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Brown JD, Battaglia E, Engdahl S, Levay G, Parks AC, Skinner E, O'Malley MK. Touching reality: Bridging the user-researcher divide in upper-limb prosthetics. Sci Robot 2023; 8:eadk9421. [PMID: 37878688 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adk9421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Realistically improving upper-limb prostheses is only possible if we listen to users' actual technological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E Battaglia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S Engdahl
- American Orthotic and Prosthetic Association, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - G Levay
- Infinite Biomedical Technologies, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
| | - A C Parks
- Academic Affairs, Metropolitan Campus, Cuyahoga Community College, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Skinner
- Independent Researcher, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M K O'Malley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Brown JD, Podadera J, Ward M, Goldsmid S, Simpson DJ. The presence, morphology and clinical significance of vertebral body malformations in an Australian population of French Bulldogs and Pugs. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:378-387. [PMID: 34137021 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence, morphology and clinical significance of congenital vertebral malformations (CVM) in two breeds of brachycephalic dogs presenting to a referral veterinary hospital. DESIGN Prospective cohort study series. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-nine French Bulldogs and Pugs were prospectively evaluated and placed in one of two groups based on whether or not they presented for neurological signs referable to spinal cord disease. A computed tomography (CT) of their entire spine was obtained and the presence and classification of CVM along with the degree of spinal kyphosis recorded for all dogs. Statistical analysis was performed to identify clinical associations between these factors (P < 0.05). RESULTS CVM were prevalent across both breeds with the French Bulldog having more malformations than the Pug (Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance, P < 0.0001). Breed associated vertebral malformation subtypes included butterfly subtype in French Bulldogs (Chi-square, P = 0.0002), and transitional subtype in Pugs (odds ratio, 22.7; P = 0.000). A new subtype, dorsal wedge, was observed in 12 cases. The presence, number and subtype of vertebral malformation were not reliable for predicting the development of neurological signs across both breeds (Chi-square, P > 0.05). However, spinal kyphosis >35° calculated via Cobb angle was associated with Pugs that had neurological deficits (Chi-square, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Congenital vertebral malformations largely appear to be incidental findings in this population of French Bulldogs but are of more significance in the Pug breed when spinal kyphosis is >35°. French Bulldogs that have spinal cord disease and CVM are more likely to have pathology distant to CVM with intervertebral disc herniation most common.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Surgery Department, Animal Referral Hospital, Homebush, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Podadera
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Goldsmid
- Surgery Department, Animal Referral Hospital, Homebush, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D J Simpson
- Surgery Department, Animal Referral Hospital, Homebush, New South Wales, Australia
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Kolören Z, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Murata FHA, Kwok OCH, Banfield JE, Brown JD, Su C, Dubey JP. High Seroprevalence but Low Rate of Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from Wild Elk ( Cervus Canadensis) in Pennsylvania. J Parasitol 2019; 105:890-892. [PMID: 31738124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in most warm-blooded animals worldwide. During the 2018 November hunting season in Pennsylvania, fresh (unfixed, not frozen) samples obtained from 99 harvested elk (Cervus canadensis) were tested for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 69 of 99 (69.7%) elk tested by the modified agglutination test (MAT, 1:25 cut-off). Tongues and hearts from 16 elk with high MAT titers (>1:200) were bioassayed for T. gondii by inoculation in outbred Swiss Webster (SW) and interferon-gamma gene knockout (KO) mice. Viable T. gondii was isolated from tongues of 2 elk with MAT titers of 1:200 and 1:3,200. Toxoplasma gondii from both isolates were successfully propagated in cell culture. Genetic typing on DNA extracted from culture-derived tachyzoites using the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism with 10 genetic markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico) revealed that both isolates belonged to ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #5 that is widely prevalent in wildlife in the United States. Our results suggest that elk may clear T. gondii organisms from their tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kolören
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
- Current address: Ordu University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ordu, Turkey
| | - C K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - F H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - J E Banfield
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110-9797
| | - J D Brown
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110-9797
- Current address: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 111 Henning Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - C Su
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
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Kolören Z, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Murata FHA, Kwok OCH, Banfield JE, Brown JD, Su C, Dubey JP. High Seroprevalence But Low Rate of Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from Wild Elk (Cervus canadensis) in Pennsylvania. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/19-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Kolören
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - F. H. A. Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - O. C. H. Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - J. E. Banfield
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110-9797
| | - J. D. Brown
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110-9797
| | - C. Su
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - J. P. Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
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Martinez Naharro A, Kotecha T, Chacko L, Brown JD, Knight DS, Steriotis A, Kellman P, Gillmore JD, Hawkins PN, Fontana M. P119Oedema in amyloidosis: more than meets the eye. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez110.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Martinez Naharro
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - T Kotecha
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - L Chacko
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - J D Brown
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - D S Knight
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - A Steriotis
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - P Kellman
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - J D Gillmore
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - P N Hawkins
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M Fontana
- University College London, CMR Unit at Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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Brown JD, Goodin A, Lip GYH. The American College of Chest Physician score to assess the risk of bleeding during anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism: comment. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2537-2539. [PMID: 30240546 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Goodin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - G Y H Lip
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Ramey AM, Walther P, Link P, Poulson RL, Wilcox BR, Newsome G, Spackman E, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE. Optimizing Surveillance for South American Origin Influenza A Viruses Along the United States Gulf Coast Through Genomic Characterization of Isolates from Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors). Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:194-202. [PMID: 25056712 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Relative to research focused on inter-continental viral exchange between Eurasia and North America, less attention has been directed towards understanding the redistribution of influenza A viruses (IAVs) by wild birds between North America and South America. In this study, we genomically characterized 45 viruses isolated from blue-winged teal (Anas discors) along the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast during March of 2012 and 2013, coincident with northward migration of this species from Neotropical wintering areas to breeding grounds in the United States and Canada. No evidence of South American lineage genes was detected in IAVs isolated from blue-winged teal supporting restricted viral gene flow between the United States and southern South America. However, it is plausible that blue-winged teal redistribute IAVs between North American breeding grounds and wintering areas throughout the Neotropics, including northern South America, and that viral gene flow is limited by geographical barriers further south (e.g., the Amazon Basin). Surveillance for the introduction of IAVs from Central America and northern South America into the United States may be further optimized through genomic characterization of viruses resulting from coordinated, concurrent sampling efforts targeting blue-winged teal and sympatric species throughout the Neotropics and along the United States Gulf Coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ramey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - P Walther
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Texas Chenier Plain Refuge Complex, Anahuac, TX, USA
| | - P Link
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - R L Poulson
- Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - B R Wilcox
- Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - G Newsome
- City of Beaumont Wastewater Treatment Plant, Beaumont, TX, USA
| | - E Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J D Brown
- Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - D E Stallknecht
- Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Muth JF, Brown JD, Johnson MAL, Yu Z, Kolbas RM, Cook JW, Schetzina JF. Absorption Coefficient and Refractive Index of GaN, AlN and AlGaN Alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1557/s1092578300002957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The design of optoelectronic devices fabricated from III-nitride materials is aided by knowledge of the refractive index and absorption coefficient of these materials. The optical properties of GaN, AlN and AlGaN grown by MOVPE on sapphire substrates were investigated by means of transmittance and reflectance measurements. Thin (less than 0.5 μm) single crystal films were employed to insure that transmission measurements could be obtained well above the optical band gap. The influence of alloy broadening on the absorption edge was investigated by using a series of AlGaN alloy samples with a range of Al compositions. The optical absorption coefficient above the band gap was obtained for AlGaN having up to 38% Al composition. The refractive index below the band gap was determined for the same series of samples. These properties provide information critical to the optimal design of solar blind detectors or other optoelectronic devices.
