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Bruns NE, Heffernan JB, Ross MRV, Doyle M. A simple metric for predicting the timing of river phytoplankton blooms. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Bruns
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - James B. Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Matthew R. V. Ross
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Martin Doyle
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
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2
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SanClements MD, Record S, Rose KC, Donnelly A, Chong SS, Duffy K, Hallmark A, Heffernan JB, Liu J, Mitchell JJ, Moore DJP, Naithani K, O'Reilly CM, Sokol ER, Stack Whitney K, Weintraub‐Leff SR, Yang D. People, infrastructure, and data: A pathway to an inclusive and diverse ecological network of networks. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydne Record
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Kevin C. Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York USA
| | - Alison Donnelly
- Department of Geography University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee Milwaukee Wisconsin USA
| | - Steven S. Chong
- University of California Berkeley Library University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Katharyn Duffy
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Alesia Hallmark
- National Ecological Observatory Network Battelle Boulder Colorado USA
| | - James B. Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | | | - David J. P. Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Kusum Naithani
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - Catherine M. O'Reilly
- Department of Geography, Geology, and the Environment Illinois State University Normal Illinois USA
| | - Eric R. Sokol
- National Ecological Observatory Network Battelle Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Kaitlin Stack Whitney
- Science, Technology & Society Department Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester New York USA
| | | | - Di Yang
- Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
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3
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Ryan CD, Groffman PM, Grove JM, Hall SJ, Heffernan JB, Hobbie SE, Locke DH, Morse JL, Neill C, Nelson KC, O'Neil‐Dunne J, Roy Chowdhury R, Steele MK, Trammell TLE. Ecological homogenization of soil properties in the American residential macrosystem. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Ryan
- The Graduate Center, Earth and Environmental Sciences Program City University of New York New York USA
- Environmental Sciences Initiative CUNY Advanced Science Research Center New York USA
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- The Graduate Center, Earth and Environmental Sciences Program City University of New York New York USA
- Environmental Sciences Initiative CUNY Advanced Science Research Center New York USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York USA
| | - J. Morgan Grove
- USDA Forest Service, Baltimore Field Station Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Sharon J. Hall
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - James B. Heffernan
- Nicholas School of Environment Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Dexter H. Locke
- USDA Forest Service, Baltimore Field Station Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Jennifer L. Morse
- Department of Environmental Science and Management Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
| | | | - Kristen C. Nelson
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul Minnesota USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Jarlath O'Neil‐Dunne
- Spatial Analysis Lab, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | | | - Meredith K. Steele
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Tara L. E. Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Delaware Newark Delaware USA
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4
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Fork ML, McManamay RA, Heffernan JB. Propagation of inflowing urban stormwater pulses through reservoir embayments. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Lerman SB, Narango DL, Avolio ML, Bratt AR, Engebretson JM, Groffman PM, Hall SJ, Heffernan JB, Hobbie SE, Larson KL, Locke DH, Neill C, Nelson KC, Padullés Cubino J, Trammell TLE. Residential yard management and landscape cover affect urban bird community diversity across the continental USA. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02455. [PMID: 34523195 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization has a homogenizing effect on biodiversity and leads to communities with fewer native species and lower conservation value. However, few studies have explored whether or how land management by urban residents can ameliorate the deleterious effects of this homogenization on species composition. We tested the effects of local (land management) and neighborhood-scale (impervious surface and tree canopy cover) features on breeding bird diversity in six US metropolitan areas that differ in regional species pools and climate. We used a Bayesian multiregion community model to assess differences in species richness, functional guild richness, community turnover, population vulnerability, and public interest in each bird community in six land management types: two natural area park types (separate and adjacent to residential areas), two yard types with conservation features (wildlife-certified and water conservation) and two lawn-dominated yard types (high- and low-fertilizer application), and surrounding neighborhood-scale features. Species richness was higher in yards compared with parks; however, parks supported communities with high conservation scores while yards supported species of high public interest. Bird communities in all land management types were composed of primarily native species. Within yard types, species richness was strongly and positively associated with neighborhood-scale tree canopy cover and negatively associated with impervious surface. At a continental scale, community turnover between cities was lowest in yards and highest in parks. Within cities, however, turnover was lowest in high-fertilizer yards and highest in wildlife-certified yards and parks. Our results demonstrate that, across regions, preserving natural areas, minimizing impervious surfaces and increasing tree canopy are essential strategies to conserve regionally important species. However, yards, especially those managed for wildlife support diverse, heterogeneous bird communities with high public interest and potential to support species of conservation concern. Management approaches that include the preservation of protected parks, encourage wildlife-friendly yards and acknowledge how public interest in local birds can advance successful conservation in American residential landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah B Lerman
