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Morphological and transcriptional effects of crude oil and dispersant exposure on the marine sponge Cinachyrella alloclada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162832. [PMID: 36924960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine sponges play important roles in benthic ecosystems. More than providing shelter and food to other species, they help maintain water quality by regulating nitrogen and ammonium levels in the water, and bioaccumulate heavy metals. This system, however, is particularly sensitive to sudden environmental changes including catastrophic pollution event such as oil spills. Hundreds of oil platforms are currently actively extracting oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico. To test the vulnerability of the benthic ecosystems to oil spills, we utilized the Caribbean reef sponge, Cinachyrella alloclada, as a novel experimental indicator. We have exposed organisms to crude oil and oil dispersant for up to 24 h and measured resultant gene expression changes. Our findings indicate that 1-hour exposure to water accommodated fractions (WAF) was enough to elicit massive shifts in gene expression in sponges and host bacterial communities (8052 differentially expressed transcripts) with the up-regulation of stress related pathways, cancer related pathways, and cell integrity pathways. Genes that were upregulated included heat shock proteins, apoptosis, oncogenes (Rab/Ras, Src, CMYC), and several E3 ubiquitin ligases. 24-hour exposure of chemically enhanced WAF (CE-WAF) had the greatest impact to benthic communities, resulting in mostly downregulation of gene expression (4248 differentially expressed transcripts). Gene deregulation from 1-hour treatments follow this decreasing trend of toxicity: WAF > CE-WAF > Dispersant, while the 24-hour treatment showed a shift to CE-WAF > Dispersant > WAF in our experiments. Thus, this study supports the development of Cinachyrella alloclada as a research model organism and bioindicator species for Florida reefs and underscores the importance of developing more efficient and safer ways to remove oil in the event of a spill catastrophe.
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CRISPR/Cas9 knockin methodology for the sea urchin embryo. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:69-72. [PMID: 36719060 PMCID: PMC9979971 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Holo-Transcriptome Sequences From the Tropical Marine Sponge Cinachyrella alloclada. J Hered 2022; 113:184-187. [PMID: 35575076 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponge transcriptomes are underrepresented in current databases. Furthermore, only 2 sponge genomes are available for comparative studies. Here we present the assembled and annotated holo-transcriptome of the common Florida reef sponge from the species Cinachyrella alloclada. After Illumina high-throughput sequencing, the data assembled using Trinity v2.5 confirmed a highly symbiotic organism, with the complexity of high microbial abundance sponges. This dataset is enriched in poly-A selected eukaryotic, rather than microbial transcripts. Overall, 39 813 transcripts with verified sponge sequence homology coded for 8496 unique proteins. The average sequence length was found to be 946 bp with an N50 sequence length of 1290 bp. Overall, the sponge assembly resulted in a GC content of 51.04%, which is within the range of GC bases in a eukaryotic transcriptome. BUSCO scored completeness analysis revealed a completeness of 60.3% and 60.1% based on the Eukaryota and Metazoa databases, respectively. Overall, this study points to an overarching goal of developing the C. alloclada sponge as a useful new experimental model organism.
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Reprint of: Conditional specification of endomesoderm. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203731. [PMID: 34610899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Early in animal development many cells are conditionally specified based on observations that those cells can be directed toward alternate fates. The endomesoderm is so named because early specification produces cells that often have been observed to simultaneously express both early endoderm and mesoderm transcription factors. Experiments with these cells demonstrate that their progeny can directed entirely toward endoderm or mesoderm, whereas normally they establish both germ layers. This review examines the mechanisms that initiate the conditional endomesoderm state, its metastability, and the mechanisms that resolve that state into definitive endoderm and mesoderm.
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Conditional specification of endomesoderm. Cells Dev 2021; 167:203716. [PMID: 34245941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Early in animal development many cells are conditionally specified based on observations that those cells can be directed toward alternate fates. The endomesoderm is so named because early specification produces cells that often have been observed to simultaneously express both early endoderm and mesoderm transcription factors. Experiments with these cells demonstrate that their progeny can directed entirely toward endoderm or mesoderm, whereas normally they establish both germ layers. This review examines the mechanisms that initiate the conditional endomesoderm state, its metastability, and the mechanisms that resolve that state into definitive endoderm and mesoderm.
