes showed a marked transition at around 11 weeks, associated with a greater than sixfold increase in exocrine gene transcripts. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The observed extension of terminal differentiation of human endocrine tissue into late gestation is in contrast with findings in the mouse. It indicates that the human fetal pancreas could provide an abundant islet precursor cell population that could be expanded ex vivo for therapeutic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sarkar
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, UCDHSC, 1775 N. Ursula Street, Mail Stop B-140, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Kim S, Jensen JN, Aga DS, Weber AS. Fate of tetracycline resistant bacteria as a function of activated sludge process organic loading and growth rate. Water Sci Technol 2007; 55:291-7. [PMID: 17305152 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to elucidate the fate of tetracycline resistant bacteria as a function of activated sludge organic loading rate and growth rate. Techniques employed to evaluate the effect of these factors on the fate of tetracycline resistant bacteria were: (1) resistant bacteria concentrations in the SBR biomass; (2) production of tetracycline resistant bacteria as measured by a combination of effluent efflux and intentional solids wasting; (3) net specific growth rates as determined by an SBR population balance; and (4) percentage of resistance as determined by normalising resistant concentrations to total concentrations. Based on these evaluation parameters, increases in organic loading and growth rate both resulted in amplification of tetracycline resistance. These trends were observed for activated sludge reactors loaded with typical municipal background tetracycline concentrations (approximately 1 microg/L) and those receiving influent augmented with 250 microg/L tetracycline. Accordingly, biological wastewater treatment plants, such as the activated sludge process, may be significant sources of antibiotic resistance to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, 207 Jarvis Hall, Buffalo NY 14260, USA.
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Chen WL, Jensen JN. Effect of chlorine demand on the ammonia breakpoint curve: model development, validation with nitrite, and application to municipal wastewater. Water Environ Res 2001; 73:721-731. [PMID: 11833766 DOI: 10.2175/106143001x143466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine added during wastewater disinfection may be consumed through reactions with chlorine-demanding chemical species. In this study, a mechanistically based kinetic model for chlorine demand in the presence of ammonia was developed and validated with laboratory studies on ammonia-nitrite systems, and then applied to breakpoint curves obtained with wastewater samples. The model is a modification of kinetic models for chlorine-ammonia systems to include hypochlorous acid-demand and monochloramine-demand reactions. The model accurately describes both laboratory-generated breakpoint curves with added nitrite and literature data. In a plant thought to be undergoing partial nitrification, breakpoint curves were consistent with high chlorine demand (i.e., small initial slopes and large doses to achieve the total chlorine maximum and breakpoint). A simplified kinetic model was also developed. Chlorine demand calculated from the simplified model was similar to chlorine demand from plant data. The simplified model was used to generate operating guidelines to calculate chlorine doses needed to overcome demand from nitrite or other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Chen
- Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering at the University of Buffalo, New York 14260-4300, USA
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Abstract
The effects of cultured host Schwann cells on axonal regeneration in peripheral nerve allografts were studied. Fischer rats served as recipient animals and Buffalo rats provided nerve allografts. Animals were randomized into 9 groups. Rats receiving tibial nerve isografts were left untreated (group I), or injected with isogeneic Fischer Schwann cells (group II) or placebo suspension (group III). Allografts obtained from Buffalo rats were left untreated (group IV), or received isogeneic Fischer Schwann cells (group V), 2 mg/kg Cyclosporin A and Fischer Schwann cells (group VI), 5 mg/kg Cyclosporin A (group VII), or 5 mg/kg Cyclosporin A with Schwann cells (group VIII). No Schwann cell tumors were identified 4 or 8 weeks postoperatively. Group IX animals, harvested 3 days postoperatively, demonstrated no evidence of injection injury. Schwann cells modestly improved axonal regeneration in both isografts and allografts and may have a clinical role in the treatment of peripheral nerve allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ogden