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
| | - Desirée L Narango
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
| | - Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Anika R Bratt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Department of Environmental Studies, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, 28035, USA
| | - Jesse M Engebretson
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Peter M Groffman
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031, USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - Sharon J Hall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - James B Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Kelli L Larson
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - Dexter H Locke
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore, Maryland, 21228, USA
| | - Christopher Neill
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, 02540, USA
| | - Kristen C Nelson
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Josep Padullés Cubino
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Tara L E Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
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6
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Chamberlin CA, Katul GG, Heffernan JB. A Multiscale Approach to Timescale Analysis: Isolating Diel Signals from Solute Concentration Time Series. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:12731-12738. [PMID: 34464114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solute concentration time series reflect hydrological and biological drivers through various frequencies, phases, and amplitudes of change. Untangling these signals facilitates the understanding of dynamic ecosystem conditions and transient water quality issues. A case in point is the inference of biogeochemical processes from diel solute concentration variations. This analysis requires approaches capable of isolating subtle diel signals from background variability at other scales. Conventional time series analyses typically assume stationary or deterministic background variability; however, most rivers do not respect such niceties. We developed a time-series filtering method that uses empirical mode decomposition to decompose a measured solute concentration time series into intrinsic mode frequencies. Based on externally supplied mechanistic knowledge, we then filter these modes by periodicity, phase, and coherence with neighboring days. This method is tested on three synthetic series that incorporate environmental variability and sensor noise and on a year of 15 min sampled concentration time series from three hydrologically and ecologically distinct rivers in the eastern United States. The proposed method successfully isolated signals in the measured data sets that corresponded with variability in gross primary productivity. The strength the diel signal isolated through this method was smaller compared to the true signal in the synthetic series; however, uncertainty analysis showed that the process-model-based estimates derived from these signals were similar to other inference methods. This signal decomposition method retains information that can be used for further process modeling while making different assumptions about the data than Fourier and wavelet analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Chamberlin
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Gabriel G Katul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and the Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - James B Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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7
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Larson KL, Andrade R, Nelson KC, Wheeler MM, Engebreston JM, Hall SJ, Avolio ML, Groffman PM, Grove M, Heffernan JB, Hobbie SE, Lerman SB, Locke DH, Neill C, Chowdhury RR, Trammell TLE. Municipal regulation of residential landscapes across US cities: Patterns and implications for landscape sustainability. J Environ Manage 2020; 275:111132. [PMID: 33002703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Local regulations on residential landscapes (yards and gardens) can facilitate or constrain ecosystem services and disservices in cities. To our knowledge, no studies have undertaken a comprehensive look at how municipalities regulate residential landscapes to achieve particular goals and to control management practices. Across six U.S. cities, we analyzed 156 municipal ordinances to examine regional patterns in local landscape regulations and their implications for sustainability. Specifically, we conducted content analysis to capture regulations aimed at: 1) goals pertaining to conservation and environmental management, aesthetics and nuisance avoidance, and health and wellbeing, and 2) management actions including vegetation maintenance, water and waste management, food production, and chemical inputs. Our results reveal significant variation in local and regional regulations. While regulatory goals stress stormwater management and nuisance avoidance, relatively few municipalities explicitly regulate residential yards to maintain property values, mitigate heat, or avoid allergens. Meanwhile, biological conservation and water quality protection are common goals, yet regulations on yard management practices (e.g., non-native plants or chemical inputs) sometimes contradict these purposes. In addition, regulations emphasizing aesthetics and the maintenance of vegetation, mowing of grass and weeds, as well as the removal of dead wood, may inhibit wildlife-friendly yards. As a whole, landscaping ordinances largely ignore tradeoffs between interacting goals and outcomes, thereby limiting their potential to support landscape sustainability. Recommendations therefore include coordinated, multiobjective planning through partnerships among planners, developers, researchers, and non-government entities at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Larson
- School of Geographical Science and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5302, USA.
