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Little-Letsinger SE, Letsinger AC, Elizondo JP, Breidenbach BM, Hogan HA, Lightfoot JT, Bloomfield SA. Rapid Transition from a High-Fat, High-Fructose to a Low-Fat, Low-Fructose Diet Reverses Gains in Bone Mass and Strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1812-1822. [PMID: 37202869 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is thought to negatively impact bone quality and strength despite improving bone mineral density. We hypothesized that 1) continuous consumption of a high-fat, high-sugar (HFS) diet would impair bone quality and strength, and 2) a change from an HFS diet to a low-fat, low-sugar (LFS) would reverse HFS-induced impairments to bone quality and strength. METHODS Six-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice ( n = 10/group) with access to a running wheel were randomized to an LFS diet or an HFS diet with simulated sugar-sweetened beverages (20% fructose in place of regular drinking water) for 13 wk. HFS mice were subsequently randomized to continuing HFS feeding (HFS/HFS) or transition to the LFS diet (HFS/LFS) for four additional weeks. RESULTS HFS/HFS mice exhibited superior femoral cancellous microarchitecture (i.e., greater BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb.Th, and decreased Tb.Sp) and cortical bone geometry (i.e., lower Ct.CSA and pMOI) compared with all other groups. At the femoral mid-diaphysis, structural, but not material, mechanical properties were greatest in HFS/HFS mice. However, HFS/HFS exhibited greater femoral neck strength only when compared with mice assigned to diet transition (HFS/LFS). Osteoclast surface and the percentage of osteocytes staining positive for interferon-gamma were greater in HFS/LFS mice, consistent with reduced cancellous microarchitecture postdiet transition. CONCLUSIONS HFS feeding enhanced bone anabolism and structural, but not material, mechanical properties in exercising mice. A change from an HFS to LFS diet returned the bone structure to that of continuously LFS-fed mice while compromising strength. Our results indicate rapid weight loss from obese states should be performed with caution to prevent bone fragility. A deeper analysis into the altered bone phenotype in diet-induced obesity from a metabolic standpoint is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayland C Letsinger
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jon P Elizondo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Harry A Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Susan A Bloomfield
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Santos C, Maia J, Pereira S, Vasconcelos O, Garganta R, Lightfoot JT, Tani G, Hedeker D, Katzmarzyk PT, Bustamante A. Sibling Resemblance in Physical Activity Levels: The Peruvian Sibling Study on Growth and Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4210. [PMID: 36901221 PMCID: PMC10001479 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity is associated with a host of positive health outcomes and is shaped by both genetic and environmental factors. We aim to: (1) estimate sibling resemblance in two physical activity phenotypes [total number of steps∙day-1 and minutes for moderate steps per day (min∙day-1)]; and (2) investigate the joint associations of individual characteristics and shared natural environment with intra-pair sibling similarities in each phenotype. We sampled 247 biological siblings from 110 nuclear families, aged 6-17 years, from three Peruvian regions. Physical activity was measured using pedometers and body mass index was calculated. In general, non-significant variations in the intraclass correlation coefficients were found after adjustment for individual characteristics and geographical area for both phenotypes. Further, no significant differences were found between the three sib-ship types. Sister-sister pairs tended to take fewer steps than brother-brother (β = -2908.75 ± 954.31). Older siblings tended to walk fewer steps (β = -81.26 ± 19.83), whereas body mass index was not associated with physical activity. Siblings living at high-altitude and in the Amazon region had higher steps/day (β = 2508.92 ± 737.94; β = 2213.11 ± 776.63, respectively) compared with their peers living at sea-level. In general, we found no influence of sib-types, body mass index, and/or environment on the two physical activity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olga Vasconcelos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - J. Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Alcibíades Bustamante
- School of Physical Education and Sports, National University of Education Enrique Guzmán y Valle, 60637 La Cantuta, Lurigancho-Chosica 15472, Peru
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Letsinger AC, Yang F, Menon R, Little-Letsinger SE, Granados JZ, Breidenbach B, Iyer AR, Padovani TC, Nagel EC, Jayaraman A, Lightfoot JT. Reduced Wheel Running via a High-Fat Diet Is Reversed by a Chow Diet with No Added Benefit from Fecal Microbial Transplants. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1437-1447. [PMID: 35969165 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic overfeeding via a high-fat/high-sugar (HFHS) diet decreases wheel running and substantially alters the gut metabolome of C57BL/6J mice. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that fecal microbial transplants can modulate the effect of diet on wheel running. METHODS Singly housed, 6-wk-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a grain-based diet (CHOW) or HFHS diet and provided a running wheel for 13 wk. Low-active, HFHS-exposed mice were then either switched to a CHOW diet and given an oral fecal microbial transplant from mice fed the CHOW diet, switched to a CHOW diet and given a sham transplant, or remained on the HFHS diet and given a fecal microbial transplant from mice fed the CHOW diet. Total wheel running, nutrient intake, body composition, fecal microbial composition, fecal metabolite composition, and liver steatosis were measured at various times throughout the study. RESULTS We found that an HFHS diet decreases wheel running activity, increases body fat, and decreases microbial alpha diversity compared with a CHOW diet. Improvements in wheel running, body composition, and microbial alpha diversity were accomplished within 2 wk for mice switched from an HFHS diet to a CHOW diet with no clear evidence of an added benefit from fecal transplants. A fecal transplant from mice fed a CHOW diet without altering diet did not improve wheel running or body composition. Wheel running, body composition, fecal microbial composition, fecal metabolite composition, and liver steatosis percentage were primarily determined by diet. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that diet is a primary mediator of wheel running with no clear effect from fecal microbial transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayland C Letsinger
- The Department of Health Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Fang Yang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Rani Menon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Jorge Z Granados
- The Department of Health Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Brianne Breidenbach
- The Department of Health Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Anjushree R Iyer
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Edward C Nagel
