Prevention of Viral Hepatitis and HIV Infection among People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This study aimed to explore the current evidence on preventing blood-borne virus infections among people who inject drugs (PWID). We conducted a comprehensive search across three databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) for relevant articles published in English between 2014 and 2023. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, assessed the quality of the paper using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (ROB 2), and conducted a meta-analysis using RevMan 5.3. Completing the harm reduction program (HRP) participation and receiving all three vaccine doses resulted in a 28% reduction in the risk of HBV infection (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.37-1.42). Various interventions increased the willingness of PWIDs to undergo HCV treatment (OR: 5.91, 95% CI: 2.46-14.24) and promoted treatment adherence (OR: 15.04, 95% CI: 2.80-80.61). Taking PrEP, participating in HRP, and modifying risky behaviors were associated with a 33% reduction in the risk of HIV infection (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.61-0.74). Conducting referrals, providing counseling, and implementing antiretroviral therapy resulted in a 44% reduction in the risk of viral transmission (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.47-0.66). Co-infection may potentially compromise effectiveness, so it is important to consider drug resistance.

Gallbladder papillomatosis and cholecystocolonic fistula: a rare combination

Patient: Female, 81

Final Diagnosis: Gallbladder papillomatosis

Symptoms: Epigastric pain

Medication: —

Clinical Procedure: —

Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Mechanisms of transition between double paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias

INTRODUCTION

Coexistence of double tachycardias in one patient has been infrequently reported. Furthermore, the mechanisms of transition between double paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias have not been well studied.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Thirty-five patients with two paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias were studied. Group IA consisted of 3 patients with spontaneous transition between AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) and AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Group IB consisted of 13 patients without spontaneous transition between AVRT and AVNRT. Group IIA consisted of 5 patients with spontaneous transition between AVNRT and atrial tachycardia (AT). Group IIB consisted of 14 patients without spontaneous transition between AVNRT and AT. The absolute values of differences between the two tachycardia cycle lengths were significantly smaller in patients with than in those without transition between the two tachycardias (25+/-8 msec vs 90+/-46 msec, P < 0.05, IA vs IB; 21+/-25 msec vs 99+/-57 msec, P < 0.01, IIA vs IIB). The cutoff point of 25 msec had 80% positive predictive value for transition between the two tachycardias. Transition between two tachycardias occurred due to a spontaneous premature atrial complex (30%), conduction block at one limb of tachycardia (20%), or tachycardia-induced tachycardia (50%). Absence of transition between two tachycardias might be explained by the absence of a spontaneous premature atrial complex, longer cycle length of the first tachycardia, larger difference between two tachycardia cycle lengths, or induction of each tachycardia under different situations.

CONCLUSION

Double supraventricular tachycardias with similar tachycardia cycle lengths are vulnerable to transition between different tachycardias.

Rapid diagnosis of choledocholithiasis using biochemical tests in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The present study was designed to identify the biochemical tests which could detect the presence of common bile duct stones in patients with symptomatic gallstones, without other invasive investigations. The usefulness of biochemical tests may reduce the necessity of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

METHODOLOGY

3000 patients with symptomatic laparoscopic cholecystectomy scheduled for laparoscopic cholesystectomy were included in the study. 458 patients (201 men, 257 women; mean age, 57.7 +/- 14.6 yrs) were examined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected common bile duct stones. The serum tests for liver function, including a measurement of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase and albumin were obtained on admission prior to the ultrasonography, and the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

RESULTS

The six significant factors, including alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were identified by the univariate analysis and the multivariate logistic regression analysis which identified alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, as the two significant independent factors. A statistical model was developed with a formula of [formula: see text] A curve of receiver operating characteristics was constructed to identify an alkaline phosphatase level greater than 300 U/L or a gamma-glutamyltransferase level greater than 420 mU/mL which would have both higher sensitivity and specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

Biochemical tests can be a significant aid to the clinician's decision-making when predicting the presence of common bile duct stones in patients with gallstones.

Palliative percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage of gallbladder empyema before laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS

This study is conducted to evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of gallbladder empyema. We also determine the sonographic findings, causative organism, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory data, associated underlying medical disorders and the complications related to both cholecystostomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

METHODOLOGY

One hundred and forty-five cases of gallbladder empyema were included in this study which was composed of 80 males and 65 females, aged 22-94 years with a mean age of 71-years. All patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was carried out thereafter. We analyzed the clinical presentations (signs, symptoms, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings, concomitant medical disorders), causative organisms and the complications related to percutaneous cholecystostomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