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Chromosomal-Level Genome Assembly of the Painted Sea Urchin Lytechinus pictus: A Genetically Enabled Model System for Cell Biology and Embryonic Development. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab061. [PMID: 33769486 PMCID: PMC8085125 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The painted urchin Lytechinus pictus is a sea urchin in the family Toxopneustidae and one of several sea urchin species that are routinely used as an experimental research organism. Recently, L. pictus has emerged as a tractable model system for establishing transgenic sea urchin lines due to its amenability to long term laboratory culture. We present the first published genome of L. pictus. This chromosomal-level assembly was generated using Illumina sequencing in conjunction with Oxford Nanopore Technologies long read sequencing and HiC chromatin conformation capture sequencing. The 998.9-Mb assembly exhibits high contiguity and has a scaffold length N50 of 46.0 Mb with 97% of the sequence assembled into 19 chromosomal-length scaffolds. These 19 scaffolds exhibit a high degree of synteny compared with the 19 chromosomes of a related species Lytechinus variegatus. Ab initio and transcript evidence gene modeling, combined with sequence homology, identified 28,631 gene models that capture 92% of BUSCO orthologs. This annotation strategy was validated by manual curation of gene models for the ABC transporter superfamily, which confirmed the completeness and accuracy of the annotations. Thus, this genome assembly, in conjunction with recent high contiguity assemblies of related species, positions L. pictus as an exceptional model system for comparative functional genomics and it will be a key resource for the developmental, toxicological, and ecological biology scientific communities.
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NvERTx: a gene expression database to compare embryogenesis and regeneration in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Development 2018; 145:dev.162867. [PMID: 29739837 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
For over a century, researchers have been comparing embryogenesis and regeneration hoping that lessons learned from embryonic development will unlock hidden regenerative potential. This problem has historically been a difficult one to investigate because the best regenerative model systems are poor embryonic models and vice versa. Recently, however, there has been renewed interest in this question, as emerging models have allowed researchers to investigate these processes in the same organism. This interest has been further fueled by the advent of high-throughput transcriptomic analyses that provide virtual mountains of data. Here, we present Nematostella vectensis Embryogenesis and Regeneration Transcriptomics (NvERTx), a platform for comparing gene expression during embryogenesis and regeneration. NvERTx consists of close to 50 transcriptomic data sets spanning embryogenesis and regeneration in Nematostella These data were used to perform a robust de novo transcriptome assembly, with which users can search, conduct BLAST analyses, and plot the expression of multiple genes during these two developmental processes. The site is also home to the results of gene clustering analyses, to further mine the data and identify groups of co-expressed genes. The site can be accessed at http://nvertx.kahikai.org.
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Contribution of hedgehog signaling to the establishment of left-right asymmetry in the sea urchin. Dev Biol 2016; 411:314-324. [PMID: 26872875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Most bilaterians exhibit a left-right asymmetric distribution of their internal organs. The sea urchin larva is notable in this regard since most adult structures are generated from left sided embryonic structures. The gene regulatory network governing this larval asymmetry is still a work in progress but involves several conserved signaling pathways including Nodal, and BMP. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of Hedgehog signaling and it's contribution to left-right asymmetry. We report that Hh signaling plays a conserved role to regulate late asymmetric expression of Nodal and that this regulation occurs after Nodal breaks left-right symmetry in the mesoderm. Thus, while Hh functions to maintain late Nodal expression, the molecular asymmetry of the future coelomic pouches is locked in. Furthermore we report that cilia play a role only insofar as to transduce Hh signaling and do not have an independent effect on the asymmetry of the mesoderm. From this, we are able to construct a more complete regulatory network governing the establishment of left-right asymmetry in the sea urchin.