- The Department of Health Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- The Department of Health Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Zhu X, Ory MG, Xu M, Towne SD, Lu Z, Hammond T, Sang H, Lightfoot JT, McKyer ELJ, Lee H, Sherman LD, Lee C. Physical Activity Impacts of an Activity-Friendly Community: A Natural Experiment Study Protocol. Front Public Health 2022; 10:929331. [PMID: 35784244 PMCID: PMC9240399 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.929331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stakeholders from multiple sectors are increasingly aware of the critical need for identifying sustainable interventions that promote healthy lifestyle behaviors. Activity-friendly communities (AFCs) have been known to provide opportunities for engaging in physical activity (PA) across the life course, which is a key to healthy living and healthy aging. Purpose Our purpose is to describe the study protocol developed for a research project that examines: (a) the short- and long-term changes in total levels and spatial and temporal patterns of PA after individuals move from non-AFCs to an AFC; and (b) what built and natural environmental factors lead to changes in PA resulting from such a move, either directly or indirectly (e.g., by affecting psychosocial factors related to PA). Methods This protocol is for a longitudinal, case-comparison study utilizing a unique natural experiment opportunity in Austin, Texas, USA. Case participants were those adults who moved from non-AFCs to an AFC. Matching comparison participants were residents from similar non-AFCs who did not move during the study period. Recruitment venues included local businesses, social and print media, community events, and individual referrals. Objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous PA and associated spatial and temporal patterns served as the key outcomes of interest. Independent (e.g., physical environments), confounding (e.g., demographic factors), and mediating variables (e.g., psychosocial factors) were captured using a combination of objective (e.g., GIS, GPS, Tanita scale) and subjective measures (e.g., survey, travel diary). Statistical analyses will be conducted using multiple methods, including difference-in-differences models, repeated-measures linear mixed models, hierarchical marked space-time Poisson point pattern analysis, and hierarchical linear mixed models. Conclusion Natural experiment studies help investigate causal relationships between health and place. However, multiple challenges associated with participant recruitment, extensive and extended data collection activities, and unpredictable intervention schedules have discouraged many researchers from implementing such studies in community-based populations. This detailed study protocol will inform the execution of future studies to explore how AFCs impact population health across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhu
- Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Center for Health Systems & Design, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Marcia G. Ory
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Center for Population Health and Aging, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Marcia G. Ory
| | - Minjie Xu
- Center for Health Systems & Design, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Samuel D. Towne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Center for Population Health and Aging, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,School of Global Health Management and Informatics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States,Disability, Aging, and Technology Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States,Southwest Rural Health Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zhipeng Lu
- Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Center for Health Systems & Design, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tracy Hammond
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Huiyan Sang
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - J. Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - E. Lisako J. McKyer
- Center for Community Health Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Hanwool Lee
- Center for Health Systems & Design, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ledric D. Sherman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chanam Lee
- Center for Health Systems & Design, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Santos C, Bustamante A, Vasconcelos O, Pereira S, Garganta R, Lightfoot JT, Tani G, Hedeker D, Katzmarzyk PT, Maia J. Sibling Resemblances in Physical Fitness in Three Distinct Regions in Peru: The Peruvian Sibling Study on Growth and Health. Behav Genet 2022; 52:195-204. [PMID: 35083627 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We estimated sibling resemblance in health-related physical fitness (PF) and examined how individual characteristics and shared natural environment accounted for sibling similarities. The sample comprised 656 sibling pairs and 102 triplets (6-15 years of age), from three geographical areas of Peru. PF components included morphological (waist circumference, sum of skinfolds), muscular (handgrip strength, standing long jump), and motor (shuttle-run). Body mass index (BMI) and somatic maturation were also assessed. In general, sibling intraclass correlations differed significantly across sib-ship types for waist circumference and handgrip strength but were the same for sum of skinfolds, standing long jump, and shuttle-run. Further, in general, both individual characteristics and geographical area of residence significantly influenced the magnitude of sibling resemblance as well as the mean levels of PF. In conclusion, individual characteristics and shared natural environment jointly influenced the expression of PF in Peruvian siblings, revealing the importance of these features when designing individualized programs promoting fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santos
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alcibíades Bustamante
- School of Physical Education and Sports, National University of Education Enrique Guzmán Y Valle, 60637 La Cantuta, Lurigancho-Chosica, 15472, Peru
| | - Olga Vasconcelos
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Pereira
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.,CIDEFES, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Garganta
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Go Tani
- School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - José Maia
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
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Calderon F, Vellers HL, Andrews C, Burkholder AB, Lightfoot JT, Sarzynski M, Kleeberger SR, Bouchard C. Characterization Of Mitochondrial Genome Indels In Individuals Classified By High And Low Vo 2max Trainability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763568.14222.5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
It is clear, based on a deep scientific literature base, that genetic and genomic factors play significant roles in determining a wide range of sport and exercise characteristics including exercise endurance capacity, strength, daily physical activity levels, and trainability of both endurance and strength. Although the research field of exercise systems genetics has rapidly expanded over the past two decades, many researchers publishing in this field are not extensively trained in molecular biology or genomics techniques, sometimes creating gaps in generating high-quality and cutting-edge research for publication. As current or former Associate Editors for Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise that have handled the majority of exercise genetics articles for Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise in the past 15 yr, we have observed a large number of scientific manuscripts submitted for publication review that have exhibited significant flaws preventing their publication; flaws that often directly stem from a lack of knowledge regarding the "state-of-the-art" methods and accepted literature base that is rapidly changing as the field evolves. The purpose of this commentary is to provide researchers-especially those coming from a nongenetics background attempting to publish in the exercise system genetics area-with recommendations regarding best-practice research standards and data analysis in the field of exercise systems genetics, to strengthen the overall literature in this important and evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology and the Sydney and JL Huffines Institute for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Stephen M Roth
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