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Pepin KM, Spackman E, Brown JD, Pabilonia KL, Garber LP, Weaver JT, Kennedy DA, Patyk KA, Huyvaert KP, Miller RS, Franklin AB, Pedersen K, Bogich TL, Rohani P, Shriner SA, Webb CT, Riley S. Using quantitative disease dynamics as a tool for guiding response to avian influenza in poultry in the United States of America. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:376-97. [PMID: 24462191 PMCID: PMC3945821 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Wild birds are the primary source of genetic diversity for influenza A viruses that eventually emerge in poultry and humans. Much progress has been made in the descriptive ecology of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), but contributions are less evident from quantitative studies (e.g., those including disease dynamic models). Transmission between host species, individuals and flocks has not been measured with sufficient accuracy to allow robust quantitative evaluation of alternate control protocols. We focused on the United States of America (USA) as a case study for determining the state of our quantitative knowledge of potential AIV emergence processes from wild hosts to poultry. We identified priorities for quantitative research that would build on existing tools for responding to AIV in poultry and concluded that the following knowledge gaps can be addressed with current empirical data: (1) quantification of the spatio-temporal relationships between AIV prevalence in wild hosts and poultry populations, (2) understanding how the structure of different poultry sectors impacts within-flock transmission, (3) determining mechanisms and rates of between-farm spread, and (4) validating current policy-decision tools with data. The modeling studies we recommend will improve our mechanistic understanding of potential AIV transmission patterns in USA poultry, leading to improved measures of accuracy and reduced uncertainty when evaluating alternative control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Pepin
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - E Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - J D Brown
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - K L Pabilonia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - L P Garber
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - J T Weaver
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - D A Kennedy
- Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - K A Patyk
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - K P Huyvaert
- Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - R S Miller
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - A B Franklin
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - K Pedersen
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - T L Bogich
- Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - P Rohani
- Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - S A Shriner
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - C T Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - S Riley
- Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Disease Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK.
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Nemeth NM, Ruder MG, Gerhold RW, Brown JD, Munk BA, Oesterle PT, Kubiski SV, Keel MK. Demodectic mange, dermatophilosis, and other parasitic and bacterial dermatologic diseases in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States from 1975 to 2012. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:633-40. [PMID: 23912715 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813498783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is a common and widespread North American game species. To evaluate the incidence, clinical manifestations, demography, and pathology of bacterial and parasitic dermatologic diseases in white-tailed deer in the southeastern United States, we retrospectively evaluated white-tailed deer cases submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study from 1975 to 2012. Among 2569 deer examined, bacterial or parasitic dermatologic disease was diagnosed in 88 (3.4%) individuals, with Demodex spp (n = 37; 42.0%) and Dermatophilus congolensis (n = 19; 21.6%) as the most common causes. Demodicosis was significantly more common in deer older than 2 years and was most often detected in the fall; no statistically significant sex predilection was identified. Affected animals had patchy to generalized alopecia, often distributed over the head, neck, limbs, and trunk; microscopic lesions included epidermal crusts and cutaneous nodules with mild perifollicular, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Dermatophilosis was most common in males younger than 1 year that were often found dead. Crusting, erythema, and alopecia occurred on the face, ears, and distal extremities. Less commonly, infectious dermatologic diseases were associated with other bacteria (n = 13; 14.8%), fungi (n = 5; 5.7%), ectoparasites (chiggers, lice, mites, and ticks; n = 11; 12.5%), and larval nematodes (n = 7; 8.0%). Population-level effects of these diseases in white-tailed deer are likely minimal; however, due to their dramatic presentation, demodicosis, dermatophilosis, and other infectious skin diseases can be of concern to hunters and, in some cases, may have zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Nemeth
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Nemeth NM, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE, Howerth EW, Newman SH, Swayne DE. Experimental infection of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea) with a clade 2.3.2 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:961-70. [PMID: 23735616 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813490758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since 2005, clade 2.2 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have caused infections and morbidity among numerous species of wild waterfowl in Eurasia and Africa. However, outbreaks associated with clade 2.3.2 viruses have increased since 2009, and viruses within this clade have become the dominant strain of the H5N1 HPAI virus detected in wild birds, reaching endemic status in domestic birds in select regions of Asia. To address questions regarding the emergence and expansion of clade 2.3.2 viruses, 2 waterfowl species repeatedly involved in outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI viruses, bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea), were inoculated with a representative virus. All of 3 infected ruddy shelducks exhibited neurologic signs and died within 4 to 5 days. Two of 3 infected bar-headed geese had transient weakness but all survived. Viral shedding was predominately via the oropharynx and was detected from 1 to 7 days after inoculation. The severity and distribution of microscopic lesions corresponded with clinical disease and influenza-specific immunohistochemical staining of neurons. The predominant lesions were in the brain and were more severe in ruddy shelducks. Increased caspase-3 reactivity in the brains of all infected birds suggests a role for apoptosis in H5N1 HPAI virus pathogenesis in these species. These results demonstrate that similar to clade 2.2 viruses, a clade 2.3.2 H5N1 HPAI virus is neurotropic in some waterfowl species and can lead to neurologic disease with varying clinical outcomes. This has implications for the role that wild waterfowl may play in transmission of this virus in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 538 D. W. Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Brown VL, Drake JM, Stallknecht DE, Brown JD, Pedersen K, Rohani P. Dissecting a wildlife disease hotspot: the impact of multiple host species, environmental transmission and seasonality in migration, breeding and mortality. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20120804. [PMID: 23173198 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been implicated in all human influenza pandemics in recent history. Despite this, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms underlying the maintenance and spread of these viruses in their natural bird reservoirs. Surveillance has identified an AIV 'hotspot' in shorebirds at Delaware Bay, in which prevalence is estimated to exceed other monitored sites by an order of magnitude. To better understand the factors that create an AIV hotspot, we developed and parametrized a mechanistic transmission model to study the simultaneous epizootiological impacts of multi-species transmission, seasonal breeding, host migration and mixed transmission routes. We scrutinized our model to examine the potential for an AIV hotspot to serve as a 'gateway' for the spread of novel viruses into North America. Our findings identify the conditions under which a novel influenza virus, if introduced into the system, could successfully invade and proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
As important as the events that influence selection for specific chromosome types in the derivation of novel karyotypes, are the events that initiate the changes in chromosome number and structure between species, and likewise polymorphisms, variants and disease states within species. Although once thought of as transcriptional 'noise', noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are now recognized as important mediators of epigenetic regulation and chromosome stability. Here we highlight recent work that illustrates the influence short and long ncRNAs have as participants in the function and stability of chromosome regions such as centromeres, telomeres, evolutionary breakpoints and fragile sites. We summarize recent evidence that ncRNAs can facilitate chromosome change and present mechanisms by which ncRNAs create DNA breaks. Finally, we present hypotheses on how they may create novel karyotypes and thus affect chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Allied Health Sciences Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Brown JD, Carone DM, Flynn BL, Finn CE, Mlynarski EE, O'Neill RJ. Centromere conversion and retention in somatic cell hybrids. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 134:182-90. [PMID: 21709412 DOI: 10.1159/000328830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of somatic cell hybridization-derived cell lines between highly divergent species affords the opportunity to examine the concept of 'genome dominance' in the context of genetic and epigenetic changes. While whole-scale genome dominance has been well documented in natural hybrids among closely related species, an examination of centromere position and sequence retention in 2 marsupial-eutherian hybrids has revealed a mechanism for 'centromere dominance' as a driving force in the generation of stable somatic cell hybrids following an initial period of genomic instability. While one somatic cell hybrid cell line appeared to retain marsupial centromere sequences which remained competent to recruit the centromere-specific histone variant CENP-A in a Chinese hamster background, fusion events between marsupial and mouse-derived chromosomes in another hybrid line led to a centromere sequence conversion from one species to the other. We postulate that the necessity to maintain an epigenetically defined centromere following genome hybridization may be responsible for retention of specific chromosomes and may result in rapid sequence turnover to facilitate the recruitment of CENP-A containing histones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Brown JD, Hancock CR, Mongillo AD, Benjamin Barton J, DiGiovanni RA, Parcell AC, Winder WW, Thomson DM. Effect of LKB1 deficiency on mitochondrial content, fibre type and muscle performance in the mouse diaphragm. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 201:457-66. [PMID: 21073663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway is a major regulator of skeletal muscle metabolic processes. During exercise, LKB1-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK leads to its activation, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose transport, among other effects. The roles of LKB1 and AMPK have not been fully characterized in the diaphragm. METHODS Two methods of AMPK activation were used to characterize LKB1/AMPK signalling in diaphragms from muscle-specific LKB1 knockout (KO) and littermate control mice: (1) acute injection of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) and (2) 5-min direct electrical stimulation of the diaphragm. Diaphragms were excised 60 min post-AICAR injection and immediately after electrical stimulation. RESULTS AMPK phosphorylation increased with AICAR and electrical stimulation in control but not KO mice. Acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation increased with AICAR in control but not KO mice, but increased in both genotypes with electrical stimulation. While the majority of mitochondrial protein levels were lower in KO diaphragms, uncoupling protein 3, complex I and cytochrome oxidase IV protein levels were not different between genotypes. KO diaphragms have a lower percentage of IIx fibres and an elevated percentage of IIb fibres when compared with control diaphragms. While in vitro peak force generation was similar between genotypes, KO diaphragms fatigued more quickly and had an impaired ability to recover. CONCLUSION LKB1 regulates AMPK phosphorylation, mitochondrial protein expression, fibre type distribution, as well as recovery of the diaphragm from fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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18
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Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) prevalence in wild aquatic bird populations varies with season, geographic location, host species, and age. It is not clear how age at infection affects the extent of viral shedding. To better understand the influence of age at infection on viral shedding of wild bird-origin low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) of increasing age (2 wk, 1 mo, 2 mo, 3 mo, and 4 mo) were experimentally inoculated via choanal cleft with a 10(6) median embryo infectious dose (EID50) of either A/Mallard/MN/355779/00 (H5N2) or A/Mallard/MN/199106/99 (H3N8). Exposed birds in all five age groups were infected by both AIV isolates and excreted virus via the oropharynx and cloaca. The 1-month and older groups consistently shed virus from 1 to 4 d post inoculation (dpi), whereas, viral shedding was delayed by 1 d in the 2-wk-old group. Past 4 dpi, viral shedding in all groups varied between individual birds, but virus was isolated from some birds in each group up to 21 dpi when the trial was terminated. The 1-mo-old group had the most productive shedding with a higher number of cloacal swabs that tested positive for virus over the study period and lower cycle threshold values on real-time reverse-transcription PCR. The viral shedding pattern observed in this study suggests that, although mallards from different age groups can become infected and shed LPAI viruses, age at time of infection might have an effect on the extent of viral shedding and thereby impact transmission of LPAI viruses within the wild bird reservoir system. This information may help us better understand the natural history of these viruses, interpret field and experimental data, and plan future experimental trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Costa