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Characterization of Morphological and Cellular Events Underlying Oral Regeneration in the Sea Anemone, Nematostella vectensis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28449-71. [PMID: 26633371 PMCID: PMC4691047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians, the extant sister group to bilateria, are well known for their impressive regenerative capacity. The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is a well-established system for the study of development and evolution that is receiving increased attention for its regenerative capacity. Nematostella is able to regrow missing body parts within five to six days after its bisection, yet studies describing the morphological, cellular, and molecular events underlying this process are sparse and very heterogeneous in their experimental approaches. In this study, we lay down the basic framework to study oral regeneration in Nematostella vectensis. Using various imaging and staining techniques we characterize in detail the morphological, cellular, and global molecular events that define specific landmarks of this process. Furthermore, we describe in vivo assays to evaluate wound healing success and the initiation of pharynx reformation. Using our described landmarks for regeneration and in vivo assays, we analyze the effects of perturbing either transcription or cellular proliferation on the regenerative process. Interestingly, neither one of these experimental perturbations has major effects on wound closure, although they slightly delay or partially block it. We further show that while the inhibition of transcription blocks regeneration in a very early step, inhibiting cellular proliferation only affects later events such as pharynx reformation and tentacle elongation.
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Abstract
A relatively small number of signaling pathways govern the early patterning processes of metazoan development. The architectural changes over time to these signaling pathways offer unique insights into their evolution. In the case of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, two very divergent mechanisms of pathway transduction have evolved. In vertebrates, signaling relies on trafficking of Hh pathway components to nonmotile specialized primary cilia. In contrast, protostomes do not use cilia of any kind for Hh signal transduction. How these divergent lineages adapted such dramatically different ways of activating the signaling pathway is an unanswered question. Here, we present evidence that in the sea urchin, a basal deuterostome, motile cilia are required for embryonic Hh signal transduction, and the Hh receptor Smoothened (Smo) localizes to cilia during active Hh signaling. This is the first evidence that Hh signaling requires motile cilia and the first case of an organism requiring cilia outside of the vertebrate lineage.
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13
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Abstract
We have examined mechanisms involved in gene transfer, protein expression, and antigen presentation after direct administration of retroviral vectors using a variety of antigen systems. We have identified transduced infiltrating cells at the injection site, and the majority of the infiltrating cells were of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. We found that the splenic dendritic cell fraction contained proviral DNA, expressed antigenic proteins, and was able to present antigens efficiently to the immune system. Furthermore, the dendritic cell fractions from retroviral vector-immunized mice were able to prime naive T cells in vitro, and adoptive transfer of in vitro-transduced dendritic cell fractions elicited antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These data suggest a role for dendritic cells in induction of immune responses elicited by retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Female
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, rev/genetics
- Gene Products, rev/immunology
- Genetic Therapy/adverse effects
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Infections/therapy
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Active/adverse effects
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Papio
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Safety
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Direct injection of a recombinant retroviral vector induces human immunodeficiency virus-specific immune responses in mice and nonhuman primates. J Virol 1994; 68:5036-44. [PMID: 8035504 PMCID: PMC236446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.8.5036-5044.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response plays an important role in controlling the severity and duration of viral infections. Immunization by direct in vivo administration of retroviral vector particles represents an efficient means of introducing and expressing genes and, subsequently, the proteins they encode in vivo in mammalian cells. In this manner foreign proteins can be provided to the endogenous, class I major histocompatibility complex antigen presentation pathway leading to CTL activation. A nonreplicating recombinant retroviral vector, encoding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) IIIB envelope and rev proteins, has been developed and examined for stimulation of immune responses in mouse, rhesus macaque, and baboon models. Animals were immunized by direct intramuscular injection of the retroviral vector particles. Vector-immunized mice, macaques, and baboons generated long-lived CD8+, major histocompatibility complex-restricted CTL responses that were HIV-1 protein specific. The CTL responses were found to be dependent on the ability of the retroviral vector to transduce cells. The vector also elicited HIV-1 envelope-specific antibody responses in mice and baboons. These studies demonstrate the ability of a retroviral vector encoding HIV-1 proteins to stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses and suggest that retrovector immunization may provide an effective means of inducing or augmenting CTL responses in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Cross-reactive lysis of human targets infected with prototypic and clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains by murine anti-HIV-1 IIIB env-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 1993; 67:3409-17. [PMID: 8497058 PMCID: PMC237685 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.6.3409-3417.