| | - Riley Andrade
- School of Geographical Science and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5302, USA.
| | - Kristen C Nelson
- Department of Forest Resources and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Megan M Wheeler
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Jesse M Engebreston
- Department of Recreation, Hospitality, and Parks Management, California State University, Chico, Chico, CA, 95929, USA.
| | - Sharon J Hall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Peter M Groffman
- City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA.
| | - Morgan Grove
- Baltimore Field Station, Forest Service Northern Research Station, US Department of Agriculture, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - James B Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Susannah B Lerman
- Forest Service Northern Research Station, US Department of Agriculture, Amherst, MA, USA, 01003.
| | - Dexter H Locke
- Baltimore Field Station, Forest Service Northern Research Station, US Department of Agriculture, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | | | | | - Tara L E Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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8
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Locke DH, Polsky C, Grove JM, Groffman PM, Nelson KC, Larson KL, Cavender-Bares J, Heffernan JB, Chowdhury RR, Hobbie SE, Bettez ND, Hall SJ, Neill C, Ogden L, O’Neil-Dunne J. Residential household yard care practices along urban-exurban gradients in six climatically-diverse U.S. metropolitan areas. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222630. [PMID: 31721782 PMCID: PMC6853287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Residential land is expanding in the United States, and lawn now covers more area than the country’s leading irrigated crop by area. Given that lawns are widespread across diverse climatic regions and there is rising concern about the environmental impacts associated with their management, there is a clear need to understand the geographic variation, drivers, and outcomes of common yard care practices. We hypothesized that 1) income, age, and the number of neighbors known by name will be positively associated with the odds of having irrigated, fertilized, or applied pesticides in the last year, 2) irrigation, fertilization, and pesticide application will vary quadratically with population density, with the highest odds in suburban areas, and 3) the odds of irrigating will vary by climate, but fertilization and pesticide application will not. We used multi-level models to systematically address nested spatial scales within and across six U.S. metropolitan areas—Boston, Baltimore, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phoenix, and Los Angeles. We found significant variation in yard care practices at the household (the relationship with income was positive), urban-exurban gradient (the relationship with population density was an inverted U), and regional scales (city-to-city variation). A multi-level modeling framework was useful for discerning these scale-dependent outcomes because this approach controls for autocorrelation at multiple spatial scales. Our findings may guide policies or programs seeking to mitigate the potentially deleterious outcomes associated with water use and chemical application, by identifying the subpopulations most likely to irrigate, fertilize, and/or apply pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter H. Locke
- USDA Forest Service, Baltimore Field Station, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Colin Polsky
- Florida Atlantic University, Center for Environmental Studies, Davie, FL, United States of America
| | - J. Morgan Grove
- USDA Forest Service, Baltimore Field Station, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- CUNY Advanced Science Research Center and Brooklyn College Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kristen C. Nelson
- Department of Forest Resources and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, & Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, MN, United States of America
| | - Kelli L. Larson
- Schools of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning and Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - James B. Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Neil D. Bettez
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, United States of America
| | - Sharon J. Hall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Christopher Neill
- The Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, United States of America
| | - Laura Ogden
- Dartmouth College, Department of Anthropology, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Jarlath O’Neil-Dunne
- University of Vermont, Spatial Analysis Lab, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Aiken Center, Burlington, VT, United States of America
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9