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Vellers HL, Verhein KC, Burkholder AB, Lee J, Kim Y, Lightfoot JT, Shi M, Weinberg CR, Sarzynski MA, Bouchard C, Kleeberger SR. Association between Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variants and V˙O2 max Trainability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2303-2309. [PMID: 33064405 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We designed the study to determine whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup, sequence, and heteroplasmy differed between individuals previously characterized as low (LR) or high responders (HR) as defined by their maximal oxygen uptake response to a standardized aerobic exercise training program. METHODS DNA was isolated from whole blood in subjects from the HERITAGE Family Study that were determined to be either HR (n = 15) or LR (n = 15). mtDNA was amplified by long-range polymerase chain reaction, then tagged with Nextera libraries and sequenced on a MiSeq instrument. RESULTS Different mtDNA haplogroup subtypes were found in HR and LR individuals. Compared with HR subjects, significantly more LR subjects had variants in 13 sites, including 7 in hypervariable (HV) regions: HV2 (G185A: 0 vs 6, P = 0.02; G228A: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04; C295T: 0 vs 6; P = 0.04), HV3 (C462T: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04; T489C: 0 vs 5; P = 0.04), and HV1 (C16068T: 0 vs 6, P = 0.02; T16125C: 0 vs 6, P = 0.02). Remaining variants were in protein coding genes, mtND1 (1 vs 8, P = 0.02), mtND3 (A10397G: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04), mtND4 (A11250G: 1 vs 8, P = 0.02), mtND5 (G13707A: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04), and mtCYTB (T14797C: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04; C15451A: 1 vs 8, P = 0.02). Average total numbers of heteroplasmies (P = 0.83) and frequency of heteroplasmies (P = 0.05) were similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide specific sites across the mitochondrial genome that may be related to maximal oxygen uptake trainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten C Verhein
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Adam B Burkholder
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | | | | | - Min Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Clarice R Weinberg
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | | | - Steven R Kleeberger
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
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Cross KM, Granados JZ, Ten Have GAM, Thaden JJ, Engelen MPKJ, Lightfoot JT, Deutz NEP. Correction: Protein fractional synthesis rates within tissues of high- and low-active mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248081. [PMID: 33630961 PMCID: PMC7906451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Cross KM, Granados JZ, Ten Have GAM, Thaden JJ, Engelen MPKJ, Lightfoot JT, Deutz NEP. Protein fractional synthesis rates within tissues of high- and low-active mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242926. [PMID: 33253250 PMCID: PMC7703944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rise in physical inactivity and its related diseases, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in physical activity regulation. Biological factors regulating physical activity are studied to establish a possible target for improving the physical activity level. However, little is known about the role metabolism plays in physical activity regulation. Therefore, we studied protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of multiple organ tissues of 12-week-old male mice that were previously established as inherently low-active (n = 15, C3H/HeJ strain) and high-active (n = 15, C57L/J strain). Total body water of each mouse was enriched to 5% deuterium oxide (D2O) via intraperitoneal injection and maintained with D2O enriched drinking water for about 24 h. Blood samples from the jugular vein and tissues (kidney, heart, lung, muscle, fat, jejunum, ileum, liver, brain, skin, and bone) were collected for enrichment analysis of alanine by LC-MS/MS. Protein FSR was calculated as -ln(1-enrichment). Data are mean±SE as fraction/day (unpaired t-test). Kidney protein FSR in the low-active mice was 7.82% higher than in high-active mice (low-active: 0.1863±0.0018, high-active: 0.1754±0.0028, p = 0.0030). No differences were found in any of the other measured organ tissues. However, all tissues resulted in a generally higher protein FSR in the low-activity mice compared to the high-activity mice (e.g. lung LA: 0.0711±0.0015, HA: 0.0643±0.0020, heart LA: 0.0649± 0.0013 HA: 0.0712±0.0073). Our observations suggest that high-active mice in most organ tissues are no more inherently equipped for metabolic adaptation than low-active mice, but there may be a connection between protein metabolism of kidney tissue and physical activity level. In addition, low-active mice have higher organ-specific baseline protein FSR possibly contributing to the inability to achieve higher physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Cross
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jorge Z. Granados
- Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Gabriella A. M. Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - John J. Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Marielle P. K. J. Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - J. Timothy Lightfoot
- Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Nicolaas E. P. Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Vellers HL, Massett MP, Avila JJ, Kim SK, Marzec JM, Santos JH, Lightfoot JT, Kleeberger SR. Mitochondrial DNA lesions and copy number are strain dependent in endurance-trained mice. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14605. [PMID: 33190396 PMCID: PMC7666774 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this pilot work, we selected two inbred strains that respond well to endurance training (ET) (FVB/NJ, and SJL/J strains), and two strains that respond poorly (BALB/cByJ and NZW/LacJ), to determine the effect of a standardized ET treadmill program on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (nucDNA) integrity, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. DNA was isolated from plantaris muscles (n = 37) and a gene-specific quantitative PCR-based assay was used to measure DNA lesions and mtDNA copy number. Mean mtDNA lesions were not different within strains in the sedentary or exercise-trained states. However, mtDNA lesions were significantly higher in trained low-responding NZW/LacJ mice (0.24 ± 0.06 mtDNA lesions/10 Kb) compared to high-responding strains (mtDNA lesions/10 Kb: FVB/NJ = 0.11 ± 0.01, p = .049; SJL/J = 0.04 ± 0.02; p = .003). ET did not alter mean mtDNA copy numbers for any strain, although both sedentary and trained FVB/NJ mice had significantly higher mtDNA copies (99,890 ± 4,884 mtDNA copies) compared to low-responding strains (mtDNA copies: BALB/cByJ = 69,744 ± 4,675; NZW/LacJ = 65,687 ± 5,180; p < .001). ET did not change nucDNA lesions for any strain, however, SJL/J had the lowest mean nucDNA lesions (3.5 ± 0.14 nucDNA lesions/6.5 Kb) compared to all other strains (nucDNA lesions/6.5 Kb: FVB/NJ = 4.4 ± 0.11; BALB/cByJ = 4.7 ± 0.09; NZW/LacJ = 4.4 ± 0.11; p < .0001). Our results demonstrate strain differences in plantaris muscle mtDNA lesions in ET mice and, independent of condition, differences in mean mtDNA copy and nucDNA lesions between strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Vellers
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport ManagementTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Michael P. Massett
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport ManagementTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
- Department of Health and KinesiologyTexas A&M University College StationCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Josh J. Avila
- Division of ResearchTexas A&M University College StationCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Seung Kyum Kim
- Department of Sports ScienceSeoul National University of Science and TechnologySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jacqui M. Marzec
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNIHResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Janine H. Santos
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNIHResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - J. Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and KinesiologyTexas A&M University College StationCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Steven R. Kleeberger