RESULTS

Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage was performed successfully in all patients within 48 hours after clinical diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Complications related to percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage were bile leakage after tract dilatation noted in 2 patients (1.4%), and 20 (14%) patients had pain at the puncture site which radiated to the right shoulder during the procedure, but resolved spontaneously within an hour later. On admission, 102 (70%) patients presented as right upper quadrant pain, 39 (27%) as epigastric pain, 90 (62%) as fever, 108 (74%) patients had leukocytosis, and 33 (22.7%) patients were septic. AST and ALT were elevated in 57% and 51% of patients, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 56% of patients, and 34% of those patients had combined common bile duct stones. Gallbladder stones were documented in 135 (93%) patients, while the remaining 10 (7%) cases were acalculous. Five (3.4%) patients had combined gallbladder adenocarcinoma, 7 (4.8%) had liver abscess, while 13 (9%) had biliary pancreatitis. The ultrasonographic findings included gallbladder distension (93%), wall thickening (90%), pericholecystic fluid accumulation (15%), intraluminal sludge or stone (93%) and intraluminal air (13.9%). Bile culture were positive in 83% of the cases and showed gram-negative bacteria in 75%, gram-positive in 30%, anaerobes in 7%, while no growth in the remaining 17% of the cases. The common pathogens were Escherichia coli (57%), Enterococcus (27%), Klebsiella pneumonia (18%), Morganella morganii (7.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.1%) and Salmonella (0.7%). The total postoperative complication rate was 17%, which included wound infection, bleeding, subhepatic abscess, cystic duct stump leak, common bile duct injury and pneumonia. Postoperative mortality was 2.6%. Conversion rate to open cholecystectomy was 27%. Clinical conditions improved within 48 hours after cholecystostomy in 93% of patients. Time interval between cholecystostomy and elective cholecystectomy was 2-21 days with a mean of 4 days. Total hospital stay was 5-38 days (mean: 11 days).

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage is a safe and effective procedure for the initial management of gallbladder empyema. We highly recommend this preoperative drainage procedure in patient with sepsis, and for those high-risk patients such as old age and with underlying medical illnesses. This procedure can stabilized the patient so that an appropriate therapeutic planning can be achieved.

Video-endoscopic ultrasonography in staging gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Clinical staging of gastric carcinoma is important in designing the strategy of treatment. Early gastric carcinomas can be treated by minimally invasive therapy, whereas advanced gastric carcinomas should be treated by surgery with or without combined chemotherapy. This study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy and limitations of video type endoscopic ultrasound in preoperative staging of gastric cancer and assessing lymph node metastasis.

METHODOLOGY

Seventy-four patients with gastric carcinoma were preoperatively staged using video-endoscopic ultrasonography, performed by the same gastroenterologist.

RESULTS

Sixty-three out of the 74 (85%) patients were correctly staged by endoscopic ultrasonography. The diagnostic accuracy rate was 100% for T1, 74% for T2, 87% for T3, and 86% for T4. Overstaging occurred in 11% due to peritumoral inflammation. Understaging occurred in 4% due to microinvasion of carcinomatous tissue or deeper organ invasion. The diagnosis of lymph node metastasis was confirmed in 72% of cases. Sensitivity and specificity was 74% and 86%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscopic ultrasonography has a high accuracy rate in staging gastric carcinoma but still has its limitations in evaluating regional lymph node metastasis, despite using a new generation video-endoscopic ultrasonography.

Immunohistochemical analysis of nm23-H1 protein in bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

The nm23 gene was first identified from murine K-1735 melanoma cell lines and possesses metastasis-suppressor activity. However, conflicting results concerning the metastasis-suppressor activity of nm23-H1 gene product have been reported in human solid tumors. The significance of nm23-H1 protein in bladder cancer remains to be determined. Therefore, we examined nm23-H1 protein expression immunohistochemically in bladder cancer.

METHODS

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were obtained from 39 patients with primary bladder cancer who had undergone radical cystectomy between 1987 and 1994. The specimens were examined immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody to nm23-H1, and the results of immunostaining were compared with clinicopathologic factors and patient survival.

RESULTS

Positive nm23-H1 protein expression was confined primarily to the cytoplasm of bladder cancer cells. A higher frequency of nm23-H1 positive expression was seen in higher stage tumors. There was a positive trend for the expression of nm23-H1 protein with the progression of the tumor (p < 0.025). No relationship was found between nm23-H1 protein expression and patients' clinicopathologic factors including age, tumor size, tumor morphology and tumor grade. Furthermore, nm23-H1 protein expression was not correlated with patient survival.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that in bladder cancer nm23-H1 protein expression may play an important role in tumor progression rather than in metastasis suppression.

Observations after orchiectomy in clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis

BACKGROUND

The optimal management of clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) of the testis remains controversial. For years, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in combination with orchiectomy, has been the standard treatment in patients with clinical stage I NSGCT. Recently, with advancement of effective cisplatin-based chemotherapy and clinical staging procedures, a new approach of observation after orchiectomy is being evaluated. We reviewed cases of orchiectomy and observation for clinical stage I NSGCT of the testis in order to evaluate the treatment outcome.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 13 patients with clinical stage I NSGCT of the testis treated at our hospital from February, 1981 to August, 1996. The patient age at diagnosis ranged from 0.6 to 44 years. Nine patients had yolk sac tumors, and four had mixed germ cell tumors. Median follow-up was 42 months (range, 20-132 months).

RESULTS

Prior to orchiectomy, serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were raised to abnormal concentrations in four and in 13 patients, respectively. With a median follow-up of 42 months, three of 13 patients relapsed at a median of three months after orchiectomy. Two patients showed elevated AFP and radiographically identifiable tumors simultaneously, and one patient showed elevated AFP as the only evidence of relapse. Following treatment with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, the three patients who relapsed responded successfully and the elevated AFP returned to normal. The patients are currently alive and disease free.