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Dong X, Grimm NB, Heffernan JB, Muneepeerakul R. Interactions Between Physical Template and Self-organization Shape Plant Dynamics in a Stream Ecosystem. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Chamberlin CA, Bernhardt ES, Rosi EJ, Heffernan JB. Stoichiometry and daily rhythms: experimental evidence shows nutrient limitation decouples N uptake from photosynthesis. Ecology 2019; 100:e02822. [PMID: 31310322 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diel variability in nutrient concentrations is common but not universal in aquatic ecosystems. Theoretical models of photoautotrophic systems attribute the absence of diel uptake variation to nutrient scarcity, such that diel variability in nutrient uptake disappears as nutrients become limiting. We tested this prediction in a mesocosm experiment, by exposing benthic algal communities to a range of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus concentrations and recording the rates of uptake during both day and night. We found that higher concentrations of N produced diel variability in uptake and that the difference between the day and night total mass uptakes approximately equaled N demand for observed primary production as seen in other studies. At lower concentrations of N, uptake rates during the day and night were indistinguishable. These results are the first empirical evidence to imply that diel nitrate patterns in streams and rivers indicate a release from N limitation and offer a new way to assess nutrient limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily S Bernhardt
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Emma J Rosi
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Science, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - James B Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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Appling AP, Read JS, Winslow LA, Arroita M, Bernhardt ES, Griffiths NA, Hall RO, Harvey JW, Heffernan JB, Stanley EH, Stets EG, Yackulic CB. The metabolic regimes of 356 rivers in the United States. Sci Data 2018; 5:180292. [PMID: 30532078 PMCID: PMC6289110 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A national-scale quantification of metabolic energy flow in streams and rivers can improve understanding of the temporal dynamics of in-stream activity, links between energy cycling and ecosystem services, and the effects of human activities on aquatic metabolism. The two dominant terms in aquatic metabolism, gross primary production (GPP) and aerobic respiration (ER), have recently become practical to estimate for many sites due to improved modeling approaches and the availability of requisite model inputs in public datasets. We assembled inputs from the U.S. Geological Survey and National Aeronautics and Space Administration for October 2007 to January 2017. We then ran models to estimate daily GPP, ER, and the gas exchange rate coefficient for 356 streams and rivers across the continental United States. We also gathered potential explanatory variables and spatial information for cross-referencing this dataset with other datasets of watershed characteristics. This dataset offers a first national assessment of many-day time series of metabolic rates for up to 9 years per site, with a total of 490,907 site-days of estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke A. Winslow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - Maite Arroita
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860 USA
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | | | - Natalie A. Griffiths
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Robert O. Hall
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860 USA
| | | | - James B. Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Emily H. Stanley
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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13
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Pearse WD, Cavender‐Bares J, Hobbie SE, Avolio ML, Bettez N, Roy Chowdhury R, Darling LE, Groffman PM, Grove JM, Hall SJ, Heffernan JB, Learned J, Neill C, Nelson KC, Pataki DE, Ruddell BL, Steele MK, Trammell TLE. Homogenization of plant diversity, composition, and structure in North American urban yards. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Pearse
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Lab, 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Department of Biology McGill University 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue Montreal Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Pavillon des sciences biologiques (SB) 141 Avenue du Président‐Kennedy Montreal Quebec H2X 1Y4 Canada
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center Utah State University 5305 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Lab, 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Lab, 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Meghan L. Avolio
- National Socio‐Environmental Synthesis Center 1 Park Place Annapolis Maryland 21401 USA
- Department of Earth& Planetary Sciences John Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
| | - Neil Bettez
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York 12545 USA
| | | | | | - Peter M. Groffman
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York 12545 USA
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York New York 10031 USA
| | - J. Morgan Grove
- Forest Service Northern Research Station Suite 350, 5523 Research Park Drive Baltimore Maryland 21228 USA
| | - Sharon J. Hall
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| | - James B. Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Jennifer Learned
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
- Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Christopher Neill
- The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA
- Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth Massachusetts 02540 USA
| | - Kristen C. Nelson
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota 2003 Upper Buford Circle Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Diane E. Pataki
- Department of Biology University of Utah 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Benjamin L. Ruddell
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - Meredith K. Steele
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
| | - Tara L. E. Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Delaware 531 S College Avenue Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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14
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Appling AP, Heffernan JB. Nutrient Limitation and Physiology Mediate the Fine-Scale (De)coupling of Biogeochemical Cycles. Am Nat 2014; 184:384-406. [DOI: 10.1086/677282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Steele MK, Heffernan JB. Morphological characteristics of urban water bodies: mechanisms of change and implications for ecosystem function. Ecol Appl 2014; 24:1070-1084. [PMID: 25154097 DOI: 10.1890/13-0983.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The size, shape, and connectivity of water bodies (lakes, ponds, and wetlands) can have important effects on ecological communities and ecosystem processes, but how these characteristics are influenced by land use and land cover change over broad spatial scales is not known. Intensive alteration of water bodies during urban development, including construction, burial, drainage, and reshaping, may select for certain morphometric characteristics and influence the types of water bodies present in cities. We used a database of over one million water bodies in 100 cities across the conterminous United States to compare the size distributions, connectivity (as intersection with surface flow lines), and shape (as measured by shoreline development factor) of water bodies in different land cover classes. Water bodies in all urban land covers were dominated by lakes and ponds, while reservoirs and wetlands comprised only a small fraction of the sample. In urban land covers, as compared to surrounding undeveloped land, water body size distributions converged on moderate sizes, shapes toward less tortuous shorelines, and the number and area of water bodies that intersected surface flow lines (i.e., streams and rivers) decreased. Potential mechanisms responsible for changing the characteristics of urban water bodies include: preferential removal, physical reshaping or addition of water bodies, and selection of locations for development. The relative contributions of each mechanism likely change as cities grow. The larger size and reduced surface connectivity of urban water bodies may affect the role of internal dynamics and sensitivity to catchment processes. More broadly, these results illustrate the complex nature of urban watersheds and highlight the need to develop a conceptual framework for urban water bodies.
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Fork ML, Heffernan JB. Direct and Indirect Effects of Dissolved Organic Matter Source and Concentration on Denitrification in Northern Florida Rivers. Ecosystems 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-013-9705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Heffernan JB, Watts DL, Cohen MJ. Discharge competence and pattern formation in peatlands: a meta-ecosystem model of the Everglades ridge-slough landscape. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64174. [PMID: 23671708 PMCID: PMC3650074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular landscape patterning arises from spatially-dependent feedbacks, and can undergo catastrophic loss in response to changing landscape drivers. The central Everglades (Florida, USA) historically exhibited regular, linear, flow-parallel orientation of high-elevation sawgrass ridges and low-elevation sloughs that has degraded due to hydrologic modification. In this study, we use a meta-ecosystem approach to model a mechanism for the establishment, persistence, and loss of this landscape. The discharge competence (or self-organizing canal) hypothesis assumes non-linear relationships between peat accretion and water depth, and describes flow-dependent feedbacks of microtopography on water depth. Closed-form model solutions demonstrate that 1) this mechanism can produce spontaneous divergence of local elevation; 2) divergent and homogenous states can exhibit global bi-stability; and 3) feedbacks that produce divergence act anisotropically. Thus, discharge competence and non-linear peat accretion dynamics may explain the establishment, persistence, and loss of landscape pattern, even in the absence of other spatial feedbacks. Our model provides specific, testable predictions that may allow discrimination between the self-organizing canal hypotheses and competing explanations. The potential for global bi-stability suggested by our model suggests that hydrologic restoration may not re-initiate spontaneous pattern establishment, particularly where distinct soil elevation modes have been lost. As a result, we recommend that management efforts should prioritize maintenance of historic hydroperiods in areas of conserved pattern over restoration of hydrologic regimes in degraded regions. This study illustrates the value of simple meta-ecosystem models for investigation of spatial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Cohen MJ, Kurz MJ, Heffernan JB, Martin JB, Douglass RL, Foster CR, Thomas RG. Diel phosphorus variation and the stoichiometry of ecosystem metabolism in a large spring-fed river. ECOL MONOGR 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1497.