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNIHResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
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Little SE, Letsinger AC, Elizondo JP, Hogan HA, Lightfoot JT, Bloomfield SA. EFFECTS OF DIET ALTERATIONS, WITH OR WITHOUT FECAL MICROBIAL TRANSPLANTS, ON BONE INTEGRITY. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000679452.58762.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Breidenbach BM, Letsinger AC, Granados JZ, Castro Padovani TN, Nagel EC, Lightfoot JT. Expression Of Tyrosine Hydroxylase In The Nucleus Accumbens Are Not Altered By Diet Or Fecal Transplantation In Male C57bl/6j Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000681096.28491.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Khedmatgozar H, Massett MP, Fokar M, Lightfoot JT, Kleeberger SR, Vellers HL. INFLUENCE OF GENETIC BACKGROUND ON HEART MITOCHONDRIAL DNA LESIONS AND COPY NUMBER IN INBRED MICE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000686660.00752.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Granados JZ, Ten Have GAM, Letsinger AC, Thaden JJ, Engelen MPKJ, Lightfoot JT, Deutz NEP. Activated whole-body arginine pathway in high-active mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235095. [PMID: 32589680 PMCID: PMC7319332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies suggest that physical activity (PA) levels are potentially regulated by endogenous metabolic mechanisms such as the vasodilatory roles of nitric oxide (NO) production via the precursor arginine (ARG) and ARG-related pathways. We assessed ARG metabolism and its precursors [citrulline (CIT), glutamine (GLN), glutamate (GLU), ornithine (ORN), and phenylalanine (PHE)] by measuring plasma concentration, whole-body production (WBP), de novo ARG and NO production, and clearance rates in previously classified low-active (LA) or high-active (HA) mice. We assessed LA (n = 23) and HA (n = 20) male mice by administering a stable isotope tracer pulse via jugular catheterization. We measured plasma enrichments via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and body compostion by echo-MRI. WBP, clearance rates, and de novo ARG and NO were calculated. Compared to LA mice, HA mice had lower plasma concentrations of GLU (71.1%; 36.8 ± 2.9 vs. 17.5 ± 1.7μM; p<0.0001), CIT (21%; 57.3 ± 2.3 vs. 46.4 ± 1.5μM; p = 0.0003), and ORN (40.1%; 55.4 ± 7.3 vs. 36.9 ± 2.6μM; p = 0.0241), but no differences for GLN, PHE, and ARG. However, HA mice had higher estimated NO production ratio (0.64 ± 0.08; p = 0.0197), higher WBP for CIT (21.8%, 8.6 ± 0.2 vs. 10.7 ± 0.3 nmol/g-lbm/min; p<0.0001), ARG (21.4%, 35.0 ± 0.6 vs. 43.4 ± 0.7 nmol/g-lbm/min; p<0.0001), PHE (7.6%, 23.8 ± 0.5 vs. 25.6 ± 0.5 nmol/g-lbm/min; p<0.0100), and lower GLU (78.5%; 9.4 ± 1.1 vs. 4.1 ± 1.6 nmol/g lbm/min; p = 0.0161). We observed no significant differences in WBP for GLN, ORN, PHE, or de novo ARG. We concluded that HA mice have an activated whole-body ARG pathway, which may be associated with regulating PA levels via increased NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Z. Granados
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriella A. M. Ten Have
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Ayland C. Letsinger
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - John J. Thaden
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Marielle P. K. J. Engelen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - J. Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Nicolaas E. P. Deutz
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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16
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Cross K, Granados J, Barrington W, Thaden J, Have GT, Threadgill D, Lightfoot JT, Deutz N. A Ketogenic Diet In Mice Reduces Cardiac Protein Synthesis Compared to a Western Diet. Curr Dev Nutr 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
For several decades, the ketogenic diet has been studied as a replacement for the western diet for weight management and disease treatment. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the mechanism of change in metabolism induced by the diet. To better understand the diet's physiological effects, we hypothesize that protein turnover in specific organs, like the heart, are modified by the different diets. Therefore, we studied organ protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) in several organ tissues of mice given ketogenic and a control western diets.
Methods
To assess protein FSR of various organs, we studied 4–6 week-old A/J mice) and randomly provided a ketogenic diet (high fat, no carbohydrate, n = 10) or a western diet (high fat, high carbohydrate, n = 10) for 3 months. One day before tissue collection, a D2O bolus was administered via intraperitoneal injection, and mice were provided D2O enriched drinking water to enrich the total body water to about 5% D2O. Eleven tissues (kidney, heart, lung, muscle, fat, jejunum, ileum, liver, brain, skin, and bone) were collected and analyzed for alanine enrichment in the intracellular and protein-bound pool (LC-MS/MS). FSR was calculated as -ln(1-enrichment) as fraction per day. Data are expressed as mean ± SE (unpaired t-test: GraphPad Prism 8.2).
Results
We found a significantly lower heart protein FSR in ketogenic diet compared to the western diet (ketogenic: 0.0795 ± 0.0021, western: 0.0873 ± 0.0015, P = 0.0076). We did not find any difference between protein FSR of the ketogenic and western diet mice in any of the other measured organs.
Conclusions
The ketogenic diet in mice reduces cardiac protein synthesis, which could potentially indicate benefits of a ketogenic diet. We hypothesize that the mechanism of a ketogenic diet to reduce cardiac protein synthesis is via reduced inflammation and normalized heart function (e.g., reduced blood pressure).
Funding Sources
Sydney and J.L. Huffines Institute for Sports Medicine, Human Performance Student Research Grant and CTRAL Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Cross
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - Jorge Granados
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | | | - John Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - Gabriella Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - David Threadgill
- Threadgill Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - Nicolaas Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
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17
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Cross K, Granados J, Have GT, Thaden J, Lightfoot JT, Deutz N. Comparable Organ Protein Fractional Synthesis Rate of High and Low-Active Mice. Curr Dev Nutr 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa066_005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
With the rise in physical inactivity and its related diseases, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in physical activity regulation. Scientists have explored physical activity regulation by investigating various physiological mechanisms involving hormones, neurotransmitters, and genetics; however, little is known about the role of metabolism on physical activity level. We hypothesize that protein turnover in specific organs like the muscle is higher in mice previously exhibiting high physical activity levels, as a mechanism to adapt to the increased demand. Therefore, we studied protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) in tissues of inherently high and low active mice.
Methods
In order to study protein FSR of various organs, we assessed 12-week-old male inherently low-active (LA) mice (n = 23, lean body mass: 21.0 ± 1.1 g, C3H/HeJ strain) and high active (HA) mice (n = 20, lean body mass: 22.5 ± 1.3, C57L/J strain). One day before tissue collection, a D2O bolus was administered via intraperitoneal injection, and mice were provided D2O enriched drinking water to enrich the total body water to about 5% D2O. Eleven tissues (kidney, heart, lung, muscle, fat, jejunum, ileum, liver, brain, skin, and bone) were collected and analyzed for enrichment of alanine in the intracellular and protein-bound pool (LC-MS/MS). FSR was calculated as -ln(1-enrichment) as fraction per day. Data are mean ± SE (unpaired t-test: GraphPad Prism 8.2).