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Hansen L, Jensen JN, Ekstrøm CT, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Pedersen O. Studies of variability in the PTEN gene among Danish caucasian patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2001; 44:237-40. [PMID: 11270682 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome ten (PTEN) has recently been characterized as a novel member in the expanding network of proteins regulating the intracellular effects of insulin. By dephosphorylation of phosphatidyl-inositol-(3, 4, 5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) the PTEN protein regulates the insulin-dependent phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling cassette and accordingly might function as a regulator of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In this study we tested PTEN as a candidate gene for insulin resistance and late-onset Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a Danish Caucasian population. METHODS The nine exons of the PTEN, including intronic flanking regions were analysed by PCR-SSCP and heteroduplex analysis in 62 patients with insulin-resistant Type II diabetes. RESULTS No mutations predicted to influence the expression or biological function of the PTEN protein but four intronic polymorphisms were identified: IVS1-96 A-->G (allelic frequency 0.22, 95 % CI: 0.12-0.32), IVS3 + 99 C-->T (0.01, CI: 0-0.03), IVS7-3 TT-->T (0.10, CI: 0.03-0.18) and IVS8 + 32 G-->T (0.35, CI: 0.23-0.47). The IVS8 + 32 G-->T polymorphism was used as a bi-allelic marker for the PTEN locus and examined in 379 patients with Type II diabetes and in 224 control subjects with normal glucose tolerance. The IVS8 + 32 G-->T polymorphism in the PTEN was not associated with Type II diabetes and it did not have any effect on body-mass index, blood pressure, HOMA insulin resistance index, or concentrations of plasma glucose, serum insulin or serum C peptide obtained during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Variability in the PTEN is not a common cause of Type II diabetes in the Danish Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center and Hagedorn Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
This study investigated the ability of the immunosuppressant FK506 to reverse nerve allograft rejection in progress. Eighty-four Buffalo rats received posterior tibial nerve grafts from either Lewis or Buffalo donor animals. Allografts were left untreated for either 7, 10, or 14 days before receiving daily subcutaneous FK506 injections (2 mg/kg). Time-matched control animals received either an isograft, an allograft with continuous FK506, or an allograft with no postoperative FK506 therapy. All animals underwent weekly evaluation of nerve function by walking track analysis. Experimental group animals were sacrificed either immediately prior to initiation of FK506 therapy (days 7, 10, or 14), after 2 weeks of immunosuppressive treatment, or 8 weeks postsurgery. Histomorphometric analysis, consisting of measurements of total number of nerve fibers, neural density, and percent of neural debris, demonstrated a statistically significant increase in regeneration in the isograft group relative to the untreated allograft group within 28 days of transplantation. Grafts harvested from animals receiving 2 weeks of FK506 after 7 or 10 days of rejection were histomorphometrically similar to time-matched isografts. By contrast, grafts from animals receiving 2 weeks of FK506 following 14 days without therapy resembled untreated allografts and demonstrated significant histomorphometric differences from isografts at the corresponding time point. Analysis of walking track data confirmed that relative to untreated allografts, functional recovery was hastened in animals receiving an isograft, or allograft treated with FK506. This study demonstrated that when started within 10 days of graft placement, FK506 could reverse nerve allograft rejection in rats evaluated following 2 weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Feng
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Jensen JN, Hansen L, Ekstrøm CT, Pociot F, Nerup J, Hansen T, Pedersen O. Polymorphisms in the neurogenin 3 gene (NEUROG) and their relation to altered insulin secretion and diabetes in the Danish Caucasian population. Diabetologia 2001; 44:123-6. [PMID: 11206403 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED AIM/HYPOTHESIS. Neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3) is a member of the subfamily of basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors involved in differentiation of the endocrine pancreas and therefore a possible candidate gene for maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. METHODS Using Polymerase-chain-reaction single-stranded-conformation polymorphism, we examined the coding region including the 5'-untranslated and 3'- untranslated regions of the NEUROG3 in a group of 133 diabetic patients comprising 19 MODY patients, 19 patients with dominant Type I diabetes, and 31 early-onset and 64 late-onset Type II diabetic patients. RESULTS We found two missense mutations, Glyl67Arg and Serl99Phe, as well as two non-coding variants in the 5' UTR, a c --> t nucleotide variant at position -10 upstream of the start codon in one MODY patient and a 2 base pair (CA) deletion polymorphism at position -44/-45. Allele frequencies measured in 377 diabetic patients and in 217 glucose-tolerant control subjects were: Gly167Arg, 0.04 (95 % CI: 0.02-0.06) and 0.04 (0.02-0.06); Ser199Phe, 0.31 (0.26-0.36) and 0.30 (0.24-0.36); -44-45delCA, 0.33 (0.31-0.35) and 0.35 (0.32-0.38), respectively. Both Ser199Phe and the -44-45delCA were in linkage disequilibrium (chi2 > 60) but the Ser199Phe and the -44-45delCA polymorphism were not associated with consistent changes in fasting- or glucose-induced insulin secretion in 249 glucose-tolerant offspring (first-degree relatives) of Type II diabetic parents or in 217 unrelated middle-aged glucose tolerant subjects. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Genetic variability in NEUROG3 is not associated with dominant Type I diabetes, MODY, Type II diabetes or changes in insulin secretion in the Danish Caucasians examined subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Jensen
- Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
The neuroregenerative properties of FK506, an FKBP-12 ligand that inhibits calcineurin, and V-10,367, an FKBP-12 ligand that does not inhibit calcineurin, were evaluated in crush and transection models. Rats were randomly assigned to one of seven groups, including untreated controls and FK506- or V-10,367-treated experimental groups. Following crush or transection nerve injury, animals were assessed with walking tracks, and histomorphometry. FK506-treated animals demonstrated significant functional recovery 11 days following crush and 18 days following transection injury. In untreated and V-10,367 treated animals, nerves recovered 13 days following crush injury, but did not improve significantly prior to sacrifice at 28 days in animals sustaining a transection injury. No statistically significant differences in histomorphometric parameters were identified between any of the groups. The study confirms that FK506 accelerates recovery from tibial nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Becker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Hansen L, Jensen JN, Urioste S, Petersen HV, Pociot F, Eiberg H, Kristiansen OP, Hansen T, Serup P, Nerup J, Pedersen O. NeuroD/BETA2 gene variability and diabetes: no associations to late-onset type 2 diabetes but an A45 allele may represent a susceptibility marker for type 1 diabetes among Danes. Danish Study Group of Diabetes in Childhood, and the Danish IDDM Epidemiology and Genetics Group. Diabetes 2000; 49:876-8. [PMID: 10905500 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.49.5.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the NeuroD/BETA2 gene have been shown to associate with type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we examined mutations in the NeuroD/BETA2 gene for association with either type 1 or 2 diabetes. Three variants were identified in patients with type 2 diabetes: Ala45Thr (allelic frequency 0.36, 95% CI 0.31-0.41), Pro197His (0.01), and Ser259Ser (0.01). Ala45Thr and Pro197His were not associated with type 2 diabetes, but the transmission disequilibrium test showed unequal transmission of the A45 allele to offspring with type 1 diabetes (chi2 = 5.90, P < 0.02, odds ratio 1.55, 95% CI 0.91-2.63). This association could not be explained by linkage disequilibrium between the Ala45 allele and IDDM7 (D2S152), which is also located on chromosome 2q32. When tested in vitro, the biological activity of Thr45 (117+/-36% vs. Ala45) and His197 (90+/-28% vs. Pro197) on the regulation of the human insulin gene promoter appeared normal. In conclusion, mutations in the NeuroD/BETA2 gene are not a common cause of late-onset type 2 diabetes among Danes. However, in the type 1 diabetic Danish population, the Ala45Thr variant of NeuroD/BETA2 may represent a susceptibility marker independent of IDDM7 on chromosome 2q32.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rasmussen SK, Urhammer SA, Jensen JN, Hansen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Pedersen O. The -238 and -308 G-->A polymorphisms of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene promoter are not associated with features of the insulin resistance syndrome or altered birth weight in Danish Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1731-4. [PMID: 10770222 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.4.6563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, two G-->A polymorphisms at positions -308 and -238, in the promoter of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene, have been identified. These variants have, in different ethnic groups, been linked to estimates of insulin resistance and obesity. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether these genetic variants of TNF-alpha were associated with features of the insulin resistance syndrome or alterations in birth weight in two Danish study populations comprising 380 unrelated young healthy subjects and 249 glucose-tolerant relatives of type 2 diabetic patients, respectively. All study participants underwent an iv glucose tolerance test with the addition of tolbutamide after 20 min. In addition, a number of biochemical and anthropometric measures were performed on each subject. The subjects were genotyped for the polymorphisms by applying PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism. Neither of the variants was related to altered insulin sensitivity index or other features of the insulin resistance syndrome (body mass index, waist to hip ratio, fat mass, fasting serum lipids or fasting serum insulin or C-peptide). Birth weight and the ponderal index were also not associated with the polymorphisms. In conclusion, although the study was carried out on sufficiently large study samples, the study does not support a major role of the -308 or -238 substitutions of the TNF-alpha gene in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance or altered birth weight among Danish Caucasian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Rasmussen
