[Exploration and practice of artificial intelligence assisted primary vision health management]

It has attracted much attention worldwide that the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in primary screening and clinical diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. In recent years, this technology has also been widely used in various grass-roots eye disease management, effectively improving the current situation of weak eye disease diagnosis ability and shortage of human resources in primary medical institutions. At present, there is no reference standard or guideline for the management mode, implementation content and management method of vision health management based on this technology, which are in urgent need of standardization. The article described the work mode exploration of AI-assisted grass-roots visual health management in Shanghai and shared practical experience. The aim is to provide reference for other provinces in China to carry out relevant work.

[Soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma japonicum induces macrophage apoptosis in mice]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the dynamic changes of macrophage numbers and apoptosis during Schistosoma japonicum infection, and to investigate the possible mechanisms of macrophage apoptosis induced by S. japonicum soluble egg antigen (SEA).

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice at ages of 6~8 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups, including three experimental groups and a normal control group. Each mouse in the experimental groups was infected with (12 ± 1) cercariae of S. japonicum via the abdominal skin, and all mice in an experimental group were sacrificed 3, 5, 8 weeks post-infection, respectively, while mice in the control group were not infected with S. japonicum cercariae and sacrificed on the day of S. japonicum infection in the experimental group. Mouse liver specimens and peritoneal exudation cells were sampled in each group, and the dynamic changes of macrophage numbers and apoptosis were detected. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were isolated, purified and treated with S. japonicum SEA, PBS and ovalbumin (OVA) in vitro, and the macrophage apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression of BCL-2 protein family members were determined in macrophages using real-time quantitative PCR (qP-CR) and Western blotting assays, and the activation of caspase 3 was determined using flow cytometry and Western blotting. In addition, macrophages were in vitro treated with S. japonicum SEA in presence of a caspase inhibitor, H₂O₂ or N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and the apoptosis of macrophages was detected using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The total macrophage numbers continued to increase in mouse liver [(0.873 ± 0.106) × 106, (2.737 ± 0.460) × 10⁶ and (3.107 ± 0.367) × 10⁶ cells, respectively; F = 81.900, P < 0.01] and peritoneal specimens [(5.282 ± 1.136) × 105, (7.500 ± 1.200) × 10⁵ and (12.800 ± 0.800) × 10⁵ cells, respectively; F = 55.720, P < 0.01] 3, 5 and 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum, and the numbers of apoptotic macrophages also continued to increase in mouse liver [(0.092 ± 0.018) × 10⁶, (0.186 ± 0.025) × 10⁶ and (0.173 ± 0.0270) × 10⁶ cells; F = 57.780, P < 0.01] and peritoneal specimens [(0.335 ± 0.022) × 10⁵, (0.771 ± 0.099) × 10⁵ and (1.094 ± 0.051) × 10⁵ cells; F = 49.460, P < 0.01] 3, 5 and 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum. The apoptotic rate of SEA-treated macrophages [(24.330 ± 0.784)%] was significantly higher than that of PBS-[(18.500 ± 1.077)%] and OVA-treated macrophages [(18.900 ± 1.350)%] (both P values < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the mRNA or protein expression of Bcl-2 [Bcl - 2 mRNA expression: (1.662 ± 0.943) vs. (1.000 ± 0.000), t = 1.215, P > 0.05; BCL protein expression: (0.068 ± 0.004) vs. (0.070 ± 0.005), t = 0.699, P > 0.05], Bax [Bax mRNA expression: (0.711 ± 0.200) vs. (1.000 ± 0.000), t = 2.507, P > 0.05; BAX protein expression: (0.089 ± 0.005) vs. (0.097 ± 0.003), t = 2.232, P > 0.05] and Bak [Bak mRNA expression: (1.255 ± 0.049) vs. (1.00 ± 0.00), t = 0.897, P > 0.05; BAK protein expression: (0.439 ± 0.048) vs. (0.571 ± 0.091), t = 2.231, P > 0.05] between in SEA- and PBS-treated macrophages. S. japonicum SEA induced macrophage apoptosis in the presence of a caspase inhibitor (F = 0.411, P > 0.05); however, SEA failed to induce macrophage apoptosis in the presence of H₂O₂ or NAC (F = 11.880 and 9.897, both P values < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

S. japonicum SEA may induce macrophage apoptosis through promoting reactive oxygen species expression during S. japonicum infections in mice.

[Study on mechanisms of Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with cystic echinococcosis based on miRNA expression profiles]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the serum microRNA (miRNA) expression and examine the impact of miRNA expression profiles on T helper type 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) imbalance among patients with cystic echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into the illustration of the mechanisms underlying chronic Echinococcus granulosus infections, and long-term pathogenesis.

METHODS

Total RNA was extracted from the sera of cystic echinococcosis patients and healthy controls, and subjected to high-throughput sequencing with the Illumina sequencing platform. Known miRNAs were annotated and new miRNAs were predicted using the miRBase database and the miRDeep2 tool, and differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. The target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using the software miRanda and TargetScan, and the intersection was selected for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs with the 20 highest fold changes, miRNAs that targeted genes relating to key transcription factors RORC and FOXP3 that determine the production of Th17 and Treg cells or their important regulatory pathways (PI3K-Akt and mTOR pathways) were matched.

RESULTS

A total of 53 differentially expressed miRNAs were screened in sera of cystic echinococcosis patients and healthy controls, including 47 up-regulated miRNAs and 6 down-regulated miRNAs. GO enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed miRNA were involved DNA transcription and translation, cell components, cell morphology, neurodevelopment and metabolic decomposition, and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed miRNA were mainly involved in MAPK, PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathways. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs with the 20 highest fold changes, there were 3 miRNAs that had a potential for target regulation of RORC, and 15 miRNAs that had a potential to target the PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant changes are found in serum miRNA expression profiles among patients with E. granulosus infections, and differentially expressed miRNAs may lead to Th17/Treg imbalance through targeting the key transcription factors of Th17/Treg or PI3K-Akt and mTOR pathways, which facilitates the long-term parasitism of E. granulosus in hosts and causes a chronic disease.