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cohen MJ, Heffernan JB, Albertin A, Martin JB. Inference of riverine nitrogen processing from longitudinal and diel variation in dual nitrate isotopes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heffernan JB, Liebowitz DM, Frazer TK, Evans JM, Cohen MJ. Algal blooms and the nitrogen-enrichment hypothesis in Florida springs: evidence, alternatives, and adaptive management. Ecol Appl 2010; 20:816-829. [PMID: 20437966 DOI: 10.1890/08-1362.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Contradictions between system-specific evidence and broader paradigms to explain ecosystem behavior present a challenge for natural resource management. In Florida (U.S.A.) springs, increasing nitrate (NO3-) concentrations have been implicated as the cause of algal overgrowth via alleviation of N-limitation. As such, policy and management efforts have centered heavily on reduction of nitrogen (N) loads. While the N-limitation hypothesis appears well founded on broadly supported aquatic eutrophication models, several observations from Florida springs are inconsistent with this hypothesis in its present simplified form. First, NO3- concentration is not correlated with algal abundance across the broad population of springs and is weakly negatively correlated with primary productivity. Second, within individual spring runs, algal mats are largely confined to the headwater reaches within 250 m of spring vents, while elevated NO3- concentrations persist for several kilometers or more. Third, historic observations suggest that establishment of macroalgal mats often lags behind observed increases in NO3- by more than a decade. Fourth, although microcosm experiments indicate high thresholds for N-limitation of algae, experiments in situ have demonstrated only minimal response to N enrichment. These muted responses may reflect large nutrient fluxes in springs, which were sufficient to satisfy present demand even at historic concentrations. New analyses of existing data indicate that dissolved oxygen (DO) has declined dramatically in many Florida springs over the past 30 years, and that DO and grazer abundance are better predictors of algal abundance in springs than are nutrient concentrations. Although a precautionary N-reduction strategy for Florida springs is warranted given demonstrable effects of nutrient enrichment in a broad suite of aquatic systems worldwide, the DO-grazer hypothesis and other potential mechanisms merit increased scientific scrutiny. This case study illustrates the importance of an adaptive approach that explicitly evaluates paradigms as hypotheses and actively seeks alternative explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Heffernan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0410, USA.
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Roach WJ, Heffernan JB, Grimm NB, Arrowsmith JR, Eisinger C, Rychener T. Unintended Consequences of Urbanization for Aquatic Ecosystems: A Case Study from the Arizona Desert. Bioscience 2008. [DOI: 10.1641/b580808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Historically, desert drainages of the American southwest supported productive riverine wetlands (ciénegas). Region-wide erosion of ciénegas during the late 19th and early 20th century dramatically reduced the abundance of these ecosystems, but recent reestablishment of wetlands in Sycamore Creek, Arizona, USA, provides an opportunity to evaluate the mechanisms underlying wetland development. A simple model demonstrates that density-dependent stabilization of channel substrate by vegetation results in the existence of alternative stable states in desert streams. A two-year (October 2004-September 2006) field survey of herbaceous cover and biomass at 26 sites located along Sycamore Creek is used to test the underlying assumption of this model that vegetation cover loss during floods is density dependent, as well as the prediction that the distribution of vegetation abundance should shift toward bimodality in response to floods. Observations of nonlinear, negative relationships between herbaceous biomass prior to flood events and the proportion of persistent vegetation cover were consistent with the alternative stable state model. In further support of the alternative-state hypothesis, vegetation cover diverged from an approximately normal distribution toward a distinctly bimodal distribution during the monsoon flood season of 2006. These results represent the first empirically supported example of alternative-state behavior in stream ecosystems. Identification of alternative stable states in desert streams supports recent hypotheses concerning the importance of strong abiotic-disturbance regimes and biogeomorphic mechanisms in multiple-state ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Heffernan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4601, USA.
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