- Steno Diabetes Center and Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
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Jensen JN, Mackinnon SE. Composite tissue allotransplantation: a comprehensive review of the literature--part III. J Reconstr Microsurg 2000; 16:235-51. [PMID: 10803629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J N Jensen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Hansen L, Urioste S, Petersen HV, Jensen JN, Eiberg H, Barbetti F, Serup P, Hansen T, Pedersen O. Missense mutations in the human insulin promoter factor-1 gene and their relation to maturity-onset diabetes of the young and late-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1323-6. [PMID: 10720084 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.3.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that defects in genes encoding transcription factors that are expressed in the pancreatic beta-cells may be important contributors to the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) now exists in five subtypes (MODY1-5), four of which are caused by mutations in transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF-4alpha), HNF-1alpha, insulin promoter factor-1 (IPF-1), and HNF-1beta (MODY1, -3, -4, and -5). Recent evidence from the British population even suggested that IPF-1 may be a predisposing gene for type 2 diabetes. Thus, highlighting the potential role of this transcription factor in the genetic basis of Danish and Italian MODY as well as in Danish patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus, we have examined the human IPF-1 gene for mutations by single strand conformation polymorphism and heteroduplex analysis in 200 Danish patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes and in 44 Danish and Italian MODY patients. In the patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes we identified a noncoding G insertion/deletion polymorphism at nucleotide -108, a silent G54G, and a rare missense D76N variant. Moreover, a Danish MODY patient was carrier of an A140T variant. Neither the D76N nor the A140T segregated with diabetes, and their transcriptional activation of the human insulin promoter expressed in vitro was indistinguishable from that of the wild type (115 +/- 21% and 84 +/- 12% vs. 100%). We conclude that variants in IPF-1 are not a common cause of MODY or late-onset type 2 diabetes in the Caucasian population, and that in terms of insulin transcription both the N76 and the T140 mutations are likely to represent functionally normal IPF-1 variants with no direct role in the pathogenesis of MODY or late-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
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Jensen JN, Mackinnon SE. Composite tissue allotransplantation: a comprehensive review of the literature--Part II. J Reconstr Microsurg 2000; 16:141-57. [PMID: 10706205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J N Jensen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Jensen JN, Mackinnon SE. Composite tissue allotransplantation: a comprehensive review of the literature--part 1. J Reconstr Microsurg 2000; 16:57-68. [PMID: 10668755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J N Jensen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Nath RK, Kwon B, Mackinnon SE, Jensen JN, Reznik S, Boutros S. Antibody to transforming growth factor beta reduces collagen production in injured peripheral nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102:1100-6; discussion 1107-8. [PMID: 9734429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epineurial scarring in peripheral nerve after injury inhibits normal axonal regeneration primarily due to fibroblast deposition of type I collagen. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family is an important class of signaling molecules that has been shown to stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen. The aim of this study was to design a prototypic therapeutic system in which the neutralization of TGF-beta in crushed rat sciatic nerve would decrease collagen formation. A total of 45 experimental Lewis rats were used. Group 1 animals (20 rats) sustained a unilateral crush injury to the sciatic nerve with injection of phosphate buffer solution. Group 2 animals (20 rats) sustained a unilateral crush injury to the sciatic nerve with injection of phosphate-buffered saline and goat, anti-rat, panspecific TGF-beta antibody. Group 3 control animals (five rats) underwent only exposure of sciatic nerve with injection of antibody. All animals were killed at 14 days and sciatic nerve specimens were harvested at that time. Slides of experimental tissue were processed using a 35S-labeled oligomer for procollagen alpha-1 mRNA, then dipped in photographic emulsion and examined by darkfield autoradiography. Morphometric analysis of pixel counts was then performed. A significant reduction in total pixel count per high-power field and in total number of fibroblasts per high-power field was found in crushed rat sciatic nerve treated with anti-TGF-beta antibody when compared with those treated only with phosphate-buffered saline. These findings are consistent with successful reduction in procollagen induction after a crush injury by topical administration of blocking antibody against transforming growth factor beta. The concept of growth factor blockade for therapeutic collagen reduction is attractive in the context of nerve injury, and the current article provides a model for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nath