[Two-year follow-up study in type 2 diabetic patients with mild visual impairment]

Objective: To determine the 2-year visual prognosis in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with mild visual impairment and identify the predictors factors. Method: This was a 2-year population-based cohort study. The study population consisted of 650 type 2 diabetic patients with bilateral mild visual impairment in 2014 who were followed up in 2016. The demographic information, systemic and ophthalmological examination results for each participant was collected. Mild visual impairment was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)<20/25 to ≥20/63, moderate and severe visual impairment was defined as BCVA<20/63 to ≥20/400, blindness was defined as BCVA<20/400 following the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) 2002 definition. The two-year visual prognosis was divided into three groups: visual impairment regression, progression, and stable. Using chi-square test or independent t-test, the predictor factors of visual prognosis and the leading causes of visual impairment were studied. Results: 605 patients completed the follow-up in 2016. Among them, 477 were still bilateral mild visual impairment, accounting for 78.8% (477/605). The level of unilateral or bilateral visual impairment regressed in 8.1% (49/605), while progressed in 13.1% (79/605). Young age (t=2.7, P<0.05), short duration of diabetes (t=2.5, P<0.05), low blood glycemic hemoglobin (t=2.5, P<0.05) and total cholesterol (t=2.8, P<0.05) were associated with regression of visual impairment. Low levels of education (t=5.2, P<0.05), high blood glycemic hemoglobin (t=2.4, P<0.05) and total cholesterol (t=2.4, P<0.05)were associated with progression of visual impairment. Cataracts and diabetic retinopathy were the first and second cause of mild, moderate severe visual impairment or blindness. Conclusions: The percentage of 2-year visual acuity decline is relatively high in type 2 diabetic patients with mild visual impairment. We should strengthen blood glucose and cholesterol control to reduce the progress of visual impairment.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 766-771).

[Controversy and progress on whether to retain left colonic artery in radical resection of rectal cancer]

Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) guideline 2019 recommended that lymph node dissection for advanced rectal cancer should include the lymphatic adipose tissue at the root of the inferior mesenteric vessels, but the ligation site of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) was not determined, and the NCCN guideline did not indicate clearly whether to retain the left colonic artery (LCA). Controversy over whether to retain LCA is no more than whether it can reduce the incidence of anastomotic complications or postoperative functional damage without affecting the patients' oncological outcome. Focusing on the above problems, this paper reviews the latest research progress. In conclusion, it is believed that the advantages of retaining LCA are supported by most studies, which can improve the blood supply of the proximal anastomosis, and technically can achieve the same range of lymph node dissection as IMA high ligation. However, whether it affects the survival of patients, reduces the incidence of anastomotic leakage, and improves the quality of life of patients, more high-quality evidence-based medical evidence is still needed.

[Impact of gender on hepatic pathology and antibody - mediated immunity caused by Schistosoma japonicum infection in C57BL/6 mice]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of gender on hepatic pathology and antibody-mediated immunity in Schistosoma japonicum-infected C57BL/6 mice.

METHODS

Female and male C57BL/6 mice were infected with S. japonicum, and the hepatic pathological changes were observed using HE and picrosirius red staining in mice 8 weeks post-infection. The serum specific IgG antibody levels against the soluble adult worm antigen (SWA) and soluble egg antigen (SEA) were measured in mice using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the percentages of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells were detected in mouse spleen and lymph nodes using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

HE staining showed no significant difference in the mean area of a single hepatic egg granuloma between female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum [(28.050 ± 3.576) × 10⁴ μm² vs. (26.740 ± 4.093) × 10⁴ μm²; t = 0.241, P = 0.821], and picrosirius red staining revealed no statistical differences between female and male mice in terms of the mean proportion of picrosirius red stained hepatic tissues [(7.667 ± 1.856)% vs. (7.667 ± 1.764)%; t = 0, P = 1] or the mean optical density [(0.023 ± 0.003) vs. (0.027 ± 0.007); t = 0.447, P = 0.678]. ELISA detected no significant differences in the serum IgG antibody levels against SWA [(2.098 ± 0.037) vs. (1.970 ± 0.071); t = 1.595, P = 0.162] or SEA [(3.738 ± 0.039) vs. (3.708 ± 0.043); t = 0.512, P = 0.623] between female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum. Flow cytometry detected significantly greater percentages of Tfh cells in the spleen [female mice, (8.645 ± 1.356)% vs. (1.730 ± 0.181)%, t = 5.055, P = 0.002; male mice, (8.470 ± 1.161)% vs. (1.583 ± 0.218)%, t = 5.829, P = 0.001] and lymph nodes [female mice, (3.218 ± 0.153)% vs. (1.095 ± 0.116)%, t = 11.040, P < 0.001; male mice, (3.673 ± 0.347)% vs. (0.935 ± 0.075)%, t = 8.994, P = 0.001) of both female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum than in uninfected mice; however, no significant differences were seen between female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum in terms of the percentages of Tfh cells in the spleen [(8.645 ± 1.356)% vs. (8.470 ± 1.161)%; t = 0.098, P = 0.925] or lymph nodes [(3.218 ± 0.153)% vs. (3.673 ± 0.347)%; t = 1.332, P = 0.241]. There was no significant difference in the proportion of Treg cells in the spleen of male mice between infected and uninfected mice [(10.060 ± 0.361)% vs. (10.130 ± 0.142)%; t = 0.174, P = 0.867], while a higher proportion of Treg cells was seen in the spleen of female mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum than in uninfected mice [(10.530 ± 0.242)% vs. (9.450 ± 0.263)%; t = 3.021, P = 0.023]. There was no significant difference in the proportion of Treg cells in the spleen between female and male mice infected with S. japonicum [(10.530 ± 0.242)% vs. (10.060 ± 0.361)%; t =1.077, P = 0.323]. In addition, the proportions of Treg cells were significantly greater in the lymph node of S. japonicum -infected female [(17.150 ± 0.805)% vs. (13.100 ± 0.265)%; t = 4.781, P = 0.003] and male mice [(18.550 ± 0.732)% vs. (12.630 ± 0.566)%; t = 6.402, P = 0.001] than in uninfected mice; however, no significant difference was seen between female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection [(17.150 ± 0.805)% vs. (18.550 ± 0.732)%; t = 1.287, P = 0.246].

CONCLUSIONS

There are no gender-specific hepatic pathological changes or antibody-mediated immunity in C57BL/6 mice post-infection with S. japonicum.

[Study on immunological functions of heat shock protein 40 kDa of Schistosoma japonicum]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the immunological functions of heat shock protein 40 kDa of Schistosoma japonicum (SjHSP40).