Results
We did not find significant differences between protein FSR of HA and LA mice in any measured organ. Example: Protein FSR (fraction/day): muscle (LA: 0.0326±-0.0026, HA: 0.0331 ± 0.0018, P = 0.8673), liver (0.3568 ± 0.0219, 0.3499 ± 0.0217, P = 0.8263), brain (0.0981 ± 0.0056, 0.1041 ± 0.0063, P = 0.4758).
Conclusions
The observed lack of significant differences in high and low-active mice suggests that differences in specific organ tissue protein turnover may not be a mechanism regulating inherent physical activity level. Since protein turnover is representative of the ability to adapt through upregulation and downregulation of metabolic processes, these results show that high-active mice are inherently no more equipped for metabolic regulation than the low active mice.
Funding Sources
Sydney and J.L. Huffines Institute for Sports Medicine, Human Performance Student Research Grant and CTRAL Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Cross
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - Jorge Granados
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - Gabriella Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - John Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
| | - Nicolaas Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University
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18
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Lightfoot JT. Chicken and the Egg: Physical Activity and Epigenetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:588. [PMID: 32058470 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Auto racing poses a unique set of physiologic challenges for athletes who compete in this sport. These challenges are not widely recognized due to the limited amount of original research in this field and the diffuse nature of this literature. The purpose of this article is to review the major physiologic challenges of auto racing and summarize what is currently known about athletes in this sport. CONCLUSIONS The physical stressors of either driving or servicing the race car are overlaid with particular environmental challenges associated with racing (e.g., thermal, noise, carbon monoxide exposure) that increase the physiological stress on motorsport athletes. Physical stress reflects the muscular work required for car control and control of posture during high gravitational (g) loads: factors that predispose athletes to fatigue. The physiologic effects of these stressors include cardiovascular stress as reflected by prolonged elevation of heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption in both driver and pit athletes during competition. Psychological stress is evident in autonomic and endocrine responses of athletes during competition. The thermal stress of having to compete wearing multilayer fire suits and closed helmets in ambient temperatures of 50°C to 60°C results in the ubiquitous risk of dehydration. Published data show that both drivers and pit crew members are accomplished athletes with distinct challenges and abilities. There are gaps in the literature, especially in regard to female, older adult, and child participants. Additionally, minimal literature is available on appropriate training programs to offset the physiological challenges of auto racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Reid
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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20
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Vellers HL, Verhein KC, Kleeberger SR, Burkholder AB, Lightfoot JT, Marzec J, Bouchard C. Association Between Mitochondrial Dna Sequence, Heteroplasmy, And Indels With Response To Aerobic Exercise Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562227.03977.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Breidenbach BM, Letsinger AC, Granados JZ, Castro Padavoni TN, Vellers HL, Lightfoot JT. Dopaminergic Receptor and Transporter Densities in Nucleus Accumbens Are Not Altered by a Western Diet. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000560813.47742.9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Granados JZ, Ten Have GAM, Letsinger AC, Thaden JJ, Lightfoot JT, Deutz NEP. High-active Mice Have Elevated Clearance Rate Of Bcaas Compared To Low-active Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000563492.54331.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Letsinger AC, Menon R, Granados JZ, Breidenbach BM, Nagel EC, Castro TN, Little SA, Jayaraman A, Lightfoot JT. The Gut Microbiome Modulates Diet’s Effect on the Regulation of Physical Activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000563501.38191.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Letsinger AC, Granados JZ, Little SE, Lightfoot JT. Alleles associated with physical activity levels are estimated to be older than anatomically modern humans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216155. [PMID: 31034533 PMCID: PMC6488090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the estimated mutation age and conservation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with physical activity (PA) in humans. All human SNPs found to be significantly associated with PA levels in the literature were cross-referenced with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Grand Opportunity Exome Sequencing Project to find estimated African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) mutation age. As a secondary measure of mutation age, SNPs were searched for in Hawk’s mutation age prediction database which utilizes linkage equilibrium. To determine conservation among hominids, all SNPs were searched in the University of California, Santa Cruz Genome Browser, which contains Neanderthal and chimpanzee reference genomes. Six of the 104 SNPs associated with PA regulation were exon-located missense variants found in IFNAR2, PPARGC1A, PML, CTBP2, IL5RA, and APOE genes. The remaining 98 SNPs were located in non-protein coding regions. Average AA and EA estimated mutation age of the exon-located SNPs were 478.4 ± 327.5 kya and 542.1 ± 369.4 kya, respectively. There were four selective sweeps (suggestive of strong positive selection) of SNPs in humans when compared to Neanderthal or chimpanzee genomes. Exon-located PA candidate SNPs are older than the hypothesized emergence of anatomically modern humans. However, 95% of PA associated SNPs are found in intron and intergenic location. Across all SNPs, there seems to be a high level of conservation of alleles between humans, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees. However, the presence of four selective sweeps suggests there were selection pressures or drift unique to Homo sapiens that influenced the development of mutations associated with PA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayland C. Letsinger
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Jorge Z. Granados
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Little
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - J. Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Lightfoot JT, DE Geus EJC, Booth FW, Bray MS, DEN Hoed M, Kaprio J, Kelly SA, Pomp D, Saul MC, Thomis MA, Garland T, Bouchard C. Biological/Genetic Regulation of Physical Activity Level: Consensus from GenBioPAC. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:863-873. [PMID: 29166322 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity unquestionably maintains and improves health; however, physical activity levels globally are low and not rising despite all the resources devoted to this goal. Attention in both the research literature and the public policy domain has focused on social-behavioral factors; however, a growing body of literature suggests that biological determinants play a significant role in regulating physical activity levels. For instance, physical activity level, measured in various manners, has a genetic component in both humans and nonhuman animal models. This consensus article, developed as a result of an American College of Sports Medicine-sponsored round table, provides a brief review of the theoretical concepts and existing literature that supports a significant role of genetic and other biological factors in the regulation of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Future research on physical activity regulation should incorporate genetics and other biological determinants of physical activity instead of a sole reliance on social and other environmental determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Eco J C DE Geus