CONCLUSIONS

Observation after orchiectomy is a reasonable approach for patients with clinical stage I NSGCT of the testis.

Nonoperative treatment of gastric bezoars using electrohydraulic lithotripsy

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Bezoars are collections of indigestible foreign material that are found within the gastrointestinal tract. Nonoperative approaches such as dietary therapy, enzymatic dissolution, and endoscopic removal have been regarded as the mainstays of therapy. The purpose of this paper is to determine the efficacy of electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) as an alternative form of treatment of gastric bezoars.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between July 1988 and May 1996, 11 patients with large gastric bezoars, defined as those greater than 5 cm in diameter, received endoscopic-guided fragmentation using electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Nine of our patients had a history of ingestion of "Pho Pu Zi", (Cordia dichotoma Frost. f.), one of orange pitch, and one of ingestion of persimmon.

RESULTS

The 11 patients in the study underwent EHL for the treatment of their gastric bezoars, with a 100% success rate, which was defined as the lack of residual bezoar seen on post-procedure barium study or endoscopy done 2 days after the procedure. Patients were followed-up clinically for 30-68 months, with seven of the 11 patients undergoing a barium study with no residual bezoar noted. No procedure-related complications were seen, except for pharyngeal pain which was most probably secondary to the placement of the silicon overtube.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscopically guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy is a safe, highly effective, alternative nonsurgical technique for the treatment of gastric bezoars.

Testicular yolk sac tumors in children

BACKGROUND

Testicular tumors in children are uncommon, comprising about 1% of pediatric malignancies. Yolk sac tumor is the most common malignant testicular tumor in children. Because yolk sac tumor in children is rarely seen, its treatment has been controversial. We reviewed the records of 15 children with testicular yolk sac tumor treated at our hospital in order to evaluate optimal management and treatment outcome.

METHODS

From February, 1981, to August, 1996, 15 children with testicular yolk sac tumor were treated. Mean patient age at diagnosis was 15.8 months (range, 7-22 months). Fourteen patients presented with stage I disease and one presented with stage III disease. Mean follow-up was 88 months (range, 2-156 months).

RESULTS

All 15 patients received radical inguinal orchiectomy as initial treatment. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were measured in 14 stage I patients preoperatively and were elevated in all of them. During follow-up, the one stage III patient died of the disease. Of the remaining 14 patients, two (14.3%) had recurrence with elevated AFP at three months and 10 months postorchiectomy, respectively. These patients were managed with cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. To date, they are both alive with no further recurrence, and AFP concentrations returned to normal after chemotherapy. Overall, of the 15 patients with testicular yolk sac tumor, 14 (93.3%) survived without disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that testicular yolk sac tumor in children is a tumor with a favorable prognosis. Serum AFP concentration is extremely useful in diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response. Radical inguinal orchiectomy alone seems adequate for patients with stage I disease if serum AFP concentrations return to normal postoperatively. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy should be administered in patients with tumor recurrence or metastasis.

Life-threatening germ cell tumor arising in cryptorchidism: a case report

We report a case of life-threatening germ cell tumor in abdominal cryptorchidism. A 32-year-old man presented with a three-month history of dyspnea, loss of appetite, general weakness and a large abdominal mass. Physical examination revealed vacancy of the right scrotal contents. Chest radiograph showed massive left pleural effusion. Abdominal ultrasound revealed ascites, right hydronephrosis and the presence of an 18 x 15-cm heterogeneous echogenic mass in the upper abdomen and right iliac fossa. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT) revealed the presence of a large heterogeneous tumor and an enlarged (4 x 4-cm) retroperitoneal lymph node. Sonoguided needle biopsy of the abdominal mass demonstrated malignant cells of an uncertain type and origin. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) concentrations were elevated. Under the diagnosis of metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor in abdominal cryptorchidism, the patient received three cycles of cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy followed by resection of the abdominal residual cryptorchid tumor. Histologically, the tumor showed marked necrosis without viable cancer. The patient had remained free of disease for seven months following surgery.

Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal residual mass in infantile yolk sac tumor

BACKGROUND

Persistent postchemotherapy retroperitoneal residual mass with normalization of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in infantile yolk sac tumor is rare.

METHODS/RESULTS

A 38-month-old boy with recurrent yolk sac tumor was treated with cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. After chemotherapy, the retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis, 7 x 6 cm in size, decreased to 2 x 2 cm. Serum AFP levels returned to normal. The retroperitoneal residual mass was resected and histologically showed complete necrosis without viable cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

The patient has remained free of disease for 36 months after operation.