METHODS

The homology of the SjHSP40 protein sequence was analyzed and the B and T cell epitopes of SjHSP40 were predicted using bioinformatics tools. The full-length SjHSP40 gene was amplified using a PCR assay, and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-6P-1, which was transformed into Escherichia coli BL-21. The protein expression was induced with isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPDG), and then, the recombinant protein was purified with glutathione-sepharose 4B resin to yield the fusion protein GST-SjHSP40, which was checked with SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Following immunization with GST-SjHSP40, the serum levels of anti-SjHSP40 IgG antibody and IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes were detected in BALB/c mice using ELISA. In addition, the effect of SjHSP40 on CD4⁺ T-cell subset differentiation was examined using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

SjHSP40 contained 7 potential B cell epitopes and multiple T cell epitopes (CTL epitopes and Th epitopes). The prokaryotic expression plasmid pGEX-6p-1-SjSHP40 was successfully constructed, and the fusion protein GST-SjHSP40 was obtained following IPDG induction and protein purification. Significantly higher serum levels of anti-SjHSP40 IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies were detected in mice immunized with GST-SjHSP40 than in other groups; however, SjHSP40 showed no remarkable effects on CD4⁺ T-cell subset differentiation.

CONCLUSIONS

SjHSP40 may induce specific humoral immune responses in mice; however, it does not affect the balance of Th immune responses. It is suggested that SjHSP40 may be a potential vaccine candidate.

[Antibacterial effectiveness of calcium silicate-based root canal sealer against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in infected dentinal tubules in vitro]

Objective: To evaluate the antiseptic effect of combined using of 5% sodium hypochlorite and calcium silicate-based root canal sealer against Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) biofilms in infected dentinal tubules in vitro. Methods: Cells of Ef were inoculated into the dentinal tubules of single-rooted teeth (without caries, periapical lesions and malformations extracted due to periodontal disease or orthodontic reasons; collected from Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University) with centrifugation and incubated in brain-heart infusion (BHI) to form 3-week-old biofilms. The infected samples were subjected to sodium hypochlorite or sterile water bathing for 10 minutes followed by calcium silicate-based root canal sealer (iRoot SP) (calcium silicate-based group), Gutta-percha group and sterile water group placed on the root canal wall for 1, 4 and 12 weeks. There were two samples in each treatment at each point. The antiseptic effectiveness of combined use of sodium hypochlorite and calcium silicate-based root canal sealer was analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), ANOVA and LSD-t test. Results: After treatment with 5% sodium hypochlorite, in calcium silicate-based group for 4 and 12 weeks more Ef biofilm cells [(75.3±3.5)% and (74.8±3.8)%] were killed than in Gutta-percha group [(65.9±4.1)% and (63.0±3.7)%] and sterile water group [(63.9±4.0)% and (64.2±3.5)%] (P<0.05). After being treated with sterile water, the proportion of dead bacterial cells in calcium silicate-based group for 1, 4 and 12 weeks [(27.5±4.6)%, (43.0±4.4)% and (40.3±6.1)%] were more than those in Gutta-percha group and sterile water group (P<0.05). After being treated with 5% sodium hypochlorite or sterile water, more biofilm bacteria were killed in calcium silicate-based group for 4 and 12 weeks than in calcium silicate-based group for 1 week (P<0.05). Conclusions: The combined use of sodium hypochlorite and calcium silicate-based root canal sealer kills more biofilm cells in infected dentinal tubules.

[Hyperglycemia caused by mutation of GCK gene in 10 patients analysis of clinical and mutation characteristics]

Objective: To explore the gene mutation characteristics and detailed clinical presentations of hyperglycemia caused by GCK mutations in 10 patients. Methods: The clinical and follow-up data of 10 patients with hyperglycemia caused by mutation of GCK gene were reviewed. The patients were ascertained between January 1, 2014 and August 31, 2018 at the Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University and Ningbo Women & Children's Hospital. Clinical data were collected, including age, gender, main complaint, family history, fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, 2-hour blood glucose, 2-hour blood insulin after oral glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody and body mass index. Mutations of GCK gene were detected by Sanger sequencing or high-throughput sequencing of diabetes-related genes in the patients and their family members. Results: There were ten patients, 8 of them were male, 2 were female.The ages at diagnosis varied between 4.7 to 12.3 years. The patients usually did not have obvious clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Most of them were unexpectedly found to have hyperglycemia and with impaired glucose metabolism in three consecutive generations. The fasting blood glucose of patients was 6.8-7.7 mmol/L, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose was 7.8-11.6 mmol/L. Fasting blood insulin was 0.5-8.5 mU/L, glucose tolerance test results showed that 2 h postprondial blood insulin was 1.3-55.4 mU/L. The level of glycosylated hemoglobin was 6.1%-6.8%. Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody was negative in all patients. The GCK mutations identified in patients and one of their parents were located at exon5 (4 cases), exon9 (2 cases), exon2 (1 case), exon4 (1 case), exon6 (1 case) and exon7 (1 case). Conclusions: Most of the hyperglycemia patients caused by GCK mutations did not have typical clinical symptoms of diabetes. The fasting blood glucose was slightly elevated. Abnormal glucose tolerance test results were found in all 10 patients. Three consecutive generations of family had impaired glucose metabolism. GCK mutations located at exon 5 were common in 10 cases. There was no correlation between type of mutations and plasma glucose levels in domestic and international researches. When fasting glucose was found abnormal in clinic, a complete family history should be taken and the GCK gene should be sequenced to confirm the diagnosis in time.

Simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque haemorrhage (SNAP) imaging for cervical artery dissections

AIM

To evaluate the feasibility of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque haemorrhage (SNAP) sequence in identifying cervical artery dissections (CeAD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty-three patients with suspected CeAD underwent the SNAP sequence (including non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography [MRA] and heavy T1-weighting vessel wall images simultaneously in a single scan) and conventional MRI sequences (including three-dimensional [3D] time-of-flight MRA and T1-weighted black-blood imaging [T1W BB]) and cervical vascular ultrasound (CVUS). In diagnosis of CeAD, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of SNAP, and the diagnostic coherence between SNAP and conventional sequences and between SNAP and CVUS was analysed. At follow-up, the absolute signal (AS) and signal index (SI) of the intramural haematoma (IMH) between vessel wall images on SNAP and T1W-BB images were compared. The image quality of SNAP was analysed by comparing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between vessel wall images from the SNAP and T1W-BB sequences.

RESULTS

The SNAP sequence was found to provide good performance in the diagnosis of CeAD (sensitivity 72.2%, specificity 98.2%); good agreement was found between SNAP and conventional sequences (Cohen's κ=0.76, p<0.05); and excellent agreement was found between SNAP and CVUS (Cohen's κ=0.83, p<0.05). There was no significant difference between AS or SI of the IMH of the vessel wall images within the SNAP and T1W-BB sequences during the review. The SNAP sequence had higher SNR of the IMH compared to T1W-BB, T2W-BB, proton-density-weighted volume isotropic turbo-spin-echo acquisition imaging (PD-VISTA) sequences (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The SNAP sequence holds the potential to be preferred choice for screening of patients with a high suspicion of CeAD and for the follow-up of IMH after treatment.