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Molly S Bray
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Marcel DEN Hoed
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Scott A Kelly
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Michael C Saul
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Martine A Thomis
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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26
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Letsinger AC, Thompson AR, Lightfoot JT. Alleles Associated with Voluntary Physical Activity are Predicted to be Older Than Anatomically Modern Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536225.04645.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Granados JZ, Letsinger AC, Vellers HL, Garcia VA, Velasco JD, Nagle EC, Perez LC, Spier M, Lambertz I, Fuchs-Young R, Lightfoot JT. Calorie Restriction Promotes Constant Physical Activity Levels Throughout Total Lifetime of Female Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000538470.54307.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Stiegel KA, Letsinger AC, Granados JZ, Cerda C, Lightfoot JT. Acute Exposure to a High-Fat High-Sugar Diet Alters Wheel Running Activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000538703.37746.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Vellers HL, Kleeberger SR, Lightfoot JT. Inter-individual variation in adaptations to endurance and resistance exercise training: genetic approaches towards understanding a complex phenotype. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:48-62. [PMID: 29356897 PMCID: PMC5851699 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training which meets the recommendations set by the National Physical Activity Guidelines ensues a multitude of health benefits towards the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases. However, not all individuals respond well to exercise training. That is, some individuals have no response, while others respond poorly. Genetic background is known to contribute to the inter-individual (human) and -strain (e.g., mice, rats) variation with acute exercise and exercise training, though to date, no specific genetic factors have been identified that explain the differential responses to exercise. In this review, we provide an overview of studies in human and animal models that have shown a significant contribution of genetics in acute exercise and exercise training-induced adaptations with standardized endurance and resistance training regimens, and further describe the genetic approaches which have been used to demonstrate such responses. Finally, our current understanding of the role of genetics and exercise is limited primarily to the nuclear genome, while only a limited focus has been given to a potential role of the mitochondrial genome and its interactions with the nuclear genome to predict the exercise training-induced phenotype(s) responses. We therefore discuss the mitochondrial genome and literature that suggests it may play a significant role, particularly through interactions with the nuclear genome, in the inherent ability to respond to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Vellers
- Immunity, Inflammation and, Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Building 101, E-224, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation and, Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Building 101, E-224, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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30
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Voluntary physical activity levels are regulated by sex hormones. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the endocrine disruptor benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) on the regulation of physical activity in mice. METHODS Mouse dams were treated with 500 mg·kg·d of BBP or vehicle on gestation days 9-16. Pups were weaned and analyzed for voluntary physical activity levels, puberty development, sex hormone levels, and body composition during the 20-wk period. RESULTS Seventy-three offspring from BBP-treated dams were studied (n = 43 males and n = 30 females). Endocrine disruption was indicated by decreased anogenital distances in BBP-treated male offspring at 10 (P = 0.001) and 20 wk (P = 0.038) and delayed vaginal openings in BBP-treated female offspring (P = 0.001). Further, there was a significant decrease in serum testosterone concentration in male mice between control and BBP at 10 wk (P = 0.039) and at 20 wk (P = 0.022). In female mice, there was a significant increase in serum testosterone concentration in BBP mice at 20 wk (P = 0.002) and a significant increase in estrogen (estradiol) concentrations at 20 wk in the control female mice (P = 0.015). Overall, BBP mice ran significantly less distance (males, P = 0.008; females, P = 0.042) than controls. Other than a significant increase in BBP-treated males in fat mass at 20 wk (P = 0.040), there was no significant decrease in weight, lean mass, or fat mass in either female or male mice, regardless of treatment. CONCLUSION Maternal endocrine disruption altered hormone response, but not body composition in either sex of offspring, with a corresponding decreased activity throughout early adulthood in all offspring. These results suggest that exposure to common environmental endocrine disruptors in utero can reduce and alter physical activity levels in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Schmitt
- 1Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and 2Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Vellers HL, Letsinger AC, Walker NR, Granados JZ, Lightfoot JT. High Fat High Sugar Diet Reduces Voluntary Wheel Running in Mice Independent of Sex Hormone Involvement. Front Physiol 2017; 8:628. [PMID: 28890701 PMCID: PMC5575154 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Indirect results in humans suggest that chronic overfeeding decreases physical activity with few suggestions regarding what mechanism(s) may link overfeeding and decreased activity. The primary sex hormones are known regulators of activity and there are reports that chronic overfeeding alters sex hormone levels. Thepurpose of this study was to determine if chronic overfeeding altered wheel running through altered sex hormone levels. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6J mice were bred and the pups were weaned at 3-weeks of age and randomly assigned to either a control (CFD) or high fat/high sugar (HFHS) diet for 9-11 weeks depending on activity analysis. Nutritional intake, body composition, sex hormone levels, and 3-day and 2-week wheel-running activity were measured. Additionally, groups of HFHS animals were supplemented with testosterone (males) and 17β-estradiol (females) to determine if sex hormone augmentation altered diet-induced changes in activity. Results: 117 mice (56♂, 61♀) were analyzed. The HFHS mice consumed significantly more calories per day than CFD mice (male: p < 0.0001; female: p < 0.0001) and had significantly higher body fat (male: p < 0.0001; female: p < 0.0001). The HFHS diet did not reduce sex hormone levels, but did significantly reduce acute running-wheel distance in male (p = 0.05, 70 ± 28%) and female mice (p = 0.02, 57 ± 26%). In animals that received hormone supplementation, there was no significant effect on activity levels. Two-weeks of wheel access was not sufficient to alter HFHS-induced reductions in activity or increases in body fat. Conclusion: Chronic overfeeding reduces wheel running, but is independent of the primary sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Vellers
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, United States
| | - Ayland C Letsinger
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas R Walker