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the ability of murine anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) IIIB env cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to recognize and lyse HIV-1-infected cells, we have constructed a human cell line (Hu/Dd) expressing both the CD4 receptor and the murine H-2Dd major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I protein. This cell line can be productively infected with HIV-1 and can also function as a target for murine CD8+, class I MHC-restricted CTL directed against the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 IIIB. The ability of BALB/c anti-HIV-1 IIIB env CTL to specifically recognize and lyse Hu/Dd target cells infected with divergent HIV-1 strains was tested by using both prototypic and clinical HIV-1 strains. CTL generated by immunization of mice with syngeneic cells expressing either the native or V3 loop-deleted (delta V3) envelope glycoprotein from HIV-1 IIIB were able to recognize and specifically lyse Hu/Dd target cells infected with the HIV-1 prototypic isolates IIIB, MN, WMJ II, SF2, and CC as well as several HIV-1 clinical isolates. These results demonstrate that CTL determinants for HIV-1 env exist outside the hypervariable V3 region, anti-HIV-1 IIIB env CTL appear to recognize common determinants on diverse HIV-1 strains, and classification of HIV-1 strains based on neutralizing antibody reactivities does not appear to correspond to CTL recognition and lysis. The results suggest that the cell-mediated components of the immune system may have a broader recognition of divergent HIV-1 strains than do the humoral components.
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Induction of HIV-specific CTL and antibody responses in mice using retroviral vector-transduced cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:645-55. [PMID: 1931234 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant retroviral vectors can efficiently transduce and express foreign genes in mammalian cells. We have examined the utility of retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer to deliver genes which encode human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV) antigens capable of stimulating specific immune responses. Murine fibroblast cell lines were transduced with a nonreplicating murine retroviral vector carrying the gene encoding the HIV-IIIB envelope protein and were shown to express the gp160/120 protein. Mice immunized with syngeneic vector-transduced cells developed CD8+, class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for targets expressing the HIV envelope protein. The CTL also exhibited lytic activity on target cells coated with synthetic peptides derived from the gp120 V3 hypervariable region of both the HIV-IIIB and HIV(MN) isolates. Following adoptive transfer in a murine tumor model, these CTL were shown to be effective in vivo by their ability to eliminate established tumor cells expressing the HIV protein. Vector-transduced syngeneic cells were also capable of eliciting HIV envelope-specific antibody responses in immunized mice. Sera obtained from these mice were found to bind to the HIV-IIIB gp160 protein as well as a peptide-defined neutralizing antibody epitope contained within the V3 domain of gp120. These sera exhibited virus-neutralizing activity in that they markedly reduced the ability of HIV to infect and form syncytia of a human T-cell line. This is the first demonstration that cells transduced with a retroviral vector encoding the HIV-IIIB envelope protein are capable of inducing effective HIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in mice.
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Retroviral vectors as vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Semin Immunol 1990; 2:329-39. [PMID: 1966858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors have been tested in mice for their ability to induce immune response to the proteins which their genomes encode. Using HIV encoded proteins as a model, potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses are seen to these proteins. This apparent efficacy of induction may be due to the relative simplicity of the vector and the manner in which antigens are presented to the immune system. Safety issues and other proposed methods of CTL induction are discussed. The potential application of retroviral vectors as immune stimuli in man seems quite broad (viral diseases and cancer), and the first attempted applications in man are likely to be therapeutic rather than prophylactic.
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Abstract
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome occurred in a patient with AIDS being treated with prochlorperazine. We believe this to be the first report of this association. Recognition and specific treatment were delayed in part because of overlap in signs and symptoms of the underlying infectious process. The true incidence of prochlorperazine-induced NMS is unknown, and this reaction may be underrecognized in patients who often have other significant medical illnesses.
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Abstract
Neisseria mucosus is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract which may rarely cause serious infection. A 21-year-old woman had N mucosus bacteremia and the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after a near-drowning episode. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy and intensive respiratory support, the patient died. Bacteremia with this organism is rare, and we believe it has not previously been reported in association with near-drowning.