[Killing activity of nonequilibrium plasma against young and old Enterococcus faecalis biofilms with long-term exposure in infected root canals in vitro]

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of nonequilibrium plasma against Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) biofilms in vitro and to obtain novel evidence of root canal disinfection with nonequilibrium plasma. Methods: Sterile cover slips and single-rooted canals were filled with Ef and incubated to form 1-week-old and 3-week-old biofilms, respectively. The infected samples were subjected to nonequilibrium plasma, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and saline for 3, 10 and 30 minutes, respectively. After treatment, the killing effectiveness of nonequilibrium plasma was analyzed by using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and colony forming unit (CFU) counting. Results: The 3-dimentional reconstruction LSCM images showed that about 48.3%-79.8% of 1-week-old Ef biofilm cells and 40.0%-67.4% of 3-week-old biofilm cells were killed by nonequilibrium plasma and 2% CHX compared to saline (P<0.05). The proportion of killing activity was lower after 3 minutes (40.0%-50.9% killing) than after 10 minutes (65.3%-77.8% killing) and 30 minutes (66.4%-79.8% killing) (P<0.05). And the killing of biofilm bacteria was fastest during the first 3 minutes (13.3%-17.0% killing per minute) and slow down greatly after 10 minutes. Remarkably more bacteria were killed in 1-week-old Ef biofilms (48.3%-79.8% killing) than in 3-week-old biofilms (P<0.05). Conclusions: The nonequilibrium plasma killed more Ef biofilm cells in infected root canals showed promotional as an additional approach against bacterial biofilms during root canal disinfection.

Simple method for liquid analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

As a fast-developing technique for in situ multi-element analysis method, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy - LIBS is, however, developing slowly on liquid analysis due to some technical difficulties. We propose a new method, namely capillary mode, to quantify the concentrations of the elements in solution using LIBS. A Nd:YAG laser with repetition of 10 Hz were used to analyze the solution of Na₂CrO₄ and no any sample preparation in measurements. The experimental results show that the splashing of liquid induced by laser pulses is decreased significantly and the pollution of mirrors is avoided effectively using liquid capillary mode. The results of quantitative analysis for liquid are also improved than other method. The calibration curves of Cr and Na are well characterized by straight lines and the regression coefficient values of the linear fit are better than 0.998. The limits of detection (LODs) of Cr and Na are determined to be 28.9 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L in this work, respectively. The experimental results show that the liquid capillary mode provides a more practical and very simple approach to improve accuracy of quantitative element analysis in liquids by LIBS technique.

Jie-du granule preparation for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study of 177 patients

OBJECTIVE

To compare the clinical efficacy of Jie-du granule preparation versus best supportive treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was carried out in patients with advanced liver cancer. Patients were divided into Jie-du granule treatment (JD) and best supportive treatment (BST) groups. The main outcomes included median overall survival time.

RESULTS

A total of 177 patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C receiving JD granule treatment or BST were enrolled between January 2012 and December 2014. The overall median survival time was 6.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.546-7.854) in the JD group versus 4 months (95% CI 3.471-4.529) in the BST group. Significant independent risk factors were alpha-fetoprotein (P = 0.048), Child-Pugh class (P = 0.005), vascular invasion (P = 0.003), and extrahepatic metastasis (P = 0.0018). For patients with two or fewer of these independent risk factors, the overall median survival of those treated with JD was significantly longer than that of patients receiving BST (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Jie-du granule preparation may prolong survival of patients with advanced HCC.

[Association between body mass index and its change and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk in a prospective study]

Objective: To investigate the influence of body mass index (BMI) and its change on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in an adult cohort. Methods: A total of 3 043 subjects randomly selected among those without T2DM at baseline survey from the Rural Deqing Health Cohort Study were included into this study and follow up was conducted for 1 867 of them from July to November 2015. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their baseline BMI, normal group (BMI<24.0), overweight group (BMI: 24.0-27.9) and obese group (BMI≥28.0) and the subjects with stable weight (BMI change of-0.05 to + 0.05 per year) were used as the referent category. Cox proportional model was used to estimate associations between BMI, its changes and T2DM. Results: With an average of (8.68±1.25) person years, 213 new T2DM cases, including 125 females were detected, and incidence density was 13.14 per 1 000 person years. After adjusted for other covariates, the risk for incidence of T2DM was significantly higher in subjects with baseline BMI≥28.0 kg/m² than those with baseline BMI<24.0 kg/m² (aHR=2.12, 95% CI: 1.22-3.68), and weight gains were strongly associated with the incidence of T2DM in those with baseline BMI< 24.0 kg/m² (aHR=2.21, 95%CI:1.17-4.17). Conclusion: Both BMI and its change were significantly associated with incidence of T2DM, especially in the population with BMI<24.0 kg/m² at baseline.

[A cross-sectional study of cataract in residents with type 2 diabetes living in Xinjing Town, Shanghai]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of cataract in type 2 diabetic individuals. Methods: Geographically defined cluster sampling method was used in this population-based, cross-sectional study. There were 7 756 type 2 diabetes individuals in Xinjing Town with a residential population of 88 864. The type 2 diabetic individuals were randomly selected from 20 basic sample units in Xinjing Town of Changning District from April to June 2016. All participants received visual acuity measurement and eye examination. The standard of lens opacity assessment was according to the Lens Opacities Classification SystemⅡ(LOCSⅡ). The prevalence of cataract in diabetic individuals was calculated with LOCS≥2. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relevant factors of cataract in type 2 diabetic individuals. Results: A total of 1 719 type 2 diabetic individuals were included in the analysis. There were 682 men (39.67%) and 1 037 women (60.33%) in this population. There were 434 cataract individuals and the prevalence of cataract was 25.25%. There were 269 cases of nuclear type (15.7%), 38 cases of cortical type (2.2%), 2 cases of posterior subcapsular type (0.12%) and 42 cases of mixed type (2.4%) in the 1 719 individuals. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age (P<0.001), duration of diabetes (P<0.001), education (P=0.005), fasting blood glucose (P(6.1-7.7mmol/L)=0.025, P(7.8-24.3mmol/L)=0.022, compared with 3.6-6.0 mmol/L of fasting blood glucose), and ocular axial length (P<0.001) were associated with cataract. Conclusion: Cataract is a common ophthalmic disease in adults with type 2 diabetes in Xinjing Town. Regular screening of diabetes in the high risk population and intensive control of both glucose and blood pressure in diabetic patients are recommended to prevent and delay the development of cataract. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 489-494).