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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19
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Abstract
The goal of this review is to provide an overview of existing research on the environmental tenacity of avian influenza (AI) viruses, to identify gaps in our current understanding, and discuss how this information relates to AI control, eradication, and prevention. We are just beginning to understand the environmental factors that affect infectivity and the extent of variation in environmental tenacity that is present among these viruses. Because the environment can provide a bridge for AI virus transmission between many diverse hosts, including wild and domestic animals and man, understanding the importance of environmental transmission and identifying important points of contact are critical steps in preventing the spread of infection especially related to the introduction of these viruses to new host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7388, UA
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Mitchell NA, Pepperell E, Ociepka S, Brown JD, Witherington J, Tuladhar B, Sanger GJ, Lee K, Cellek S. 5-hydroxyindalpine, an agonist at the putative 5-HT receptor, has no activity on human recombinant monoamine receptors but accelerates distension-induced peristalsis in mouse isolated colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21:760-e48. [PMID: 19309442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the putative 5-HT(1P) receptor has been implicated to have a role in peristalsis, experiments which suggest this function are preliminary or have measured only components of the reflex. We have, therefore, further characterized a reported agonist at this receptor (5-hydroxyindalpine; 5-OHIP) and investigated the effects of 5-OHIP and 5-hydroxytrytophan-dipeptide (5-HTP-DP), a reported 5-HT(1P) receptor antagonist, on distension-induced peristalsis in mouse colon. The effects of 5-OHIP on intracellular calcium, cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations or GTPgammaS binding were measured in cell lines expressing human recombinant 5-HT(1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3, 4, 6, 7) and alpha(1A), alpha(1B), D(1), D(2), D(3), H(1), H(3) receptors. The effects of 5-OHIP and 5-HTP-DP on peristalsis were assessed by measuring changes in frequency and times to reach threshold of peristaltic contractions, as well as the threshold and maximum pressures of each peristaltic stroke. 5-hydroxyindalpine (1 nmol L(-1)-10 micromol L(-1)) had no significant activity at any of the receptors studied. However, 5-OHIP (0.1 nmol L(-1)-1 micromol L(-1)) concentration-dependently increased the frequency of peristalsis (EC(50) = 4.4 nmol L(-1)) and reduced the time taken to reach threshold and threshold pressure, without altering maximum pressures. The maximum effect of 5-OHIP was at 1 micromol L(-1) (68.0 +/- 14.5% increase in frequency); 10 micromol L(-1) decreased peristalsis. 5-hydroxytrytophan-dipeptide (1-300 nmol L(-1)) also increased the frequency of peristalsis and prevented the actions of 5-OHIP. The higher concentration (1 micromol L(-1)) transiently inhibited peristalsis and after recovery, prevented the actions of 5-OHIP but not the excitatory activity of the cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine. In summary, the present data demonstrate an interaction of '5-HT(1P)-ligands' with the peristaltic reflex. However, the absence of an effect of 5-OHIP on a range of different monoamine receptors continues to highlight the need to investigate the identity of the putative 5-HT(1P) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Mitchell
- Immuno Inflammation Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
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21
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Bassil AK, Taylor CM, Bolton VJN, Gray KM, Brown JD, Cutler L, Summerfield SG, Bruton G, Winchester WJ, Lee K, Sanger GJ. Inhibition of colonic motility and defecation by RS-127445 suggests an involvement of the 5-HT2B receptor in rodent large bowel physiology. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:252-8. [PMID: 19371340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-HT(2B) receptors are localized within the myenteric nervous system, but their functions on motor/sensory neurons are unclear. To explore the role of these receptors, we further characterized the 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist RS-127445 and studied its effects on peristalsis and defecation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Although reported as a selective 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist, any interactions of RS-127445 with 5-HT(4) receptors are unknown; this was examined using the recombinant receptor and Biomolecular Interaction Detection technology. Mouse isolated colon was mounted in tissue baths for isometric recording of neuronal contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS), or under an intraluminal pressure gradient to induce peristalsis; the effects of RS-127445 on EFS-induced and on peristaltic contractions were measured. Faecal output of rats in grid-bottom cages was measured over 3 h following i.p. RS-127445 and separately, validation of the effective doses was achieved by determining the free, unbound fraction of RS-127445 in blood and brain. KEY RESULTS RS-127445 (up to 1 micromol x L(-1)) did not interact with the 5-HT(4) receptor. RS-127445 (0.001-1 micromol x L(-1)) did not affect EFS-induced contractions of the colon, although at 10 micromol x L(-1) the contractions were reduced (to 36 +/- 8% of control, n= 4). RS-127445 (0.1-10 micromol x L(-1)) concentration-dependently reduced peristaltic frequency (n= 4). RS-127445 (1-30 mg x kg(-1)), dose-dependently reduced faecal output, reaching significance at 10 and 30 mg x kg(-1) (n= 6-11). In blood and brain, >98% of RS-127445 was protein-bound. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS High-protein binding of RS-127445 indicates that relatively high doses are required for efficacy. The results suggest that 5-HT(2B) receptors tonically regulate colonic motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bassil
- Immuno-Inflammation CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
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22