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Abstract
After infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, C57BL/6J bg/bg (beige) mice, which are deficient in natural killer (NK) activity, were unable to control splenic parasite loads relative to phenotypically normal C57BL/6J bg/+ and +/+ mice, particularly beyond 21 days of infection. When beige mice were injected intravenously with 2 or 3 X 10(6) syngeneic, cloned NK cells (NKB61B10 cell line), they displayed splenic parasite burdens which did not differ significantly from those of normal controls. In C57BL/6 +/+ mice rendered NK deficient by split-dose irradiation (four weekly, 200-rad doses of gamma irradiation beginning at 4 weeks of age) splenic and hepatic parasite levels were significantly higher than those in nonirradiated controls at 15 days of infection and beyond. In both sets of experiments, relative degrees of hepato- and splenomegaly were not sufficient to account for differences in parasite burdens among NK-deficient and normal mice. Taken together, the results of these experiments suggest that NK cells may contribute to parasite elimination during the acquired-resistance phase of L. donovani infection in mice.
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Abstract
There is conclusive evidence that acute bone marrow transplant rejection in lethally irradiated mice is caused by natural killer (NK) cells. The rejection of marrow allografts is exquisitely specific and is controlled by antigenic determinants encoded in or near the H-2 gene complex. The specificity of in vivo marrow graft rejection contrasts with the in vitro specificity pattern of NK cells in cytotoxicity assays. We therefore examined how NK cells cause H-2-specific marrow graft rejection in vivo. Several experimental approaches are presented that suggest that natural antibody, present in responder strains of mice, specifically directs NK cells in an antibody-dependent cytolytic and/or cytostatic reaction, resulting in marrow graft rejection. The following evidence for this mechanism is documented. The ability to reject a marrow graft can be passively transferred by serum from responder to allogeneic nonresponder mice and the specificity of rejection can be mapped within the H-2 region. Serum-induced marrow graft rejection is abrogated following depletion of immunoglobulin, and the serum of responder mice is able to induce a specific antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Crosses, Genetic
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Graft Rejection
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Immune Sera/analysis
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunosorbent Techniques
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Species Specificity
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Abstract
We carried out adoptive transfer studies to determine the role of natural killer (NK) cells in resistance to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We transferred leukocytes from adult mice into suckling mice 1 d before injecting them with virus. Resistance was measured by enhancement of survival and reduction of virus multiplication in the spleens of recipient mice. The phenotype of the cell population capable of mediating resistance to MCMV was that of a nylon wool-nonadherent, asialo GM1+, NK 1.2+, Ly-5+, Thy-1-, Ia-, low density lymphocyte; this is the phenotype of an NK cell. Cloned NK cells, but not cloned T cells, provided resistance to MCMV in suckling mice. Cloned NK cells also provided resistance to MCMV in irradiated adult mice, and antibody to asialo GM1, which depletes NK cell activity in vivo, enhanced the synthesis of MCMV in athymic nude mice. Neither adult leukocytes nor cloned NK cells influenced LCMV synthesis in suckling mice. We conclude that a general property of NK cells may be to provide natural resistance to virus infections, and that NK cells can protect mice from MCMV but not from LCMV.
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NK recognition of target structures: is the transferrin receptor the NK target structure? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1984. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.133.4.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
That the transferrin receptor acts as a target antigen for human NK cells has previously been suggested. In this study we used two models to examine the hypothesis that the transferrin receptor is recognized by NK cells. In the first model, we employed mouse cloned NK cells in conjunction with the species-specific monoclonal antibody R17 217, which binds to the murine transferrin receptor. We show that there is no correlation between the amount of transferrin receptor expressed on targets and the susceptibility of these targets to NK lysis or NK binding in cold target competition assays. In the second model, we used human NK cells and transferrin receptor-positive transformants as targets. These transformants were derived from mouse L cells transfected with human DNA and selected for the presence of human transferrin receptor. Results show that, in contrast to the mouse system, there is a correlation between the expression of the human transferrin receptor on targets and the ability of these targets to competitively inhibit the lysis of K562 by NK cells. However, because inhibition is not complete, other cell surface antigens probably play a role in human NK-target interactions.