[A cross-sectional study of moderate or severe visual impairment and blindness in residents with type 2 diabetes living in Xinjing Town, Shanghai]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence, underlying causes and risk factors of moderate or severe visual impairment and blindness in a population with type 2 diabetes in Xinjing Town, Shanghai, China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among local Han adult residents, who were previously diagnosed as type 2 diabetes, was conducted between October 2014 and January 2015. The survey was preceded by a pilot study; operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out. The best corrected visual acuity was recorded and classified following the modified World Health Organization grading system. Assigned ophthalmic doctors assured the leading causes of every blind or visually impaired eye. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the related factors of blindness and moderate or severe visual impairment. Results: A total of 2 216 type 2 diabetic residents were enrolled, and 166 eyes (3.7%, 166/4 432) were blind. Cataract was the leading cause of blindness (39.8%); macular degeneration (18.0%) and eyeball atrophy (11.4%) were the second and third leading causes of blindness, respectively. Moderate or severe visual impairment was found in 376 eyes (8.5%, 376/4 432), and the most frequent cause was cataract (65.7%), followed by diabetic retinopathy (9.8%) and macular degeneration (9.4% ). Older age, female gender, earlier onset diabetes and a lower spherical equivalent in the better eye were associated with best corrected visual acuity<20/63 in the better eye. Conclusion: The prevalences of moderate or severe visual impairment and blindness in our population with type 2 diabetes were high. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 825-830).

[The study of establishment of the " Chinese provincial Blindness prevention technical guidance group performance evaluation system"]

Objective: To establish an assessment system, including indexes and scoring methods, that can be used for performance evaluation of the provincial blindness prevention technical guidance group properly and effectively . Methods: The indexes and scoring methods were set based on the core content of The " National Plan of Prevention and Treatment of Blindness (2012-2015)" , the specific requirement and target of the World Health Organization (WHO) "For the General Eye Health: Global plan of Action (2014-2019)" , and the current situation of the China's provinces and autonomous regions. These indexes should be of effectiveness, feasibility, comparability, guidance and advancing. Formed by a literature review of candidate indicators, the framework of the system is built by qualitative assessment. With the Delphi method, the system was further revised and improved. Empirical pilot study was then used to prove the feasibility, followed by the final qualitative analysis that establish the " Chinese provincial Blindness prevention technical guidance group performance evaluation system" . Results: Through the literature review and qualitative assessment, a six dimensional system framework was built, including 6 first-level indicators, 16 second-level indicators, and 29 third-level indicators through Delphi method evaluation. With the variation coefficient method, the coeffiences of the first-level index weight were calculated as: Organization and management 0.15, Development and implementation of blindness prevention plans 0.15, Implementation of blindness prevention projects 0.14, Training 0.17, Health education 0.18, and Cooperation and exchanges 0.21. The specific scoring method for this system is confirmed as: data and files check, field interview, and record interview, sampling investigation. Empirical pilot study was conducted in the Jilin, Guizhou and Gansu provinces, and the self-assessment results from local experts were consistent with the scores from the systems. Conclusion: This system established is appropriate at current time, and it can effectively evaluate the performance of the Chinese provincial Blindness prevention technical guidance group. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52:814-824).

Molecular characterization of a Han Chinese family with essential hypertension

Mutations in the mitochondrial genome have been found to be associated with essential hypertension. Here, we report the clinical and molecular characterization of a three-generation Han Chinese family with maternally inherited hypertension. Most strikingly, this pedigree exhibited a high penetrance of hypertension. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial genome showed the presence of a homoplasmic T16189C mutation in the D-loop and the intergenic CO2/tRNA(Lys) 9-bp common deletion, as well as a set of polymorphisms belonging to the East Asia haplogroup B5b1. The well-known T16189C mutation, which is in the first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial control region, is implicated to be associated with a wide range of clinical disorders. Moreover, the genetic polymorphism 9-bp common deletion is found to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in the Han Chinese population. Thus, the combination of T16189C mutation and the 9-bp deletion may have caused mitochondrial dysfunction and contributed to the development of essential hypertension in this Chinese family.

Enhanced xylitol production: Expression of xylitol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter oxydans and mixed culture of resting cell

Xylitol has numerous applications in food and pharmaceutical industry, and it can be biosynthesized by microorganisms. In the present study, xdh gene, encoding xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), was cloned from the genome of Gluconobacter oxydans CGMCC 1.49 and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Sequence analysis revealed that XDH has a TGXXGXXG NAD(H)-binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, and belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. And then, the enzymatic properties and kinetic parameter of purified recombinant XDH were investigated. Subsequently, transformations of xylitol from d-xylulose and d-arabitol, respectively, were studied through mixed culture of resting cells of G. oxydans wild-type strain and recombinant strain BL21-xdh. We obtained 28.80 g/L xylitol by mixed culture from 30 g/L d-xylulose in 28 h. The production was increased by more than three times as compared with that of wild-type strain. Furthermore, 25.10 g/L xylitol was produced by the mixed culture from 30 g/L d-arabitol in 30 h with a yield of 0.837 g/g, and the max volumetric productivity of 0.990 g/L h was obtained at 22 h. These contrast to the fact that wild-type strain G. oxydans only produced 8.10 g/L xylitol in 30 h with a yield of 0.270 g/g. To our knowledge, these values are the highest among the reported yields and productivity efficiencies of xylitol from d-arabitol with engineering strains.

Biological observations on the crocodile shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai

Sex ratios and gravid characteristics were analysed for the crocodile shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai from the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Gravid females ranged from 80 to 102 cm fork length (L(F) ). The mode litter size was four (two embryos per uterus), mean embryo length was linearly correlated with maternal length (r = 0·465, n = 32); there was no significant difference in L(F) between female and male embryos.