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Thomson DM, Brown JD, Fillmore N, Ellsworth SK, Jacobs DL, Winder WW, Fick CA, Gordon SE. AMP-activated protein kinase response to contractions and treatment with the AMPK activator AICAR in young adult and old skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2009; 587:2077-86. [PMID: 19273578 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.166512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One characteristic of ageing skeletal muscle is a decline in mitochondrial function. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) occurs in response to an increased AMP/ATP ratio, which is one potential result of mitochondrial dysfunction. We have previously observed higher AMPK activity in old (O; 30 months) vs young adult (YA; 8 months) fast-twitch muscle in response to chronic overload. Here we tested the hypothesis that AMPK would also be hyperactivated in O vs YA fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles from Fischer(344) x Brown Norway (FBN) rats (n = 8 per group) in response to high-frequency electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve (HFES) or injection of AICAR, an activator of AMPK. Muscles were harvested immediately after HFES (10 sets of six 3-s contractions, 10 s rest between contractions, 1 min rest between sets) or 1 h after AICAR injection (1 mg (g body weight)(-1) subcutaneously). The phosphorylations of AMPKalpha and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC2; a downstream AMPK target) were both greatly increased (P <or= 0.05) in response to HFES in O muscles, but were either unresponsive (AMPK alpha) or much less responsive (ACC) in YA muscles. AMPK alpha2 activity was also greatly elevated in response to HFES in O muscles (but not YA muscles) despite a lower total AMPK alpha2 protein content in O vs YA muscles. In contrast, AMPK alpha2 activity was equally responsive to AICAR treatment in both age groups. Since mitochondrial content and/or efficiency could potentially underlie AMPK hyperactivation, we measured levels of mitochondrial proteins as well as citrate synthase (CS) activity. While CS activity was increased by 25% in O vs YA muscles, uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3) protein level was upregulated with age by 353%. Thus, AMPK hyperactivation in response to contractile activity in aged fast-twitch muscle may be the result of compromised cellular energetics and not necessarily due to an inherent defect in responsiveness of the AMPK molecule per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Shafton AD, Sanger GJ, Witherington J, Brown JD, Muir A, Butler S, Abberley L, Shimizu Y, Furness JB. Oral administration of a centrally acting ghrelin receptor agonist to conscious rats triggers defecation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21:71-7. [PMID: 18694442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Agonists of ghrelin receptors that cross the blood-brain barrier, but not ghrelin itself, administered peripherally (intravenous or subcutaneous), cause defecation by acting on centres in the lumbo-sacral spinal cord. It is not established whether orally administered ghrelin receptor agonists can have this action. We tested GSK894281 for its effectiveness at the ghrelin receptor and its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. GSK894281 was effective at the human and rat ghrelin receptors at 1-10 nmol L(-1), but was >1000-fold less potent at the motilin receptor. It achieved a similar blood concentration by oral or intravenous administration. Oral bioavailability was 74% and brain : blood ratio at steady state was 0.7 : 1. GSK894281 administered orally (1-100 mg kg(-1)) caused a prompt, dose-related production of faecal pellets; at 10 mg kg(-1) faecal output was four times greater than after carrier. The output was the greatest in the first half hour and subsided over the next 90 min. At an oral dose of 10 mg kg(-1), the compound was effective on eight successive days. Faecal output was, on average, increased threefold over control in the 2 h after administration on each of the 8 days. This dose also significantly increased food consumption. Rats showed no adverse behavioural effects to the drug on a single application, but at the end of a week of administration they avoided the gavaging pipette. Oral administration of ghrelin receptor agonists that enter the central nervous system could possibly be used to relieve acute cases of constipation or to clear the bowel for colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Shafton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Branvold DJ, Allred DR, Beckstead DJ, Kim HJ, Fillmore N, Condon BM, Brown JD, Sudweeks SN, Thomson DM, Winder WW. Thyroid hormone effects on LKB1, MO25, phospho-AMPK, phospho-CREB, and PGC-1alpha in rat muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1218-27. [PMID: 18669938 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00997.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of all of the isoforms of the subunits of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK activity is increased in skeletal muscle of hyperthyroid rats. Activity of AMPK in skeletal muscle is regulated principally by the upstream kinase, LKB1. This experiment was designed to determine whether the increase in AMPK activity is accompanied by increased expression of the LKB1, along with binding partner proteins. LKB1, MO25, and downstream targets were determined in muscle extracts in control rats, in rats given 3 mg of thyroxine and 1 mg of triiodothyronine per kilogram chow for 4 wk, and in rats given 0.01% propylthiouracil (PTU; an inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis) in drinking water for 4 wk (hypothyroid group). LKB1 and MO25 increased in the soleus of thyroid hormone-treated rats vs. the controls. In other muscle types, LKB1 responses were variable, but MO25 increased in all. In soleus, MO25 mRNA increased with thyroid hormone treatment, and STRAD mRNA increased with PTU treatment. Phospho-AMPK and phospho-ACC were elevated in soleus and gastrocnemius of hyperthyroid rats. Thyroid hormone treatment also increased the amount of phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the soleus, heart, and red quadriceps. Four proteins having CREB response elements (CRE) in promoter regions of their genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha, uncoupling protein 3, cytochrome c, and hexokinase II) were all increased in soleus in response to thyroid hormones. These data provide evidence that thyroid hormones increase soleus muscle LKB1 and MO25 content with subsequent activation of AMPK, phosphorylation of CREB, and expression of mitochondrial protein genes having CRE in their promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Branvold
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Thomson DM, Herway ST, Fillmore N, Kim H, Brown JD, Barrow JR, Winder WW. AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates transcription factors of the CREB family. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:429-38. [PMID: 18063805 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00900.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been identified as a regulator of gene transcription, increasing mitochondrial proteins of oxidative metabolism as well as hexokinase expression in skeletal muscle. In mice, muscle-specific knockout of LKB1, a component of the upstream kinase of AMPK, prevents contraction- and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR)-induced activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle, and the increase in hexokinase II protein that is normally observed with chronic AICAR activation of AMPK. Since previous reports show a cAMP response element in the promoter region of the hexokinase II gene, we hypothesized that the cAMP-response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors could be targets of AMPK. Using radioisotopic kinase assays, we found that recombinant and rat liver and muscle AMPK phosphorylated CREB1 at the same site as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). AMPK was also found to phosphorylate activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1), CRE modulator (CREM), and CREB-like 2 (CREBL2), but not ATF2. Treatment of HEK-293 cells stably transfected with a CREB-driven luciferase reporter with AICAR increased luciferase activity approximately threefold over a 24-h time course. This increase was blocked with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. In addition, AICAR-induced activation of AMPK in incubated rat epitrochlearis muscles resulted in an increase in both phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase and phospho-CREB. We conclude that CREB and related proteins are direct downstream targets for AMPK and are therefore likely involved in mediating some effects of AMPK on expression of genes having a CRE in their promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Thomson