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NK recognition of target structures: is the transferrin receptor the NK target structure? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1984; 133:1841-5. [PMID: 6206139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
That the transferrin receptor acts as a target antigen for human NK cells has previously been suggested. In this study we used two models to examine the hypothesis that the transferrin receptor is recognized by NK cells. In the first model, we employed mouse cloned NK cells in conjunction with the species-specific monoclonal antibody R17 217, which binds to the murine transferrin receptor. We show that there is no correlation between the amount of transferrin receptor expressed on targets and the susceptibility of these targets to NK lysis or NK binding in cold target competition assays. In the second model, we used human NK cells and transferrin receptor-positive transformants as targets. These transformants were derived from mouse L cells transfected with human DNA and selected for the presence of human transferrin receptor. Results show that, in contrast to the mouse system, there is a correlation between the expression of the human transferrin receptor on targets and the ability of these targets to competitively inhibit the lysis of K562 by NK cells. However, because inhibition is not complete, other cell surface antigens probably play a role in human NK-target interactions.
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Statistical tests in a published paper. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99:416-7. [PMID: 6311070 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-99-3-416_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Effects of a cloned cell line with NK activity on bone marrow transplants, tumour development and metastasis in vivo. Nature 1982; 300:31-4. [PMID: 6752725 DOI: 10.1038/300031a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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T cells may express multiple activities: specific allohelp, cytolysis, and delayed-type hypersensitivity are expressed by a cloned T-cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:4540-3. [PMID: 6974867 PMCID: PMC319827 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.7.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A T-cell line that recognizes private specificities encoded in the H-2 IA subregion in the proliferative response, cytotoxic activity, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and allohelp reaction with B cells has been cloned. The individual clones were assayed for ability to express the activities of the parent line. Results show that the cloned sublines tested are able to perform all the activities of the parent line. It is suggested that T cells may express multiple activities and that the apparent monofunctionality of T cells is due to regulation of these activities.
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Culture supernatants of a stimulated T-cell line have helper activity that acts synergistically with interleukin 2 in the response of B cells to antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:2517-21. [PMID: 6787609 PMCID: PMC319378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture supernatants of an antigen-stimulated long-term alloreactive T cell line, C.C3.11.75, contain a T-cell-replacing factor (TRF) activity for the B-cell response to antigen. These same supernatants show little activity in the T-cell growth assay or the costimulator assay. TRF activity was assayed by using spleen cells that were rigorously depleted of both T cells and macrophages. In this assay preparations containing interleukin 2 and supernatants from stimulated C.C3.11.75 cells are relatively inactive if added alone but show marked synergy when added together. We conclude that the C.C3.11.75 TRF activity is not due to interleukin 1 or to interleukin 2 but to a third factor provisionally designated as (DL)TRF. This activity may be equivalent to the (late-acting) TRF described by Schimpl and Wecker. Evidence is presented suggesting that the helper activity (DL)TRF is a product of the T-cell line.
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Fine specificity mapping of two allospecific T cell lines: recognition of private specificities in the H-2 IA subregion. Eur J Immunol 1981; 11:62-4. [PMID: 6163637 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two allospecific T-cell lines, C.C3.11.75 (H-2d anti-H-2k) and B6.C.7.76 (H-2b anti-H-2d) established from mixed lymphocyte cultures, were selected by continuous antigenic stimulation over several years. Both cell lines proliferated to alloantigen, provided allohelp to B cells in the humoral antibody response, and one of them showed cytolytic activity. Using spleen cells from various congenic mouse strains, the specificity of antigen recognition was examined in order to examine whether there is a correlation between T cell function and antigen recognition. Results showed that in all functional assays. This shows that there is no obligatory correlation between T cell function and antigen recognition and may suggest that the T cell receptor repertoire is biased towards recognizing private specificities.