Ethene adsorption and dehydrogenation on clean and oxygen precovered Ni(111) studied by high resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The adsorption and thermal evolution of ethene (ethylene) on clean and oxygen precovered Ni(111) was investigated with high resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation at BESSY II. The high resolution spectra allow to unequivocally identify the local environment of individual carbon atoms. Upon adsorption at 110 K, ethene adsorbs in a geometry, where the two carbon atoms within the intact ethene molecule occupy nonequivalent sites, most likely hollow and on top; this new result unambiguously solves an old puzzle concerning the adsorption geometry of ethene on Ni(111). On the oxygen precovered surface a different adsorption geometry is found with both carbon atoms occupying equivalent hollow sites. Upon heating ethene on the clean surface, we can confirm the dehydrogenation to ethine (acetylene), which adsorbs in a geometry, where both carbon atoms occupy equivalent sites. On the oxygen precovered surface dehydrogenation of ethene is completely suppressed. For the identification of the adsorbed species and the quantitative analysis the vibrational fine structure of the x-ray photoelectron spectra was analyzed in detail.

Association of the CD226 single nucleotide polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus in the Chinese Han population

A novel non-synonymous (Gly307Ser) variant, rs763361, of the CD226 gene on chromosome 18q22 was recently shown to be associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Taking into consideration that different autoimmune diseases may share some common pathogenic pathways, in this study we performed case-control studies to assess any genetic linkage with systemic lupus erythemtosus (SLE). An association between the Gly307Ser single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and susceptibility to SLE was identified. The TT genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-3.01, P = 0.025] and the T allele (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.05-1.74, P = 0.018) of the rs763361 SNP were associated with the risk of SLE. This finding indicates that polymorphism of Gly307Ser (rs763361) in exon 7 of the CD226 gene may be associated with the development of SLE.

Down-regulation of mitochondrial ATPase by hypermethylation mechanism in chronic myeloid leukemia is associated with multidrug resistance

BACKGROUND

To identify novel proteins involved in multidrug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Comparative proteomics was used to screen multidrug resistance-related proteins from K562 and K562/A02; the differently expressed proteins were further confirmed by western blot and real-time PCR. short hairpin RNA (shRNA) assay was applied to determine the relationship between candidate protein and adriamycin resistance. Bisulfite sequencing was carried out to assess methylation status of candidate multidrug resistance-related gene promoter. K562/A02 was treated with 5-azacytidine or trichostatin A (TSA); multidrug resistance phenotype and corresponding protein or gene changes were detected.

RESULTS

Seventeen proteins with altered abundances of more than twofold were detected, among which mitochondrial ATPase in K562/A02 was significantly down-regulated. Suppressing mitochondrial ATPase by shRNA could enhance adriamycin resistance and antiapoptosis activity of K562. The promoter hypermethylation in mitochondrial ATPase was found to be attributed to the adriamycin-resistant phenotype of both K562/A02 (methylated frequency 18.18%) and CML primary cells in accelerated phase (methylated frequency 7.95%) or blast crisis (methylated frequency 26.59%). Inhibition of hypermethylation increased adriamycin sensitivity of K562/A02. A synergistic effect on reversing adriamycin-resistant phenotype was obtained when 5-azacytidine was combined with TSA.

CONCLUSION

Down-regulation of mitochondrial ATPase can lead to adriamycin resistance in CML and the mechanism is associated with DNA methylation regulation.

A site-selective in situ study of CO adsorption and desorption on Pt(355)

Using time-dependent high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at BESSY II, the adsorption and desorption processes of CO on stepped Pt(355) = Pt[5(111) x (111)] were investigated. From a quantitative analysis of C 1s data, the distribution of CO on the various adsorption sites can be determined continuously during adsorption and desorption. These unique data show that the terrace sites are only occupied when the step sites are almost saturated, even at temperatures as low as 130 K. The coverage-dependent occupation of on-top and bridge adsorption sites on the (111) terraces of Pt(355) is found to differ from that on Pt(111), which is attributed to the finite width of the terraces and changes in adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. In particular, no long-range order of the adsorbate layer could be observed by low-energy electron diffraction. Further details are derived from sticking coefficient measurements using the method devised by King and Wells [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 339, 245 (1974)] and temperature-programmed desorption. The CO saturation coverage is found to be slightly smaller on the stepped surface as compared to that on Pt(111). The initial sticking coefficient has the same high value of 0.91 for both surfaces.

Kinetics of the CO oxidation reaction on Pt(111) studied by in situ high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

High-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the kinetics of the CO oxidation reaction on a Pt(111) surface in situ. The study focuses on the interaction of a preadsorbed p(2x2) layer of atomic oxygen with CO dosed using a supersonic molecular beam. Measurements of O 1s and C 1s spectra at 120 K show that CO adsorbs on the oxygen precovered substrate, but no reaction occurs. A maximum CO coverage of 0.23 ML (monolayer) is observed, with CO exclusively bound on on-top sites. In accordance with the literature, bridge sites are blocked by the presence of atomic oxygen. The reaction of CO with preadsorbed O to CO(2) is studied isothermally in a temperature range between 275 and 305 K. The reaction rate initially increases with CO pressure, but saturates at 9x10(-7) mbar. The data indicate that a certain amount of disordered oxygen within the p(2x2) layer acts as a starting point of the reaction and for a given temperature reacts with a higher rate than O in the well-ordered oxygen p(2x2) phase. For the reaction of CO with this ordered phase, the results confirm the assumption of a reaction mechanism, which is restricted to the edges of compact oxygen islands. The activation energy of the reaction is determined to (0.53+/-0.04) eV, with a prefactor of 4.7x10(6+/-0.7) s(-1).

Endoscopic endocrine neck surgery with carbon dioxide insufflation: the effect on intracranial pressure

Background

The endoscopic approach to the thyroid and parathyroid glands requires insufflation with carbon dioxide at 10–15 mmHg. This may decrease the cerebral venous return and increase intracranial pressure (ICP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbon dioxide neck insufflation on ICP and haemodynamic variables.

Methods

Twelve 25-kg pigs underwent endoscopic thyroid dissection using carbon dioxide insufflation at 0 mmHg (sham), 10 mmHg (G10), 15 mmHg (G15) and 20 mmHg (G20). Three pigs were used in each group. ICP, mean arterial pressure, central venous blood pressure (CVP), cardiac output and blood gas were measured at baseline, 30, 60 and 120 min.

Results

There were no differences in mean ICP between the sham group and G10. However, ICP significantly increased in G15 and G20. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide was similar in G10 and G15 (mean(s.d.) 49·8(2·4) and 49·8(5·2) mmHg respectively at 120 min), while it was dramatically increased in G20 (63·1(6·9) mmHg at 120 min). Haemodynamic parameters were stable in all groups except for G20 in which CVP significantly increased with respect to baseline (8·5(2·1) versus 1·3(1·5) mmHg; P &lt; 0·01). Jugular vein collapse occurred during endoscopic dissection at all insufflation pressures, but pigs operated at 10 mmHg were able to maintain an intermittent blood flow.