Clinical experiences of germ cell tumor in cryptorchid testis

The increased risk of malignancy occurring in the cryptorchid testis is well established. In order to investigate the management and outcome of germ cell tumor in cryptorchid testis, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 11 patients with cryptorchid tumor treated at our hospital between January 1973 and December 1996. Mean patient age at diagnosis was 47.6 years (range, 22-80). Of these patients, 3 were found in the inguinal area and 8 in the abdomen. Six occurred in the right cryptorchid testis and 5 in the left. Four patients presented with stage I disease, 4 with stage II, and 3 with stage III. Median follow-up period was 48.0 months (range 1-163). All 3 inguinal cryptorchid tumors and 6 of 8 abdominal cryptorchid tumors were seminoma. The remaining 2 abdominal cryptorchid tumors were nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. Of the 3 patients with inguinal cryptorchid seminomas, 2 with stage I disease were treated with prophylactic radiotherapy to nodal areas and 1 with stage III disease was treated with chemotherapy. Eight patients with abdominal cryptorchid tumors were treated with multidisciplinary approaches, including radiotherapy, cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, and surgery. The overall survival rate for patients with inguinal and abdominal cryptorchid tumor was 81.8%. Two patients with stage III disease died during treatment and the remaining 9 patients are still alive without evidence of disease.

Successful treatment of a bulky seminoma in an abdominal undescended testis: a case report

An undescended testis is a major risk factor for the development of testicular malignancy. Herein we report the case of a 40-year-old man with a bulky seminoma arising in an uncorrected abdominal undescended testis. The definitive diagnosis was established by results of sonoguided biopsy and tumor marker studies. The patient was successfully treated with initial cisplatin and etoposide combination chemotherapy followed by resection of the residual tumor. The optimal diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease is discussed.

Interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta production in peripheral whole blood from patients with urological cancer

The activities of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and interleukin-1 beta) were investigated in peripheral whole blood from 30 patients with bladder cancer, 12 patients with renal cell carcinoma, 18 patients with prostatic cancer and 16 healthy subjects. Heparinized blood was cultured in the absence and presence of various concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The culture supernatants were obtained and activities of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the absence of LPS stimulation, neither IL-1 alpha nor IL-1 beta was spontaneously produced in blood cultures from patients with bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma or prostatic cancer compared with control subjects. After stimulation with various concentrations of LPS, blood cultures from patients with bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic cancer, those from control subjects produced IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in a dose-dependent manner, and IL-1 beta was predominant in all supernatants. The activities of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta showed no significant differences between the patients with bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma or prostatic cancer and control subjects. This study suggested that the patients with bladder cancer renal cell carcinoma and prostatic cancer did not spontaneously produce IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta, but that the ability to produce IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in response to LPS stimulation was not significantly impaired.

Immunoreactivity of nm23-H1 protein in renal cell carcinoma

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 25 surgical specimens of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) including 13 adjacent normal renal tissues were investigated. The specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody, nm23-H1. The positive immunostaining of nm23-H1 protein was confined primarily to the cytoplasm of both normal renal tubular epithelial cells and renal tumor cells. Immunostaining of nm23-H1 protein was reduced significantly in RCC as compared to the normal renal tissues (P = 0.003). The positive immunostaining of nm23-H1 protein was seen in 92% (12/13) of normal renal tissues and in 60% (15/25) of RCC. No relationship was found between immunostaining of nm23-H1 protein and the patient's clinicopathological factors including age, tumor size, tumor location, tumor grade and tumor stage. Furthermore, immunostaining of nm23-H1 protein was not correlated with patient survival. Although immunoreactivity of nm23-H1 protein in patients with RCC was not correlated with survival, nm23-H1 protein may play a role in human renal tubular tumorigenesis.

Percutaneous transhepatic transluminal forceps biopsy in obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND/AIMS

To evaluate the technical feasibility and sensitivity of percutaneous transluminal forceps biopsy of bile duct diseases.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Seventeen fluoroscopic-guided transluminal forceps biopsies were performed in 16 patients with obstructive jaundice. The technique was performed through an existing percutaneous transhepatic tract. Multiple specimens were obtained after passing the forceps biopsy into a long 9-French sheath and the specimens were fixed with formalin for histopathologic diagnosis.

RESULTS

Adequate samples for histological diagnosis was obtained in 12 of 17 procedures (sensitivity, 71%). Pathologic reports included pancreatic head carcinoma n = 2, cholangiocarcinoma n = 3, hepatoma with intrahepatic-bile duct invasion n = 3, common bile duct tumors n = 3 and chronic inflammation n = 1. Minor complications such as pain was noted in three patients while transient hemobilia was seen in two patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous transhepatic transluminal forceps biopsy is a safe technique which is easy to perform. This can be done through an existing transhepatic biliary tract with a sensitivity rate of 71%.

Increase of resting levels of superoxide anion in the whole blood of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the resting level of superoxide anion (O2.) and liver cirrhosis (LC). The resting levels of superoxide anion in the whole blood of healthy controls and patients with compensated or decompensated LC were measured, by an ultra-sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) analyzer and lucigenin amplification. The assay system can be performed in the absence of leukocyte isolation and stimulant administration. The results showed that the blood CL levels of compensated cirrhotic patients (381.0 +/- 201.5 counts/10 s, mean +/- SD, n = 24) were similar to that of healthy controls (467.9 +/- 299.5 counts/10 s, n = 24). However, the blood CL levels of decompensated cirrhotic patients (2083.5 +/- 1462.4 counts/10 s, n = 24) were significantly greater than that of healthy controls and patients with compensated LC (both p < .001, Student's t-test). The correlation analysis revealed that the blood CL levels in cirrhotic patients were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of albumin (r = -0.65, p < .001) and total bilirubin (r = +0.42, p < .005). However, there was no significant correlation between the blood CL levels and serum levels of transaminases (GOT and GPT). These results suggest that blood levels of superoxide of decompensated cirrhotic patients were greater than those of healthy controls or compensated cirrhotic patients. Moreover, the increase of blood levels of superoxide in decompensated cirrhotic patients is related to the impairment of liver function but not to the inflammation.

Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of peptic ulcer among cirrhotic patients

There is a higher prevalence of peptic ulcer disease in cirrhotic patients than in the general population. Whether Helicobacter pylori is a risk factor for peptic ulcer in cirrhosis remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a significant correlation between H.pylori infection and peptic ulcer in liver cirrhosis. In a cross-sectional study, 49 cirrhotic patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 75 controls (health examinees) without liver disease were also examined by endoscopy. The presence of H. pylori was assessed by culture, histologic findings and rapid urease test of gastric antrum biopsy specimens. Thirty of the 49 (61%) cirrhotic patients had peptic ulcers as compared to 24 of the 75 (32%) controls. The frequency of H. pylori in the antrum in the cirrhotic group was significantly lower than in the control group (39% vs 69%). The presence of H. pylori was more frequent in control patients with gastric (75%) and duodenal ulcers (95%) than nonulcer control patients (59%) whereas the difference between patients with peptic ulcer and nonulcer (40% vs 37%) was not significant in cirrhotic patients. H. pylori was identified in 40% of the cirrhotic patients with duodenal ulcers compared with 95% of controls with duodenal ulcers (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, this difference was not significant among patients with a gastric ulcer between the two groups (40% vs 75%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of H. pylori infection among nonulcer patients between the cirrhotic and control groups (37% vs 59%). In conclusion, we found no evidence to substantiate an etiologic role of H. pylori in the development of a duodenal ulcer in cirrhotic patients.

An assessment of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta production in patients with bladder cancer

The activities of interleukin-1 alpha(IL-1 alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) were investigated in whole-blood cultures from 30 patients with bladder cancer and 16 healthy subjects. Heparinized blood was cultured in the absence and presence of various concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The culture supernatants were obtained and the activities of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the absence of LPS stimulation, there was no significant spontaneous elaboration of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in patients with bladder cancer compared with control subjects. Under the stimulation of various concentrations of LPS, patients with bladder cancer and controls subjects produced IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in a dose-dependent manner, and IL-1 beta was found predominantly in the supernatant. Lower IL-1 alpha and higher IL-1 beta activities were found in patients with bladder cancer, but statistical significance was not achieved when compared with control subjects. This study suggested that patients with bladder cancer have no spontaneous elaboration of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta and no significant impaired ability in LPS-stimulated IL-1 alpha and IL1 beta production.

Aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of a speaker with turbulent nasal emission: a case report

Aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics were determined from the speech of an adult female with mild mental retardation and severe velopharyngeal inadequacy. The speaker's productions of /s/ were characterized by consistent nasal grimacing and turbulent air emission. Aerodynamic assessment estimated the size of the velopharyngeal orifice to exceed 200 mm2 during plosive production. Nasal cross-sectional area was estimated to be 35 mm2 during quiet breathing. Nasometric evaluation indicated nasalance of 63% associated with the "Zoo" passage. Acoustic analysis of the separately recorded oral and nasal speech signals indicated spectral energies in the region of approximately 2.5 to 7.0 kHz associated with nasal emission during /s/ production. The occurrence of these frequencies suggested an acoustic/perceptual function of the nasal grimace. Pressure-flow evidence also suggested that the nasal grimace, perhaps with lingual assistance, functioned to enhance speech aerodynamics.

Self-expandable metallic stents in the management of malignant biliary obstruction

To overcome problems with conventional plastic endoprostheses, a study was conducted to determine the clinical efficacy of self-expandable metallic stents in the palliative treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. From May 1994 to March 1995, 19 self-expandable metallic stents were implanted in 13 consecutive patients with malignant obstructive jaundice due to cholangiocarcinoma (four patients), ampullary carcinoma (six), pancreatic carcinoma (one), and hepatic hilar lymph node metastasis (two). All patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage followed by stent insertion, except for two patients where the T-tube tract was used as access and another with previous placement of a polyethylene internal-external drainage catheter for more than 6 months. When both lobes of the biliary system were to be drained, stents were placed either side by side through punctured, separate hepatic ducts or, using a T configuration, through a single transhepatic tract. Percutaneous transhepatic stent placement was technically successful in all patients. After a mean follow-up of 5.9 months (range, 1-10 mo), 10 of 13 patients were still alive while three had died of nonprocedure-related causes. In 10 patients, total serum bilirubin levels decreased significantly (from 136.8 +/- 157 mumol/L to 34.2 +/- 22.2 mumol/L), while it increased in three patients. Two patients had stent occlusions at 2 and 3 months after stent placement, which required intervention. The overall patency period ranged from 1 to 9 months (mean, 5.1 mo). Our results confirm that the use of metallic stents is effective in the palliative treatment of malignant jaundice.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of cholelithiasis

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard treatment for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis; however, there is debate on the management of patients with concomitant common bile duct stones. Several options have been suggested; endoscopic sphincterotomy and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration seemed to be the preferred methods at this moment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed endoscopic sphincterotomy prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 51 cases of acute symptomatic cholelithiasis.