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31
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Cerebral tuberculoma developing during treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet 1980; 2:84. [PMID: 6105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
We compared amphotericin B therapy for cryptococcal meningitis with a newer regimen containing both amphotericin B and flucytosine. In 50 patients with 51 courses of therapy adherent to the protocol, 27 courses were with amphotericin B and 24 with the combination. Even though the combination regimen was given for only six weeks and amphotericin B for 10 weeks, the combination cured or improved more patients (16 vs 11), produced fewer failures or relapses (three vs. 11), more rapid sterilization of the cerebrospinal fluid (P less than 0.001) and less nephrotoxicity (P less than 0.05) than did amphotericin B alone. The number of deaths was the same (five) with each regimen. Adverse reactions to flucytosine occurred in 11 of 34 patients but were not life threatening. We conclude that combined flucytosine-amphoericin B therapy is the regimen of choice in cryptococcal meningitis.
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Metronidazole therapy of anaerobic bacteremia, meningitis, and brain abscess. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1979; 139:167-9. [PMID: 434970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Four patients with Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia, one patient with a brain abscess due to Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium naviforme, and Peptostreptococcus species, and an infant with Bacteroides species ventriculitis and meningitis were treated with metronidazole. In all cases the anaerobic pathogens were eradicated. Five of the six patients recovered. One patient with leukemia in whom B fragilis bacteremia was eradicated by metronidazole treatment subsequently died of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Ventricular fluid and serum concentrations of metronidazole were determined in the case of meningitis and are reported.
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34
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F1 hybrid anti-parental H-2k cell-mediated lympholysis. I. Stimulator and target determinants controlled by the H-2K region. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1979; 122:575-81. [PMID: 84028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
H-2k-heterozygous F1 hybrid mouse spleen cells cultured with irradiated H-2k-homozygous stimulator cells generated specific anti-parent cytolytic effectors. The parental antigenic determinants recognized by responder cells during induction (afferent arm) and by effector cells during cytolysis (efferent arm) were coded for, or regulated by, the H-2K-Hh3 region of the MHC, according to recombinant analysis. There were no detectable influences by other linked or unlinked genes on the phenotypic expression of parental antigens; however, the anti-parent responsiveness was modulated by background genes of responder cells. These experiments establish that the K end of H-2 controls determinants of F1 anti-parental H-2k CML, like the D end controls those of F1 anti-parental H-2b CML, thus confirming the basic symmetry of the H-2 complex. The relationship of this primary in vitro cell-mediated response with natural in vivo resistance to parental and allogeneic bone marrow grafts is discussed.
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Therapy of skin, soft tissue, and bone infections with cefoxitin sodium. REVIEWS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1979; 1:165-9. [PMID: 318218 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/1.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven patients with skin and soft tissue infections, including three with contiguous osteomyelitis, were given cefoxitin intravenously or intramuscularly; the infections of 25 (93%) were resolved with cefoxitin therapy. Etiologic agents included staphylococci, streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes. Susceptible pathogens were inhibited by less than or equal to 8 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. This level of drug was surpassed by mean peak serum concentrations eight- to 12-fold after intravenous infusions and two- to threefold after intramuscular injections and resulted in eradication of susceptible organisms from lesions during treatment. Intravenously administered cefoxitin was well tolerated, although eosinophilia, phlebitis, elevation of levels of hepatic enzymes, and a positive direct Coombs' test were observed. Intramuscular injections of cefoxitin in 0.5% lidocaine caused pain and induration and thus were poorly tolerated.
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Cefamandole nafate therapy of respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue infections in 74 patients. J Infect Dis 1978; 137 Suppl:S110-S118. [PMID: 418126 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/137.supplement.s110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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37
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Effects of Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxin on rabbit peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Am J Vet Res 1977; 38:491-5. [PMID: 851282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A method to demonstrate leukotoxic activity of Fusobacterium necrophorum in vitro is described. Continuous dialysis sac culture system, using reduced liquid medium was used to grow F necrophorum for 7-day periods. The continuous culture dialysis filtrate contained leukotoxic substance(s) which appeared to be less than 10,000 in molecular weight, heat resistant, and stable at 4 C for at least 10 days. Leukotoxic activity was demonstrated in vitro by determining the percentage of macrophages taking up trypan blue dye after these were exposed to a 1:2 solution of continuous culture dialysis filtrate and Eagle's minimal essential medium at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours. Approximately 90% of these macrophages were destroyed during the 6-hour incubation period.