Conclusion

A severe increase in ICP occurs with insufflation pressures higher than 15 mmHg, possibly owing to decreased cervical venous blood flow. Carbon dioxide insufflation up to 10 mmHg does not alter ICP, and is recommended for clinical application in endoscopic endocrine neck surgery.

Laparoscopic treatment of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

The appropriate surgical treatment for severe acute pancreatitis has been disputed for a long time. Herein we describe our experience with the laparoscopic treatment of this disease.

METHODS

Ten patients, seven male and three female, with an average age of 55 years were diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis. All cases but one were found to be without biliary stones by ultrasonic and CT scans. Laparoscopic exploration, irrigation, drainage, and decompression of the pancreas were performed. Further treatment, including gastric decompression, irrigation via the drainage tubes, antibiotics, somatostatin, and parenteral nutrition, was continued in all patients following the laparoscopic procedures.

RESULTS

Nine patients recovered successfully; one died from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) soon after the operation. The hospital stay was 10-30 days.

CONCLUSIONS

The laparoscopic era offers new hope for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. The technique can be used to determine the pathologic extent of the disease, to irrigate and drain the abdominal cavity, and to decompress the pancreas. Almost every surgical procedure for acute pancreatitis can be performed laparoscopically.

Hepatic outflow occlusion in laparoscopic hepatectomy

BACKGROUND

The application of laparoscopic techniques to major hepatic resection has been limited by the risk of hepatic vein laceration leading to massive bleeding or gas embolism. A balloon catheter has therefore been designed to occlude hepatic vein flow during experimental laparoscopic hepatectomy.

METHODS

The procedure was attempted in 8 pigs weighing around 50 kg and submitted to laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy. A specially designed balloon catheter was inserted via the femoral vein and advanced into the retrohepatic segment of inferior vena cava (IVC). After inflation of the balloon with 17 ml contrast, angiography confirmed complete occlusion of this segment, while a central rigid channel allowed passage of blood from IVC to right atrium. Haemodynamic studies were performed during resection of the left and left paramedial lobes of the liver, which was completed laparoscopically using ultrasonic coagulating shears and vascular linear staplers.

RESULTS

Inflation of the balloon reduced mean arterial pressure to 75-79% and central venous pressure to 29-42% of baseline values, while cardiac output also fell (to 69-73% of basal). IVC blood flow decreased to 58% and hepatic venous flow to only 16% of pre-inflation values. Left hemihepatectomy was successfully achieved by the laparoscopic route in all 8 animals with a mean balloon inflation time of 30 min and blood loss of 166 ml. Haemodynamic indices returned to normal after deflation of the balloon at the end of the resection.

DISCUSSION

This preliminary study shows that hepatic venous outflow can be occluded by this special balloon catheter and that animals can tolerate the associated haemodynamic disturbance. Similar techniques in man might permit major hepatectomy to be safely achieved by a laparoscopic approach.

Endoscopic endocrine neck surgery with carbon dioxide insufflation: the effect on intracranial pressure in a large animal model

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic endocrine neck surgery requires insufflation with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) at 10 to 15 mm Hg, which may decrease the cerebral venous return and increase intracranial pressure. This study evaluated the effect of CO(2) neck insufflation on intracranial pressure (ICP) and hemodynamic parameters.

METHODS

Fifteen pigs underwent endoscopic thyroid dissection. Insufflation was performed with CO(2) at 0 (sham), 10, 15, and 20 mm Hg and with helium at 20 mm Hg with 3 pigs in each group. ICP, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output, and blood gas were measured at baseline, 30, 60, and 120 minutes.

RESULTS

There were no differences in mean ICP between the sham group and CO(2) insufflation at 10 mm Hg. Mean ICP increased significantly with CO(2) at 15 and 20 mm Hg and with helium at 20 mm Hg. A significant increase in CVP occurred in pigs operated with CO(2) at 20 mm Hg. We observed jugular vein collapse under all insufflation pressures; however, pigs operated at 10 mm Hg were able to maintain an intermittent blood flow.

CONCLUSIONS

A severe increase in ICP occurs with insufflation pressures higher than 15 mm Hg, possibly as a result of decreased cervical venous blood flow. Carbon dioxide insufflation up to 10 mm Hg does not alter ICP and is recommended for clinical application in endoscopic neck surgery.

Minimally invasive spine surgery: an animal model for endoscopic approach to the anterior cervical and upper thoracic spine

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive video-assisted techniques are currently used for thoracic and lumbar spine surgery with the aim of reducing the morbidity. Recently, an endoscopic approach has been used for endocrine neck surgery, with reduced pain and improved cosmetic results.

PURPOSE

To develop an animal model for an endoscopic neck approach to the anterior cervical and upper thoracic spine.

METHODS

Five pigs were used. A combination of one 5- and two 3-mm laparoscopic instruments was used to dissect the spine, and dedicated instrumentation was then used to perform discectomies. Carbon dioxide was insufflated at 10 mm Hg. Dissection was carried out upward and downward on the anterior aspect of the spine; discectomy was performed at various levels and evaluated at autopsy.

RESULTS

All pigs tolerated the procedure well. Visibility of the cervical spine was excellent, and exposure from C1 to T3 was obtained. For discectomy, an additional 10-mm trocar was inserted, and discectomy of C3-C4 and C4-C5 was performed. Proper location and adequacy were confirmed at autopsy.

CONCLUSION

The endoscopic neck approach allows exposure of the entire cervical spine and the upper thoracic spine in the porcine model. This approach has the potential to reduce the morbidity associated with the open cervical approach and provides a wider view and exposure than conventional open surgery. The availability of the porcine model allows the acquisition of the necessary technical skills before introducing this advanced procedure in humans.

Cloning of a cDNA encoding a nerve growth factor precursor from the Agkistrodon halys Pallas

Based on the high conservation in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of NGF cDNAs, oligonucleotides complementary to all these known sequences were synthesized. By RT-PCR, we successfully isolated the complementary DNA encoding NGF precursor from the Agkistrodon halys Pallas (a Chinese snake strain). The nucleotide sequence which presents 90.5%, 88.6% and 63.4% homology to that of Krait Bungarus multicinctus, cobra and human NGF respectively, encoded a prepro-NGF molecule with 241 amino acids and a mature NGF molecule with 119 amino acids. The NGF cDNA inserts were subcloned into pCDNA3 expression vector and then transfected into COS-7 cells. The supernatant of the transfected cells turned out NGF biological activity as assayed by the survival rate of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.