RESULTS

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy procedure-related complication rate was 5.4%, including 1 pancreatitis, 1 cholangitis, and 2 major bleeds. After follow up period of 15-42 months, recurrent stones were found in 2 patients.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic sphincterotomy combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and effective therapy for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis with concomitant choledocholithiasis. Recurrent stones did occur, but further studies are needed to compare the incidence of recurrent stones after endoscopic sphincterotomy and after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.

Impaired production of interferon-alpha in whole-blood cultures from patients with renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To determine the immune status of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by estimating the production of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in whole-blood cultures from these patients and from healthy subjects.

PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Peripheral blood (2 mL) was collected from 30 untreated patients (23 men and seven women, mean age 59 years, range 35-78) with RCC and 30 healthy subjects (23 men and seven women, mean age 62 years). The patients with RCC comprised 17 with low-stage (stage I, II) and 13 patients with high-stage (stage III, IV) RCC. Sendai virus was added to the samples and incubated at 37 degrees C for 20 h, the supernatants collected and the activity of IFN-alpha determined by a conventional cytopathic-effect inhibition assay performed in microtitre plates with FL cells and challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus.

RESULTS

The production of IFN-alpha was suppressed significantly in patients with high-stage RCC compared with that in the control subjects (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference when compared to patients with low-stage RCC.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that the immune status of patients with high-stage RCC was impaired significantly and exogenous IFN-alpha therapy might be beneficial clinically for this group.

Preoperative assessment of choledocholithiasis in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

In order to determine the predictive value of noninvasive investigations for choledocholithiasis, we conducted a prospective preoperative study on 82 patients with symptomatic gallstones who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ultrasonography (US), liver function tests and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) were routinely performed in all cases prior to operation. The results showed a strong correlation between noninvasive procedures (liver function tests and US) and the presence of choledocholithiasis as shown by ERC. Using ERC as a reference, the sensitivity and selectivity of ductal dilatation at US and the elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase and total bilirubin in the serum were studied for the detection of common bile duct (CBD) stones. The values of the combination of these tests were also calculated. From receiver operator characteristics curves, the best cut-off point for US in conjunction with ALP was chosen. ERC should be restricted to patients with possible CBD stones, suspected after a combination of the noninvasive US and ALP tests. This study emphasized the necessity and timing of performing ERC as a preoperative modality in the detection of choledocholithiasis in patients who are to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a new trial in the treatment of severe acute suppurative cholecystitis

Seven cases of acute suppurative cholecystitis underwent percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Tainan Municipal Hospital. All the patients had frank septic phenomena clinically, including fever, jaundice, leukocytosis and unstable blood pressure. Organisms were cultured from both blood and bile specimens. Ultrasound-guided transhepatic puncture of the gallbladder was performed for bile drainage, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was subsequently performed two to five days later after the patients had stabilized. No procedure-related complications from either percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage or laparoscopic cholecystectomy were observed. All patients had early recovery, shortened hospital stay and good cosmetic results. These preliminary results show that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe method and can be employed in those patients with symptomatic gallstone associated with suppurative cholecystitis after preoperative biliary drainage.

[Comparison of treatment results of prostatic cancer between radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy]

Between 1982 and 1990, 55 patients with prostate cancer (clinical stage A2-C) underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy at the Public Toyooka Hospital. The patients were subsequently treated either by radical prostatectomy (36 cases) or external radiation therapy (19 cases). The age of the patients varied from 56 to 85 (Mean 73.1). The outcome of the 46 patients with negative lymph node (prostatectomy 31, radiation 15) were compared. The 10-year disease-specific survival rates were 100% for the patients treated by prostatectomy and 78% for those treated by radiation (P = 0.035). The 5-year progression-free survival rates for the prostatectomy group and radiation group were 97% and 56%, respectively (P = 0.013). Among the radiation groups, patients with well differentiated carcinoma showed a lower progression rate as compared to those with moderately or poorly differentiated carcinoma (5-year progression-free survival, 81 vs 20%, P = 0.094). The outcome of the 9 patients with positive lymph node (prostatectomy 5, radiation 4) was not satisfactory because of the high progression rates in the two groups (5 year progression-free survival, 30% in prostatectomy and 25% in radiation group).

[Clinical and statistical studies on prostatic cancer: prognostic value of clinical stage, Gleason score and age]

We assessed the outcome of 200 patients with prostatic cancer treated at the Public Toyooka Hospital from 1980 to 1989. The patient's age varied from 53 to 94 years (mean 76.8). Overall actuarial survival rate at 5 and 10 years were 52% and 25%, respectively. The 5-year survival according to clinical stage was 69% for stage A, 66% for stage B, 43% for stage C and 32% for stage D disease. A significant difference was noted between the survival of patients with stage A or B and those with stage C or D. Patients with Gleason score of less than 7 showed significantly better survival as compared to those with Gleason score of 7 or more (5-year survival, 64% vs 33%). No significant difference was observed between the survival of patients under the age of 75 and those 75 or older.

