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Myerson JW, McPherson O, DeFrates KG, Towslee JH, Marcos-Contreras OA, Shuvaev VV, Braender B, Composto RJ, Muzykantov VR, Eckmann DM. Cross-linker-Modulated Nanogel Flexibility Correlates with Tunable Targeting to a Sterically Impeded Endothelial Marker. ACS Nano 2019; 13:11409-11421. [PMID: 31600053 PMCID: PMC7393972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Deformability of injectable nanocarriers impacts rheological behavior, drug loading, and affinity target adhesion. Here, we present atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopy measurements of nanocarrier Young's moduli, tune the moduli of deformable nanocarriers with cross-linkers, and demonstrate vascular targeting behavior that correlates with Young's modulus. Homobifunctional cross-linkers were introduced into lysozyme-dextran nanogels (NGs). Single particle-scale AFM measurements determined NG moduli varying from ∼50-150 kPa for unmodified NGs or NGs with a short hydrophilic cross-linker (2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine), EOD) to ∼350 kPa for NGs modified with a longer hydrophilic cross-linker (4,9-dioxa-1,12-dodecanediamine, DODD) to ∼10 MPa for NGs modified with a longer hydrophobic cross-linker (1,12-diaminododecane, DAD). Cross-linked NGs were conjugated to antibodies for plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP), a caveolar endothelial marker that cannot be accessed by rigid particles larger than ∼100 nm. In previous work, 150 nm NGs effectively targeted PLVAP, where rigid particles of similar diameter did not. EOD-modified NGs targeted PLVAP less effectively than unmodified NGs, but more effectively than DODD or DAD modified NGs, which both yielded low levels of targeting, resembling results previously obtained with polystyrene particles. Cross-linked NGs were also conjugated to antibodies against intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), an endothelial marker accessible to large rigid particles. Cross-linked NGs and unmodified NGs targeted uniformly to ICAM-1. We thus demonstrate cross-linker modification of NGs, AFM determination of NG mechanical properties varying with cross-linker, and tuning of specific sterically constrained vascular targeting behavior in correlation with cross-linker-modified NG mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Wheatley Myerson
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Olivia McPherson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kelsey G. DeFrates
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jenna H. Towslee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Oscar A. Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bruce Braender
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Corresponding Author:
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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