- Dept. of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 545 WIDB, Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT 84602, USA
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26
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Abstract
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), by way of its inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), plays an important role in regulating malonyl-CoA levels and the rate of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal and cardiac muscle. In these tissues, LKB1 is the major AMPK kinase and is therefore critical for AMPK activation. The purpose of this study was to determine how the lack of muscle LKB1 would affect malonyl-CoA levels and/or fatty-acid oxidation. Comparing wild-type (WT) and skeletal/cardiac muscle-specific LKB1 knockout (KO) mice, we found that the 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR)-stimulated decrease in malonyl-CoA levels in WT heart and quadriceps muscles was entirely dependent on the presence of LKB1, as was the AICAR-induced increase in fatty-acid oxidation in EDL muscles in vitro, since these responses were not observed in KO mice. Likewise, the decrease in malonyl-CoA levels after muscle contraction was attenuated in KO gastrocnemius muscles, suggesting that LKB1 plays an important role in promoting the inhibition of ACC, likely by activation of AMPK. However, since ACC phosphorylation still increased and malonyl-CoA levels decreased in KO muscles (albeit not to the levels observed in WT mice), whereas AMPK phosphorylation was entirely unresponsive, LKB1/AMPK signaling cannot be considered the sole mechanism for inhibiting ACC during and after muscle activity. Regardless, our results suggest that LKB1 is an important regulator of malonyl-CoA levels and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Thomson
- Dept. of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Brown JD, Heuvelink GB, Refsgaard JC. An integrated methodology for recording uncertainties about environmental data. Water Sci Technol 2005; 52:153-60. [PMID: 16304947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the limitations of environmental data is essential both for managing environmental systems effectively and for encouraging the responsible use of scientific research when knowledge is limited and priorities are varied. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques for assessing probabilities, and acknowledging the importance of scenarios where probabilities cannot be determined, an integrated methodology is presented for handling uncertainties about environmental data. The methodology is based on a fourfold distinction between the empirical quality of data (and the ancillary information, such as 'scale', required to interpret this), the sources of uncertainty in data, the 'fitness for use' of the data, and the quality or 'goodness' of an uncertainty model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Malison ER, Plank DM, Brown JD, Cheatham CC, Mahon AD. Running performance in middle-school runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2004; 44:383-8. [PMID: 15758850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study examined the relationship of 3-km run time to indices of aerobic and anaerobic ability in 9 male runners (13.4+/-0.6 years, mean+/-SD). METHODS Anthropometric measurements were made, and an exercise test to determine running economy at 187 m x min(-1) and (.-)VO(2max) were assessed on a treadmill. On a separate day, 2 55-m sprints followed by a 3-km run were performed on a 200-m indoor track. Capillary blood samples were obtained from a finger tip immediately after the run to determine blood lactate level. Fractional utilization (%(.-)VO(2max) used during the 3-km run) was calculated. Correlations were used to examine the relationship between run time and the physiological measurements. RESULTS Mean values for (.-)VO(2), HR and RER at maximal exercise were 61.7+/-4.4 ml x kg(-1)xmin(-1), 198.9+/-6.7 b x min(-1), and 1.16+/-0.04, respectively. The average time to run 3 km was 13.27+/-0.97 min (90.1+/-7.2% of (.-)VO(2max)). Post-run blood lactate level was 8.3+/-3.2 mmol x L(-1) and was significantly related (r=-0.73, p=0.02) to 3-km time. Fractional utilization tended to be related (r=-0.56, p=0.12) to time. CONCLUSIONS In this age group the ability to run at a high percentage of (.-)VO(2max) and tolerate a high blood lactate appear to be important determinants of running performance in young male runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Malison
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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30
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Abstract
Migraine with aura (MA) arises from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The sibling risk, age at onset, and aura type were compared in 54 MA probands categorised by family history of MA. Three family types were ascertained each having an MA proband and: (1) an MA parent and MA offspring (three generation; n=15), (2) either an MA parent or an MA offspring (two generation; n=20), and (3) neither an MA parent nor an MA offspring (one generation; n=19). The crude recurrence risk to siblings of probands was 2.7-fold higher in three generation compared with two generation MA families (chi(2)=6.24, p=0.0125) and 4.8-fold higher in three generation compared with one generation MA families (chi(2)=9.95, p<0.002). The mean age at onset decreased with an increase in genetic load. The MA probands from three generation families were significantly younger than probands from the one generation families (F=5.14, p=0.030). MA probands from three generation families were more likely to report more than one type of aura than MA probands from two generation families (chi(2)=4.44, p=0.035). The significant difference in genetic loading and the earlier age at onset in the three generation families add further evidence for a genetic basis for MA and the difference in sibling risks demonstrates that the MA population is heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Noble-Topham