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
The authors studied the spatial expression and regulation of messenger RNA for the alpha subunit of collagen type I in crushed rat sciatic nerve to provide a basis for future therapeutic manipulation. Sciatic nerves in 20 male or female adult Lewis rats were crushed for 60 seconds; the unharmed contralateral sciatic nerves served as controls. Twenty-one days after injury the experimental animals were killed and their tissue was harvested. The spatial expression of collagen type I was determined by using in situ hybridization techniques. Quantification of fibroblast number and total signal was performed through computerized morphometry. Collagen upregulation was evident in epineurial and perineurial layers, with the epineurium displaying higher activity. The cells responsible for procollagen type I production were fibroblasts. No activity was seen in the endoneurium. Morphometric findings indicated that collagen upregulation in the epineurium and perineurium occurred at both pretranscriptional and posttranslational levels when compared to controls; a paired t-test analysis confirmed statistical significance for all comparisons between injured and control tissues. Epineurial fibroblasts are responsible for the collagen production associated with crushed peripheral nerve injury in the rat. Regulation occurs pretranscriptionally as well as posttranslationally. It is interesting to speculate that the delivery of agents directed against collagen production (such as neutralizing antibodies to growth factors) into epineurial tissues proximate to the time and location of clinical nerve injury might mitigate later deleterious effects of excess collagen production in axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nath
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Phoenix CH, Walther AM, Jensen JN, Chambers KC. The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, and sexual behavior in young and old rhesus males. Physiol Behav 1989; 46:647-53. [PMID: 2602490 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sexual behavior and serum levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E) were examined in five young and six old rhesus males (Macaca mulatta) before and after the injection of 500 and 1000 IU of HCG. The serum levels of T and E increased in both young and old males after injection of either dose of HCG. Serum levels of T were significantly higher in young than in old males in the period following the last injection of 1000 IU of HCG. Old males had significantly higher levels of serum E during treatment with 1000 IU of HCG, but serum E levels in the two groups did not differ before or after treatment. Serum levels of T and E did not differ between the young and old males when injected with 500 IU of HCG. HCG had no effect on sexual performance and the differences in levels of sexual performance between the young and old males were not eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Phoenix
- Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, 97006
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Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether a change of female partner following ejaculation would reduce the postejaculatory interval (PEI). The male subjects were seven old (mean age 22.4 years) and five young (mean age 12.2 years) rhesus males (Macaca mulatta). The female subjects were four ovariectomized females rendered sexually receptive by treatment with estradiol benzoate. Introduction of a different female following ejaculation significantly reduced the PEI and latency to a second ejaculation in both young and old males. However, a different female did not reduce latencies to preejaculatory levels. The potential for enhanced sexual performance was retained in old rhesus males.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Phoenix
- Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton 97006
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Abstract
A vaginal lavage from a preferred female sexual partner (donor) with whom old (21-27 yr) rhesus males readily copulated or a distilled water lavage was applied to the perineum of non-preferred females (N = 8) with whom old males rarely copulated. The donor and recipients were ovariectomized and were treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) before being tested. Sexual performance of the males did not differ under the two conditions of testing, but the rate of sexual solicitation by the females was significantly higher when treated with the vaginal lavage. One month later the non-preferred females were again treated with EB and paired with the old males. In these tests the preferred female was present in a cage adjacent to and in view of the test pairs. Sexual behavior was not altered significantly, but whereas these males had never threatened or aggressed their partners in previous tests, there was a significant increase in the rate at which they threatened their partners and aggression occurred for the first time. When paired with the preferred female, males ejaculated in 100% of the tests and the average ejaculation latency was less than 2.5 minutes.