[Assessment of treatment outcome and prognostic factors of renal cell cancer]

We assessed the treatment outcome of 71 patients (45 men and 26 women) with renal cell cancer treated at the Public Toyooka Hospital from 1969 to 1992. The patient's age varied from 15 to 85 (mean 64). The overall actuarial and disease specific survival rates at 5 years were 55% and 67%, respectively. Statistical analysis of various parameters associated with prognosis was performed. The parameters achieving statistical significance were pT, PV, distant metastasis, grade, histological architecture, cell type, tumor size and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

[Treatment results of total cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer]

We assessed the treatment outcome of total cystectomy for 93 patients (71 men and 22 women) with bladder cancer treated in the Public Toyooka Hospital from 1970 to 1989. Patient age varied from 36 to 87 (mean 67). The overall actuarial survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 51% and 36%, respectively. The 5-year survival rates were 72% for grade 2 and 44% for grade 3 disease. The 5-year survival rates according to the pathological stage were 66% for pT0-1, 51% for pT2, 35% for pT3, 44% for pT4a disease. A statistical difference was noted between the 5-year survival rate of patients with pT0-2 disease and that with pT3. Patients with pT4aN0 disease showed a relatively high survival rate (67%). The 5-year survival rates were 54% for the patients with negative lymph node and 22% for those with positive lymph node. Although we could not demonstrate the efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy, the combination of radiation and chemotherapy was suggested to improve the survival after cystectomy. Patients who received simultaneous urethrectomy showed a higher 5-year survival rate as compared to those who did not.

Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy biliary complications

Radiological imaging and therapeutic interventions were performed in eight patients with biliary complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The diagnostic approach and the outcome of the therapeutic procedures were evaluated. Complications observed were bile leakage from the cystic duct stump (n = 2); erroneous identification of the cystic duct leading to common hepatic duct transection (n = 1) and hepatic duct ligation (n = 2); liver abscess (n = 1); and retained common duct stones (n = 2). Diagnostic ultrasonography is capable of detecting the presence of abnormal fluid collection and the diameter of the common duct with or without the presence of a stone, although bile leaks and retained common duct stones can only be demonstrated by either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Once a bile leak had been confirmed, therapeutic endoscopic biliary stenting was successfully applied in one patient while the other received percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Definitive diagnosis of retained common duct stone was established by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and immediate endoscopic sphincterotomy with stone extraction was performed. Follow-up radiological imaging was done to determine the effectiveness of the therapeutic procedures applied in each patient. All our patients improved clinically, and further surgical intervention was not needed.

The role of ERCP and therapeutic biliary endoscopy in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

The widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of symptomatic gallstones has been associated with an increased use of diagnostic and therapeutic biliary endoscopy to treat common bile duct stones and postoperative complications. In 250 patients with successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 35 were selected for preoperative ERCP evaluation after fitting the criterion of clinical evidence with common bile duct stones (ultrasound and biochemical data). Stones were found in 16 of 35 patients (45.7%). Endoscopic sphincterotomy with stone removal was successfully carried out during the procedure. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed 1 or 2 days after endoscopic sphincterotomy with good result. Only one patient without clinical evidence of common bile duct stones developed postoperative retained stone; he was successfully treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy. Three patients with postoperative bile leakage were successfully treated with endoscopic nasobiliary drainage. Diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP procedures should incorporate the newly developed method of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in order to provide a more safe and minimal invasive therapy.

[Clinical significance of multiple mucosal biopsies in new cases of superficial papillary bladder tumor]

We assessed the clinical significance of multiple mucosal biopsies in new cases of superficial papillary bladder tumor. Biopsy findings were abnormal (5 dysplasia, 5 transitional carcinoma) in 10 of the 71 cases examined. Abnormalities were observed exclusively at G2 or G3, and more frequently at pT1 than pTa. Cases with multiple tumors showed significantly more abnormalities than cases with a solitary tumor. Recurrence rates were not significantly different between the cases with abnormal biopsy findings and those with normal findings. However, the invasive tumor developed more frequently in the former. Mucosal biopsies seemed to be more useful in cases with multiple tumors than in those with a solitary tumor.

Impaired interferon-alpha production in whole-blood cultures from bladder cancer patients

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) production was investigated in whole-blood cultures of 66 bladder cancer patients and 65 control subjects. IFN synthesis was induced with Sendai virus, and IFN activity was assayed in FL cells challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The mean levels of the IFN-alpha produced were 5,724 +/- 2,288 IU/ml in the control subjects and 4,800 +/- 2,353 IU/ml in the bladder cancer patients. IFN-alpha production was significantly suppressed in the bladder cancer patients compared with that in the control subjects (P less than 0.05). The impairment in IFN-alpha production correlated with the tumor grade, and it was shown that the tendency toward decreased IFN-alpha production was closely associated with the advancement of the tumor stage. Our results suggested that the decreased IFN-alpha production may contribute to the disordered immunoregulation in bladder cancer patients.