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Brown JD, Strbuncelj M, Giardina C, O'Neill RJ. Interspecific hybridization induced amplification of Mdm2 on double minutes in a Mus hybrid. Cytogenet Genome Res 2003; 98:184-8. [PMID: 12698001 DOI: 10.1159/000069806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2002] [Accepted: 12/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of interspecific hybridization induced amplification of Chromosome 10 on double minutes (dm) in the karyotype of a hybrid Mus embryo. Stable, non-mosaic dm were previously found in tissues of a 16.5-day Mus Musculus x Mus Caroli hybrid (Graves, 1984). Dm in tissues of the hybrid was of interest to us because of previous reports of genomic instability in interspecific hybrids (O'Neill et al., 1998) and thus we decided to characterize the dm in the hybrid karyotypes. Whole chromosome painting of the hybrid cell lines showed amplification of Chromosome 10 sequences. Southern analysis with a probe for the candidate gene Mdm2 showed amplification of the paternal allele of this oncogene. Overexpression of Mdm2 was confirmed by a western analysis that also showed an associated inactivation of the tumor suppressor, Trp53. Evidence indicates that the event leading to the instability observed was an early adaptive response to stress on the genome, i.e. interspecific hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Brown JD, Reber KR, O'Callaghan R, Turpin M. A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of the analgesic efficacy and tolerance of hydrocodone 5 mg/APAP 500 mg, hydrocodone 10mg/APAP 1000 mg and placebo in patients with pain following podiatric surgery. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(03)90594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a rare form of entrapment neuropathy. In athletes, it is usually the result of repetitive activity, local injury or a space-occupying lesion. Rarely, athletic footwear has been described as the primary cause of this syndrome. METHODS A 37-year-old male recreational hockey player was examined clinically and electrophysiologically because of spreading numbness in the toes of his left foot while playing hockey and wearing inflatable ice hockey skates designed to promote a better fit. RESULTS Clinical and electrophysiological studies revealed evidence of left medial and lateral plantar nerve involvement. Reduced amplitudes of mixed and motor plantar nerve responses with fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves and no evidence of conduction block suggest that the primary pathology was axonal loss. Follow-up examination showed significant clinical and electrophysiological improvement after the patient stopped wearing his inflatable ice hockey skates. CONCLUSION We report an unusual case of tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by an inflatable ice hockey skate. The patient improved clinically and electrophysiologically when he stopped wearing the boot.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Watson
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Centre, University Campus, London, Ontario, Canada
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Noble-Topham SE, Dyment DA, Cader MZ, Ganapathy R, Brown JD, Rice GPA, Ebers GC. Migraine with aura is not linked to the FHM gene CACNA1A or the chromosomal region, 19p13. Neurology 2002; 59:1099-101. [PMID: 12370474 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.59.7.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two microsatellite markers, tightly linked to CACNA1A, were genotyped in migraine with aura (MA) families to determine if this gene, which underlies the 19p13 linked forms of familial hemiplegic migraine, is also linked to MA. Two-point parametric lod and nonparametric linkage scores did not support linkage. Transmission disequilibrium testing provided no evidence for linkage of MA to CACNA1A. In a large dataset of 64 Canadian MA families, the authors did not find evidence to support an MA susceptibility gene in the region of 19p13.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Noble-Topham
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Brown JD, Mahon AD, Plank DM. Attainment of maximal exercise criteria in boys and men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2002; 42:135-40. [PMID: 12032407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis that the occurrence of a VO(2) plateau at maximal exercise would be greater in men versus boys. Secondary indicators of maximal effort also were examined. METHODS Sixteen boys (10.7+/-0.6 yrs) and 21 men (22.5+/-2.0 yrs) performed a graded exercise test on a treadmill at a constant speed of 8.04 km x hr(-1) with 2.5% increments in elevation. The men also performed a second test at 11.26 km x hr(-1) with similar increases in slope. RESULTS At 8.04 km x hr(-1) , VO(2) max was 52.3+/-6.0 and 52.5+/-5.1 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) in boys and men, respectively (p>0.05). In the men, VO(2) max (53.3+/-5.4 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) ) was higher (p<0.05) in the faster protocol. The percentage of men achieving the criterion was nearly double the percentage of boys (23.8 vs 12.5%), although the difference was not significant. Age-specific criteria heart rate (HR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were achieved in a similar manner; however, more men (100%) than boys (86.7%) achieved an age-specific blood lactate (BLa) criterion (p<0.05). Plateau achievement increased to 33.0% in the 11.26 km x hr(-1) protocol, but was not significantly different from 8.04 km x hr(-1). HR, RER and BLa criteria achievement were comparable. CONCLUSIONS Maturation may influence the achievement of a plateau and BLa criteria, but not age-specific criteria for RER or HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
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Brown JD, Williamson DL, Nozik AJ. Moessbauer study of the kinetics of iron(3+) photoreduction on titanium dioxide semiconductor powders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100260a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Koeniger-Ahlborn E, Mueller A, Cormier AD, Brown JD, Nakamoto K. Metal isotope shifts and normal-coordinate analysis of the nickel thiomolybdate ([58Ni(92MoS4)2]2-) ion and its nickel-62 and molybdenum-100 analogs. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50150a056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Although neuralgic amyotrophy can selectively affect discrete components of the brachial plexus including individual peripheral nerves, involvement of an individual nerve fascicle is rare. Discrete fascicular musculocutaneous neuropathy as a manifestation of neuralgic amyotrophy has not previously been reported to our knowledge. We report two cases of otherwise typical neuralgic amyotrophy with isolated brachialis muscle wasting. Abnormal spontaneous activity, motor unit remodeling, or both, was observed only in the brachialis muscle. Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve conduction studies were normal. These cases serve to broaden the spectrum of the clinical presentation of neuralgic amyotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Watson
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, University Campus, 339 Windermere Road, P.O. Box, 5339, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
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Martin NH, Brown JD, Nance KH, Schaefer HF, Schleyer PR, Wang ZX, Woodcock HL. Analysis of the origin of through-space proton NMR deshielding by selected organic functional groups. Org Lett 2001; 3:3823-6. [PMID: 11720545 DOI: 10.1021/ol016500u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GIAO-HF and IGLO-DFT computations of isotropic magnetic shieldings were used to map the NMR shielding environments of small molecules exemplifying selected organic functional groups. Two different probes were employed: a methane molecule and NICS (nucleus-independent chemical shifts) based on computed absolute isotropic shieldings. The reason for the different results obtained using these two probes is perturbation of the wave function by the proximity of methane to the pi bond, as analyzed by the localized orbital contributions to the shieldings. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5932, USA.