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Abstract
A 17-year-old, prenatally androgenized (ovariectomized) female rhesus macaque was studied. She had achieved penile intromission and ejaculated when treated with testosterone propionate and paired with a receptive female. To test the extent of behavioral defeminization, a vagina was created through surgical intervention and daily injections of 20 micrograms of estradiol benzoate were given. When she was paired with a male on Day 28 of treatment, she proved receptive to his invitations to copulate and the male achieved intromission. The results indicate that prenatal testosterone may morphologically and behaviorally masculinize the genetic rhesus female without eliminating the capacity to respond as a female under appropriate hormonal and environmental stimulation.
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Abstract
Adult, prenatally androgenized female rhesus macaques (female pseudohermaphrodites) that had been ovariectomized were treated with estradiol benzoate (20 micrograms/day) and paired with males at weekly intervals for 4 weeks beginning on Day 12 of injection. Their sexual behavior was compared to that of a control group of females. The sexual behavior of the males toward the two groups of genetic females (control females with normal female genitalia and hermaphrodites with well-formed male genitalia) was also observed. Females and hermaphrodites were equally receptive to male invitations to copulate. Although there were some differences in the specific components of proceptive behavior displayed by the two groups, the overall differences were negligible. Earlier studies had shown that infant and juvenile hermaphrodites resemble males in patterns of play and sexual behavior. When treated with testosterone as adults and paired with receptive females, they displayed mounting patterns typical of males--one of seven hermaphrodites achieved intromission and ejaculated. It has now been demonstrated that when treated with estrogen and paired with males, they responded as females. Hence, the capacity to behave sexually as males is not incompatible with the capacity to respond sexually as females under certain hormonal and environmental conditions.
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Glick BB, Baughman WL, Jensen JN, Phoenix CH. Endogenous opiate systems and primate reproduction: inability of naloxone to induce sexual activity in rhesus males. Arch Sex Behav 1982; 11:267-275. [PMID: 6890336 DOI: 10.1007/bf01544994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The opiate antagonist naloxone was tested for its effectiveness in inducing sexual behavior in sexually inactive male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Naloxone was administered to males directly into the carotid artery via a T-tube implant. Naloxone-treated males and sexually receptive females were pair tested for sexual behavior. Despite the positive behavioral cues of the females, the males failed to initiate heterosexual interactions at any level of naloxone therapy. The implications of this finding for the role of the endogenous opiate system in primate reproduction are discussed in relation to the homeostatic nature of the system.
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Spies HG, Norman RL, Clifton DK, Ochsner AJ, Jensen JN, Phoenix CH. Effects of bilateral amygdaloid lesions on gonadal and pituitary hormones in serum and on sexual behavior in female rhesus monkeys. Physiol Behav 1976; 17:985-92. [PMID: 14677592 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(76)90018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral lesions that destroyed the amygdaloid nuclear complex failed to alter either serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), progesterone, and testosterone or sexual behavior in female rhesus monkeys. In 3 of 5 females ovulation occurred in the postoperative cycle, and in 4 of 5 females exogenous E2 treatment released a surge of LH whose pattern was indistinguishable from the normal preovulatory surge. A postcastration rise in serum LH also occurred in the 5 lesioned monkeys, and E2 again induced an LH release. The data suggest that the amygdala does not play a major role in regulation of LH or ovarian steroid secretion during the menstrual cycle. Moreover amygdaloid lesions in female monkeys do not alter their sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Spies
- Reproductive Physiology, Surgery, and Behavior, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97005, USA
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