Insulin increases the synthesis of phospholipid and diacylglycerol and protein kinase C activity in rat hepatocytes

The effects of insulin on phospholipid metabolism and generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and on activation of protein kinase C in rat hepatocytes were compared to those of vasopressin and angiotension II. Insulin provoked increases in [3H]glycerol labeling of phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DAG), and other glycerolipids within 30 s of stimulation. Similar increases were also noted for vasopressin and angiotensin II. Corresponding rapid increases in DAG mass also occurred with all three hormones. As increases in [3H]DAG (and DAG mass) occurred within 30-60 s of the simultaneous addition of [3H]glycerol and hormone, it appeared that DAG was increased, at least partly, through the de novo synthesis of PA. That de novo synthesis of PA was increased is supported by the fact that [3H]glycerol labeling of total glycerolipids was increased by all three agents. Increases in [3H]glycerol labeling of lipids by insulin were not due to increased labeling of glycerol 3-phosphate, and were therefore probably due to activation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Unlike vasopressin, insulin did not increase the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids. Insulin- and vasopressin-induced increases in DAG were accompanied by increases in cytosolic and membrane-associated protein kinase C activity. These findings suggest that insulin-induced increases in DAG may lead to increases in protein kinase C activity, and may explain some of the insulin-like effects of phorbol esters and vasopressin on hepatocyte metabolism.

Neurofibromatosis associated with renovascular hypertension due to stenosis and aneurysm of the left renal segmental artery: report of a case

We report a case of renovascular hypertension due to renal segmental artery stenosis and aneurysm seen in a 16-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis. Hypertension was successfully treated with partial nephrectomy. Histopathologic examination disclosed proliferation of arterial intima not only in the stenotic portion and the aneurysm but also in intralobular arteries of the kidney. Review of the literature revealed that treatment for such patients has varied.

[Complete remission of stage III penile cancer by multidisciplinary treatment: report of a case]

A case of penile cancer with bilateral metastatic inguinal lymph nodes in a 68-year-old male is reported. We used combination chemotherapy with methotrexate, bleomycin, and cisplatin for 2 courses before ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy. The surgical specimen of ilioinguinal lymph nodes revealed no viable tumors. It is clear that this combination therapy was effective against metastatic penile cancer and the role of preoperative chemotherapy is becoming increasingly important in metastatic penile cancer. This chemotherapy and surgical approach deserves additional trial in patients with metastatic penile cancer.

Insulin provokes a transient activation of phospholipase C in the rat epididymal fat pad

Insulin is known to increase the de novo synthesis of inositol phospholipids in rat epididymal fat pads. We presently examined the effects of insulin on the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids in this tissue. Relatively small (30-40%) but significant increases in inositol phosphates (mono-, di-, and tri-) were apparent within 30-60 s of insulin treatment in fat pads (and adipocytes); thereafter, inositol phosphates returned to control levels. These rapid insulin-induced increases in inositol phosphates appeared to be due to phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, since there were associated transient decreases in these lipids during 32P pulse-chase experiments. Increases in the synthesis of inositol phospholipids were also apparent within a few minutes of insulin treatment and persisted for at least 2 h. We conclude that, in the rat epididymal fat pad, insulin has two phospholipid effects, viz. a transient activation of phospholipase C, and a persistent increase in de novo phospholipid synthesis.

Effect of acute and chronic administration of 5-FU on pancreatic secretion

The administration of various dose schedules of 5-FU did not result in any alteration of pancreatic secretion. The findings would not support the thesis that the gastrointestinal side-effects of this potent cancer chemotherapeutic agent are the result of a toxic pancreatic insufficiency.

Preparation and properties of immobilized rubredoxin

Rubredoxin, one of the three protein components of the epoxidation/hydroxylation system of Pseudomonas oleovorans was immobilized by attachment to CNBr-activated agarose (Sepharose 4B). Since this represents the first reported example of the preparation of a water-insoluble derivative of an enzyme of this type, the electron transfer and physical properties of the conjugate were examined in order to allow comparison with those of the soluble enzyme. Immobilized rubredoxin exhibits all of the major spectral properties of the soluble enzyme above 300 nm, but some distortion in the 280 nm abosrbance band was observed. The immobilized enzyme accepts electrons from dithionite or form NADPH in the presence of spinach ferredoxin-NADP reductase, and upon reduction the visible absorbance is bleached. Immobilized rubredoxin mediates the reduction of cytochrome c in the presence of NADPH and spinach reductase, although it is less efficient in this role than soluble rubredoxin. The oxidation-reduction potential of immobilized rubredoxin was determined and found to be similar to that of the soluble enzyme. In the presence of 2.5 m guanidine HCL, the immobilized enzyme is considerably more stable than soluble rubredoxin toward denaturation. After anaerobic reduction, iron was readily removed from immobilized rubredoxin by washing in 0.5 m Tris base, PH 9.5 containing 0.07 M mercaptoethanol, and the resulting immobilized apoenzyme could then be reconstituted to give back a conjugate with the original iron content, as judged from its absorbance at 497 NM. Reptition of the entire reduction-dissociation-reconstitution cycle gave the same results as were obtained after the initial reconstitution.