Identification of a serine protease with nerve growth promoting activity from snake venom

A new protein with nerve growth promoting activity was purified from the crude venom of the Agkistrodon halys Pallas, a Chinese snake. Its amino-terminal sequence unexpectedly showed high homology with serine proteases, suggesting that it is a new member of the serine protease family. It also cross-reacted with antibodies against thrombin-like enzyme and possessed weak arginine esterase activity, amounting to about 3% of the activity of trypsin. However, its nerve growth promoting activity was comparable to that of nerve growth factor (NGF). It was named NGF-like protease (NLP). Northern blot analysis further demonstrated different patterns of induction of c-myc, vgf and trkA mRNA transcription in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells treated with NGF and NLP, respectively. These data suggested that NLP represents a novel potent neurotrophic factor.

Talon cusp with associated adjacent supernumerary tooth

Talon cusp may occur with other dental anomalies. A case is reported in which talon cusp is associated with a supernumerary tooth, suggesting genetic inheritance as a causative factor.

Posterior crossbites in children

Posterior crossbite, the most common malocclusion in young children, can be caused by a variety of skeletal, muscular, or dental factors. This condition produces insufficient maxillary arch width and is frequently associated with various oral sucking and postural habits. If left untreated, this problem can result in adverse skeletal growth changes. Various mechanical treatment modalities designed to expand the posterior maxillary arch width are available to correct this problem. The appropriate treatment method depends on the patient's age and level of cooperation as well as the determined etiology of the constriction.

Dental management of children with asthma

Asthma affects about 1 in 10 children. The condition is characterized by acute respiratory distress brought on by environmental factors. The condition is treated with medications aimed to reduce reaction to stimulants by the airway. Dental management involves attention to the status of the patient and awareness of stimulants of the reactive airway. Clinical recommendations are provided.

Psoriasis: pathophysiology and oral manifestations

Psoriasis is a chronic, remitting and relapsing inflammatory skin disorder with a strong genetic predisposition. Psoriasis affects 1-3% of the world's population in their early lives representing a disabling condition with significant social and economic impact. Despite a great deal of research on the etiology and tissue destruction mechanisms, the disease is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to provide current information from the literature with a special focus on oral manifestations. The major signs and symptoms presented in the oral environment of a psoriasis patient may include geographic tongue, fissure tongue, gingival and/or mucosal lesions. Inflammatory temporomandibular joint lesions have been reported in less than 5% of psoriasis patients. Multiple treatment strategies, be they topical or systemic, have been applied to these patients for symptom relief but not for cure.

Supernumerary and congenitally absent teeth: a literature review

This review article examines supernumerary teeth as to prevalence, location, clinical and radiographic appearance, etiology, complications and management of supernumerary teeth; congenital absence of teeth as to prevalence and location, clinical features and complications, etiology, treatment considerations, and coexistance of supernumeraries and congenital absence of teeth.

[Changes in lipids, bilirubin and metal elements in the gallbladder bile in patients with cirrhosis of the liver]

The aim of this study is to observe the changes of bile elements in patients with cirrhosis of liver and to analyse the relationship with stone formation. The gallbladder bile in 24 patients with cirrhosis of liver was obtained with aspiration during operation. The levels of lipids, bilirubin and various metal elements such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, and zinc in the bile were determined. Elevated unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) level (P < 0.02) and decreased levels of total bile acid (TBA) (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (P < 0.001), phospholipids (PL) (P < 0.05) and bile viscosity (P < 0.001) were found. The levels of potassium, magnesium, copper and zinc in the bile decreased (all P values less than 0.001), while the level of iron increased (P < 0.02) significantly in cirrhotic patients. The results showed that there is an obvious tendency for gallbladder bile in cirrhotic patients to form pigment stones.

MCP-1-stimulated monocyte attachment to laminin is mediated by beta 2-integrins

Migration of monocytes to sites of inflammation involves a series of attachments and detachments to extracellular matrix proteins. We examined the capacity of a chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), to regulate attachment of human monocytes to laminin, collagen I, collagen IV, or fibronectin. MCP-1 increased monocyte attachment to laminin in a dose- and time-dependent manner and stimulated a lesser increase to the other matrix proteins. Function-blocking monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the integrin beta 2-subunit (CD18), including Fab' fragments and alpha M (CD11b) blocked > 70% of attachment, whereas MAbs to the beta 1-integrin subunit reduced attachment by < 30%. This suggests that the CD11b/CD18 integrin is the predominant molecule involved in adhesion of MCP-1-stimulated monocytes to laminin. The association of CD11b with F-actin illustrated by confocal microscopy further supports this concept. In contrast, when monocytes were stimulated with the beta 1-stimulatory MAb TS2/16, monocyte adhesion to laminin occurred through beta 1-integrins. Thus MCP-1 can stimulate monocyte attachment to laminin, and this process is mediated through beta 2-integrins, principally CD11b/CD18.

Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in human osteoblastic cells stimulated by proinflammatory mediators

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) is a member of the chemokine superfamily of genes that induces chemotaxis of monocytes in inflammatory processes. The effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25(OH)2D3 on MCP-1 expression in human osteoblastic cells were compared. Inflammatory or proinflammatory cytokines stimulated the production of MCP-1 in normal human osteoblastic cells as determined by RIA. The osteotrophic mediators PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 and PDGF-BB had no effect on MCP-1 expression. In further studies, the steady-state mRNA and MCP-1 protein levels in two human osteoblastic cell lines, MG-63 and SaOS-2, were examined. MCP-1 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels was greatly increased by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. At the mRNA level, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha strongly induced MCP-1 expression; TGF-beta and IL-6 induced MCP-1 but to a lesser extent. No significant changes in MCP-1 mRNA or MCP-1 protein secretion were observed when cells were treated with PDGF-BB, PTH, and 1,25(OH)2D3. When tested on preosteoclasts, MCP-1 was shown to have no effect on the formation of multinucleated, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclastic cells.

[Gallbladder contractile function in patients with portal hypertension]

Gallbladder fat meal-stimulated contractile function and its relation with portal hemodynamic changes in patients with portal hypertension were observed using ultrasonic pulsed Doppler duplex system. The results showed that the patients gallbladder contractile function decreased significantly and there was a negative correlation between gallbladder empty rate and portal vein diameter, congestion index and blood flow volume. It was suggested that the decreased gallbladder empty rate may be one of the causes in gallstone formation in cirrhotic patients.