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Brown JD. Body and spirit: Religion, spirituality, and health among adolescents. Adolesc Med 2001; 12:509-23. [PMID: 11602450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Religion and spirituality are important in the lives of many adolescents. This article traces patterns of adolescent religious/spiritual belief and practice and summarizes theories about religious development as they pertain to this age group. Data are provided that explore possible relationships between religion and health-related behavior among adolescents. Much of this data shows that greater religiosity/spirituality may be associated with less involvement in high-risk behaviors and more involvement in health-promoting behaviors. Implications of these data are discussed as well as possible negative roles that religion may play in youths' lives. The doctor's role in approaching religion and spirituality with patients is controversial. Health care professionals should be prepared to discuss these issues with adolescents for whom they are important, especially with patients who are hospitalized. Yet, doctors should be sensitive to those adolescents who may not want to delve into spiritual/religious issues in a health care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Abstract
Ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus before being transported to the cytoplasm. Recent work has identified both a protein that may play a key role in restructuring the large, 60S subunit prior to transport and factors that facilitate transport itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brown
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JR, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
The translocon is the gateway to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In yeast this is the Sec61p complex. However, new evidence suggests that a second translocon containing the Sec61p homolog Ssh1p provides important flexibility to the ER translocation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
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Brown AD, Goldacre MJ, Hicks N, Rourke JT, McMurtry RY, Brown JD, Anderson GM. Hospitalization for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions: a method for comparative access and quality studies using routinely collected statistics. Can J Public Health 2001. [PMID: 11338156 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate and timely provision of ambulatory care is an important factor in maintaining population health and in avoiding unneccessary hospital use. This article describes conditions for which hospitalization rates have a strong and inverse relationship to access to high-quality ambulatory care. METHODS Three panels of Canadian physicians following different consensus techniques selected conditions for which the relative risk of hospitalization is inversely related to ambulatory care access. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS All panels identified asthma, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, otitis media, gastric ulcer, pelvic inflammatory disease, malignant hypertension, and immunization-preventable infections as ambulatory care-sensitive admissions. These conditions strongly overlap with lists developed for similar purposes in the U.S. and England. INTERPRETATION Ambulatory care-sensitive conditions represent an intermediate health outcome. They are distinct from inappropriate hospitalizations. They may be useful for measuring the impact of health care policy, and for performance measurement or audit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Brown
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Oxford.
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Abstract
We describe two cases of neuralgic amyotrophy with electrophysiological evidence of conduction block across the lower trunk of the brachial plexus. Low-output impedance stimulation of the cervical spinal roots in combination with collision was used to accurately demonstrate the conduction block. Complete electrophysiological recovery of the conduction block occurred within 3 months. Early clinical and electrophysiological recovery in both patients suggests that, in some cases, demyelination may predominate early in the course of neuralgic amyotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Watson
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, University Campus, 339 Windermere Road, P.O. Box 5339, London, Ontario, Canada
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Bernhardt JM, Sorenson JR, Brown JD. When the perpetrator gets killed: effects of observing the death of a handgun user in a televised public service announcement. Health Educ Behav 2001; 28:81-94. [PMID: 11213144 DOI: 10.1177/109019810102800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the cognitive effects of an anti-handgun violence public service announcement (PSA) on sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students (N = 294). Participants were randomly assigned to a treatment group, which viewed a PSA depicting the death of an aggressive handgun user, or a comparison group, which viewed identical content except that the PSA showed no negative consequence for the handgun user. Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for race and gender, revealed that the treatment group was more likely to report negative expected outcomes for aggressively using a handgun and lower behavioral intentions to aggressively use a handgun compared with the comparison group. These findings suggest that observing handgun violence on television that depicts death as a negative physical consequence for the perpetrator may produce lower handgun-encouraging beliefs compared with observing no consequence for the perpetrator--the norm for most televised violence today.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bernhardt
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, School of Health and Human Performance, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-6522, USA.
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Abstract
Although people's handshakes are thought to reflect their personality and influence our first impressions of them, these relations have seldom been formally investigated. One hundred twelve participants had their hand shaken twice by 4 trained coders (2 men and 2 women) and completed 4 personality measures. The participants' handshakes were stable and consistent across time and coders. There were also gender differences on most of the handshaking characteristics. A firm handshake was related positively to extraversion and emotional expressiveness and negatively to shyness and neuroticism; it was also positively related to openness to experience, but only for women. Finally, handshake characteristics were related to the impressions of the participants formed by the coders. These results demonstrate that personality traits, assessed through self-report, can predict specific behaviors assessed by trained observers. The pattern of relations among openness, gender, handshaking, and first impressions suggests that a firm handshake may be an effective form of self-promotion for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Chaplin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487, USA.
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Williams GS, Brown JD, Keagle MB. The development of a post-baccalaureate certificate program in molecular diagnostics. J Mol Diagn 2000; 2:174-7. [PMID: 11232107 PMCID: PMC1906916 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A post-baccalaureate certificate program in diagnostic molecular sciences was created in 1995 by the Diagnostic Genetic Sciences Program in the School of Allied Health at the University of Connecticut. The required on-campus lecture and laboratory courses include basic laboratory techniques, health care issues, cell biology, immunology, human genetics, research, management, and molecular diagnostic techniques and laboratory in molecular diagnostics. These courses precede a 6-month, full-time practicum at an affiliated full-service molecular laboratory. The practicum includes amplification and blotting methods, a research project, and a choice of specialized electives including DNA sequencing, mutagenesis, in situ hybridization methods, or molecular diagnostic applications in microbiology. Graduates of the program are immediately eligible to sit for the National Credentialing Agency examination in molecular biology to obtain the credential Clinical Laboratory Specialist in Molecular Biology (CLSp(MB). This description of the University of Connecticut program may assist other laboratory science programs in creating similar curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Williams
- Diagnostic Genetic Sciences Program, School of Allied Health, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
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50
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The movement of macromolecules through the nuclear pores requires energy and transport receptors that bind both cargo and nuclear pores. Different molecules/complexes often require different transport receptors. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a conserved cytosolic ribonucleoprotein that targets proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Previous studies have shown that the export of SRP RNA from the nucleus requires trans-acting factors and that SRP may be at least partly assembled in the nucleus, but little else is known about how it is assembled and exported into the cytoplasm. RESULTS Of the six proteins that constitute the yeast SRP, we found that all except Srp54p were imported into the nucleus. Four of these had nucleolar pools. The same four proteins are required for stability of the yeast SRP RNA scR1, suggesting that they assemble with the RNA in the nucleus to form a central core SRP. This core SRP was a competent export substrate. Of the remaining components, Sec65p entered the nucleus and was assembled onto the core particle there, whereas Srp54p was solely cytoplasmic. The export of SRP from the nucleus required the transport receptor Xpo1p/Crm1p and Yrb2p, both components of the pathway that exports leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES)-containing proteins from the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS The SRP is assembled in the nucleus into a complex lacking only Srp54p. It is then exported through the NES pathway into the cytoplasm where Srp54p binds to it. This transport route for a ribonucleoprotein complex is so far unique in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Ciufo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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