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Skeletal involvement in secondary syphilis detected by bone scanning. JAMA 1976; 235:2326. [PMID: 946609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Serial serum and cerebrospinal fluid nafcillin concentrations were determined in a patient successfully treated with nafcillin (200 mg/kg per day) for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and meningitis. Nafcillin and methicillin cerebrospinal fluid concentrations were compared.
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Abstract
In a prospective study from May 1971 to November 1973, 20 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of disseminated cryptococcosis were treated for six weeks with a combination of amphotericin B (20 mg daily) intravenously and flucytosine (150 mg/kg daily) orally. Fifteen patients has culturally docummented Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis, and three died of infection early in therapy. Of the remaining 12 patients, eight were alive and well eight to 34 months after therapy, and four died of other causes. None of the surviving patients has relapsed. Hematologic complications developed in nine patients, three of whom had no underlying lymphoreticular disorder or therapy with known cytotoxic agents. Renal insufficiency of mild degree occurred in only six patients. A shorter period of hospitalization and reduction in toxicity of amphotericin B suggest that combined therapy is a safe and efficacious alternative to other regimens.
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41
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Endotoxin from Fusobacterium necrophorum of bovine hepatic abscess origin. Am J Vet Res 1975; 36:1015-9. [PMID: 1147341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The endotoxic activity of Fusobacterium necrophorum bov 5 was investigated. The supernatant (S) fluid and cell wall (CW) preparation, obtained after differential centrifugation of the ruptured cell mass, were lethal for mice. The toxicity of the S fluid was stable during prolonged storage, treatment with formalin, and heating for 15 minutes at 80, 100, and 121 C, but was destroyed by alkaline hydrolysis with 0.25 N NaOH. The toxic factor was found in a high molecular weight (MW) fraction after gel filtration. The properties exhibited by the toxic S fluid resembled those of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Extracted and partially purified LPS (endotoxin) from F necrophorum bov 5 demonstrated a mouse median lethal dose (mouse LD50) of 16.8 mg/kg of body weight. The toxic LPS material, a high molecular weight moiety as estimated by gel filtration, was resistant to ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and pronase treatment. A positive Shwartzman reaction (median skin lesion dose (SLD50) equal to 3.32 mug/kg of body weight) and biphasic fever response (minimal dose required to produce a fever index of 40 sq cm which falls on the linear portion of dose-response curve (FL40) equal to 0.41 mug/kg of body weight) further indicated the toxin was endotoxin in nature. The LPS from F necrophorum bov 5 was less toxic than Salmonella typhimurium LPS; but had considerable toxicity for experimental animals. The toxic activity of the partially purified F necrophorum bov 5 endotoxin was separated into 2 fraction regions by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography. The data provide evidence for the production of a potent endotoxin, possibly composed of more than one toxic component, which may be released upon cell disruption.
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Abstract
Three case reports of infected subdural hematoma are presented, two with Salmonellae and one with Escherichia. Infection of such hematomas most often occurs during bacteremia, and the area of infection is limited by the existing hematoma membrane. Clincally, fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, and focal neurological signs, especially in a patient with previous head trauma, suggest subdural infection. Treatment consists of drainage and systemic antibiotics. These case reports demonstrate the clinical features of this rarely reported entity, and especially illustrate the need for careful bacteriologic identification in suspected cases.
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Morphological alterations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by ticarcillin: a scanning electron microscope study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974; 6:853-5. [PMID: 4218072 PMCID: PMC444749 DOI: 10.1128/aac.6.6.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was exposed to 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, and 1,000 times the minimal inhibitory concentration of ticarcillin in vitro and subsequently examined with the scanning electron microscope. The morphological alterations observed were filamentation, mid-cell defects, and spheroplast formation, and these alterations were dependent upon the drug concentration.
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In vitro activity of coumermycin A1 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis. Appl Microbiol 1969; 18:404-5. [PMID: 4984765 PMCID: PMC377993 DOI: 10.1128/am.18.3.404-405.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coumermycin A(1) exhibited in vitro activity against eight strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis. All eight strains were inhibited by levels of 2.5 mug/ml, and six of the eight strains were inhibited by levels of 0.3 mug/ml or less.
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