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, United States
| | - Jorge Z Granados
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, United States
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, United States
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Letsinger AC, Granados JZ, Vellers HL, Garcia VA, Velasco JD, Walker NR, Spier M, Lambertz I, Fuchs-Young R, Lightfoot JT. The Importance Of Accurate Measurements In Voluntary Wheel Running In Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000519880.68910.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Granados JZ, Letsinger AC, Vellers HL, Garcia VA, Velasco JD, Walker NR, Spier M, Lambertz I, Fuchs-Young R, Lightfoot JT. 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene (DMBA) & High Fat High Sugar Diet Decrease Physical Activity in Female Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517612.54486.ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lightfoot JT. The McArdle’s Mouse Model. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1447. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Letsinger AC, Vellers HL, Granados JZ, Walker NR, Spier ME, Lambertz I, Fuchs-Young R, Lightfoot JT. The Effect Of A High Fat/high Sugar Diet And Physical Activity On Body Fat Percentage And Bone Mineral Density. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486578.47720.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Granados JZ, Vellers HL, Letzinger AC, Walker NR, Spier ME, Lambertz I, Fuchs-Young R, Lightfoot JT. Effect of High Fat/High Sugar Diet & Physical Activity on Sex Hormone Concentrations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486900.61220.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vellers HL, Granados JZ, Letzinger AC, Walker NR, Spier ME, Lambertz I, Fuchs-Young R, Lightfoot JT. The Effect of a High Fat/High Sugar Diet on Physical Activity in Female Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486166.24049.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ferguson DP, Dangott LJ, Vellers HL, Schmitt EE, Lightfoot JT. Differential protein expression in the nucleus accumbens of high and low active mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:283-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Dawes M, Kochan KJ, Riggs PK, Timothy Lightfoot J. Differential miRNA expression in inherently high- and low-active inbred mice. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/7/e12469. [PMID: 26229004 PMCID: PMC4552544 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite established health benefits of regular exercise, the majority of Americans do not meet the recommended levels of physical activity. While it is known that voluntary activity levels are largely heritable, the genetic mechanisms that regulate activity are not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that inhibit transcription by binding to a target gene, inhibiting protein production. The purpose of this study was to investigate differential miRNA expression between inherently high- (C57L/J) and low- (C3H/HeJ) active inbred mice in soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and nucleus accumbens tissues. Expression was initially determined by miRNA microarray analysis, and selected miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Expression of 13 miRNAs varied between strains in the nucleus accumbens, 20 in soleus, and eight in EDL, by microarray analysis. Two miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR in the nucleus accumbens; miR-466 was downregulated (∼4 fold; P < 0.0004), and miR-342-5p was upregulated (∼115 fold; P < 0.0001) in high-active mice. MiR-466 was downregulated (∼5 fold; P < 0.0001) in the soleus of high-active mice as well. Interestingly, miR-466 is one of several miRNA families with sequence located in intron 10 of Sfmbt2; miRNAs at this locus are thought to drive imprinting of this gene. “Pathways in cancer” and “TGFβ signaling” were the most significant pathways of putative target genes in both the soleus and nucleus accumbens. Our results are the first to consider differential miRNA expression between high- and low-active mice, and suggest that miRNAs may play a role in regulation of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dawes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kelli J Kochan
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Penny K Riggs
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Oliver J, Abbas K, Lightfoot JT, Baskin K, Collins B, Wier D, Bramhall JP, Huang J, Puschett JB. Comparison of Neurocognitive Testing and the Measurement of Marinobufagenin in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Report. J Exp Neurosci 2015; 9:67-72. [PMID: 26351409 PMCID: PMC4517832 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s27921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of concussed athletes, including testing to determine if and when they may return to play, has become an important task of athletic trainers and team physicians. Currently, concussion protocols are in place, which depend largely upon assessments based upon neurocognitive testing (NCT). The authors have evaluated the use of a biomarker of brain trauma, marinobufagenin (MBG), and compared its application in concussed athletes with the performance of NTC. We found a disparity between these two testing procedures. In this communication, the findings of these comparative data are presented. We noted that athletes whose NCT evaluations had returned to baseline and who were allowed to again participate in play then showed a recurrence of elevated urinary MBG excretion. These observations raise concern as to the processes currently in effect with regard to the decision as to returning athletes to the full activity. They suggest a need for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Oliver
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kamran Abbas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kelly Baskin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Blaise Collins
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David Wier
- The Department of Athletics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joe P Bramhall
- The Department of Athletics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jason Huang
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Jules B Puschett
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to determine the level of physiological stress evoked while playing music in a standing position as indicated by heart rate (HR) response. A secondary aim was to analyze the effect of music genre (classic rock, western, contemporary Christian, and metal rock) on the relative HR response. Lastly, we considered potential physiological initiators of the music-playing-induced HR response. METHODS HR response was monitored in 27 professional musicians (3 women, 24 men) between the ages of 21 and 67 yrs old during rehearsal and public performances. The percent maximal HR (%MHR) evoked was determined by taking a percentage of the age-predicted maximal HR for each musician and comparing the average %MHR in each genre during public and rehearsal events. The role of the potential initiators of these responses (e.g., number of years playing in public, event type, instrument type, tempo, etc.) was determined using multiple regression analyses. RESULTS The overall average %MHR responses were 52 ± 5% and 59 ± 5% during rehearsal and public performances, respectively, with genre type having a significant effect on the HR response (p=0.01). Body mass index and tempo were each found to be significant contributors to the HR response while playing music (r²=0.506, p=0.001). CONCLUSION Playing music professionally evokes considerable increases in HR response, with music genre influencing the level of the physiological response. We concluded that 50% of the HR response while playing music was associated with body mass index, music tempo, and instrument type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Vellers
- Texas A&M University, 205 Heldenfels Bldg., College Station, TX 77843, USA. Tel 979-845-8744, fax 979-845-6905.
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Turner MJ, Courtney SM, Guderian SB, Hubbard-Turner T, Wikstrom EA, Lightfoot JT. Strain Screen Suggests Genetic Influence on Physical Activity Varies Across the Lifespan. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000476619.75370.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schmitt EE, Porter WW, Lightfoot JT. Endocrine-disruption And The Regulation Of Physical Activity And Mammary Gland Development In Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000476610.52500.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Stock car racing is the largest spectator sport in the United States. As a result, National Association for Stock Car Automobile Racing (NASCAR) Sprint Cup teams have begun to invest in strength and conditioning programs for their pit crew athletes. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the physical characteristics of elite NASCAR pit crew athletes, how the NASCAR Sprint Cup season affects basic physiological parameters such as body composition, and what is the most appropriate physical training program that meets the needs of a pit crew athlete. We conducted 3 experiments involving Sprint Cup motorsport athletes to determine predictors of success at the elite level, seasonal physiological changes, and appropriate physical training programs. Our results showed that hamstring flexibility (p = 0.015) and the score on the 2-tire front run test (p = 0.012) were significant predictors of NASCAR Sprint Cup Pit Crew athlete performance. Additionally, during the off season, pit crew athletes lost lean body mass, which did not return until the middle of the season. Therefore, a strength and conditioning program was developed to optimize pit crew athlete performance throughout the season. Implementation of this strength and conditioning program in 1 NASCAR Sprint Cup team demonstrated that pit crew athletes were able to prevent lean body mass loss and have increased muscle power output from the start of the season to the end of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Ferguson
- 1Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; 2Department of Health and Kinesiology, Biology of Physical Activity Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and 3Stewart-Haas Racing, Kannapolis, North Carolina
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45
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Ferguson DP, Davis A, Lightfoot JT. Optimizing the Physical Conditioning of the NASCAR Sprint Cup Pit Crew Athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000493321.00428.b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ferguson DP, Dangott LJ, Lightfoot JT. Lessons learned from vivo-morpholinos: How to avoid vivo-morpholino toxicity. Biotechniques 2014; 56:251-6. [PMID: 24806225 DOI: 10.2144/000114167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vivo-morpholinos are a promising tool for gene silencing. These oligonucleotide analogs transiently silence genes by blocking either translation or pre-mRNA splicing. Little to no toxicity has been reported for vivo-morpholino treatment. However, in a recent study conducted in our lab, treatment of mice with vivo-morpholinos resulted in high mortality rates. We hypothesized that the deaths were the result of oligonucleotide hybridization, causing an increased cationic charge associated with the dendrimer delivery moiety of the vivo-morpholino. The cationic charge increased blood clot formation in whole blood treated with vivo-morpholinos, suggesting that clotting could have caused cardiac arrest in the deceased mice. Therefore, we investigate the mechanism by which some vivo-morpholinos increase mortality rates and propose techniques to alleviate vivo-morpholino toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Ferguson
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Dept. of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Biochemistry/Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Dept. of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Abstract
Physical inactivity contributes to cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, obesity, and some types of cancer. While the literature is clear that there is genetic regulation of physical activity with existing gene knockout data suggesting that skeletal muscle mechanisms contribute to the regulation of activity, actual differences in end-protein expression between high- and low-active mice have not been investigated. This study used two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry to evaluate the proteomic differences between high-active (C57L/J) and low-active (C3H/HeJ) mice in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Furthermore, vivo-morpholinos were used to transiently knockdown candidate proteins to confirm their involvement in physical activity regulation. Proteins with higher expression patterns generally fell into the calcium-regulating and Krebs (TCA) cycle pathways in the high-active mice (e.g., annexin A6, P = 0.0031; calsequestrin 1; P = 0.000025), while the overexpressed proteins in the low-active mice generally fell into cytoskeletal structure- and electron transport chain-related pathways (e.g., ATPase, P = 0.031; NADH dehydrogenase, P = 0.027). Transient knockdown of annexin A6 and calsequestrin 1 protein of high-active mice with vivo-morpholinos resulted in decreased physical activity levels (P = 0.001). These data suggest that high- and low-active mice have unique protein expression patterns and that each pattern contributes to the peripheral capability to be either high- or low-active, suggesting that different specific mechanisms regulate activity leading to the high- or low-activity status of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Ferguson
- Children's Nutritional Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Bamman MM, Cooper DM, Booth FW, Chin ER, Neufer PD, Trappe S, Lightfoot JT, Kraus WE, Joyner MJ. Exercise biology and medicine: innovative research to improve global health. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:148-53. [PMID: 24485128 PMCID: PMC3972063 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcas M Bamman
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine and Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
| | - Dan M Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Eva R Chin
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Physiology, and Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN
| | - J Timothy Lightfoot
- Sydney and J. L. Huffines Institute for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - William E Kraus
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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Abstract
Physical activity is associated with disease prevention and overall wellbeing. Additionally there has been evidence that physical activity level is a result of genetic influence. However, there has not been a reliable method to silence candidate genes in vivo to determine causal mechanisms of physical activity regulation. Vivo-morpholinos are a potential method to transiently silence specific genes. Thus, the aim of this study was to validate the use of Vivo-morpholinos in a mouse model for voluntary physical activity with several sub-objectives. We observed that Vivo-morpholinos achieved between 60–97% knockdown of Drd1-, Vmat2-, and Glut4-protein in skeletal muscle, the delivery moiety of Vivo-morpholinos (scramble) did not influence physical activity and that a cocktail of multiple Vivo-morpholinos can be given in a single treatment to achieve protein knockdown of two different targeted proteins in skeletal muscle simultaneously. Knocking down Drd1, Vmat2, or Glut4 protein in skeletal muscle did not affect physical activity. Vivo-morpholinos injected intravenously alone did not significantly knockdown Vmat2-protein expression in the brain (p = 0.28). However, the use of a bradykinin analog to increase blood-brain-barrier permeability in conjunction with the Vivo-morpholinos significantly (p = 0.0001) decreased Vmat2-protein in the brain with a corresponding later over-expression of Vmat2 coincident with a significant (p = 0.0016) increase in physical activity. We conclude that Vivo-morpholinos can be a valuable tool in determining causal gene-phenotype relationships in whole animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Ferguson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
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Abstract
Increasing activity levels in an inactive population can lead to associative increases in health and well-being. Both biologic and genetic factors have been identified that alter physical activity levels in humans and rodents with an extensive early literature regarding sex steroid effects on physical activity. Currently, it is suggested that the androgens require conversion to estrogens prior to eliciting any effects on activity patterns. Recent data contradicts this assertion; thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the necessity of the aromatase complex in activity regulation. Wheel running was assessed in male C57BL/6J mice under various sex steroid-disrupted and aromatase-inhibited conditions. Inhibition of the aromatase complex was achieved through administration of two different aromatase inhibiting substances-letrozole and exemestane. Wheel running was unaffected by aromatase inhibition in reproductively intact and sex steroid supplemented mice. Orchidectomy significantly reduced wheel running activity. Steroid replacement recovered wheel running to pre-surgical levels; however, aromatase inhibition did not further affect wheel running levels. The recovery of wheel running in mice with androgen supplementation and the further persistence of wheel running in mice with compromised aromatase function suggests that the androgens-testosterone in particular-may directly affect wheel running patterns in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Bowen
- Science and Mathematics Division, Truett-McConnell College, Cleveland, GA 30528, USA ; Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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