[Clinical observation on the treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine using 3D printed self-stable zero-profile artificial vertebral body]

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of a 3D printed self-stable zero-profile artificial vertebral body for anterior cervical corpectomy decompression and fusion in the treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, patients diagnosed with OPLL in Luohe Central Hospital from January to July 2022 were divided into a zero-profile group (3D printed self-stable zero-profile artificial vertebral body was used for internal fixation and fusion after anterior cervical subtotal decompression,) and titanium-mesh group (titanium-mesh and titanium plate were used for internal fixation and fusion after anterior cervical subtotal decompression) according to envelope random method. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and improvement rate, incidence of postoperative prosthesis subsidence, and bone graft fusion were recorded and compared between the two groups. Results: Finally, 21 patients in the zero notch group and 20 patients in the titanium mesh group were included in the study and were followed-up. In the zero-profile group, there were 16 males and 5 females, aged (48.0±12.7) years. In the titanium-mesh group, there were 14 males and 6 females, aged (49.8±10.2) years. All the 41 patients successfully completed the operation. In the zero-profile group, the surgical time was (50.04±8.45) minutes, the blood loss was (95.38±26.07) ml and the hospitalization cost was (42.32±6.12) thousand yuan. In the titanium-mesh group, the surgical time was (59.20±11.95) minutes, the blood loss was (93.10±27.86) ml and the hospitalization cost was (42.10±6.71) thousand yuan. The surgical time in the zero-profile group was shorter than that in the titanium-mesh group (P=0.007), and there was no statistically significant difference in blood loss and hospitalization costs between the two groups (both P>0.05). The 41 patients were followed-up for (14.29±1.45) months. Four cases (20.0%) in the titanium mesh group experienced swallowing difficulties and 0 cases in the zero incision group, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.048). No intraoperative hematoma, spinal cord nerve recompression, airway crisis, incision infection complications, and no steel plate or screw breakage or displacement occurred after surgery. At the last follow-up, all cases had bone fusion. At the follow-up of 12 months after surgery, the JOA score of the zero incision group increased from preoperative (10.33±1.71) points to (15.47±0.81) points, with an improvement rate of 76.1%±15.7%; the JOA score of the titanium mesh group increased from (10.30±1.75) points to (15.30±0.92) points, with an improvement rate of 73.2%±16.7%; there was no statistically significant difference in improvement rate between the two groups (P=0.580). At the follow-up of 12 months after surgery, 1 case (4.8%) in the zero incision group and 8 cases (40.0%) in the titanium mesh group experienced implant sinking, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.009). Conclusion: Compared with titanium-mesh, 3D printed self-stable zero-profile artificial vertebral body for the treatment of OPLL of the cervical spine can achieve good surgical efficacy, shorter surgical time, lower incidence of postoperative chronic swallowing discomfort, and can provide a better bone material bonding interface and be less prone to prosthesis settlement.

[A single-center retrospective study of percutaneous drainage clinical characteristics of grade B and C postoperative pancreatic fistula and determination of the optimal intervention time]

Objective: To classified the fluid location of of grade B and C postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and propose processing flow. Methods: Data from 232 patients who underwent pancreatic surgery from January 2018 to December 2022 at Department of General Surgery & Hepato-billo-pancreatic,Beijing Hospital were collected retrospectively. Forty-six patients who suffered from grade B and C POPF underwent ultrasound-guided drainage. There were 32 males and 14 females, with an age of (60.2±13.7)years (range:18 to 85 years). The imaging data of postoperative CT were collected and the the fluid location was classified. Then analyzed the drainage status when patents were diagnosed as POPF. Machine learning was performed and a random forest model was applied to construct the relationship between intervention time and mortality. The optimal intervention time was calculated. The patients were then divided into early and late intervention groups and clinical data and outcomes were compared using the t test,Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test or Fisher's exact test between the two groups. Results: Based on the results of the random forest model, the optimal puncture time was within 5.38 days after the diagnosis of POPF. Based on the optimal time, 21 patients were subsumed into early intervention group and 25 patients were subsumed into late intervention group. The location of fluid collection was classified into four types: peripancreatic (32.7%,15/46), extra-pancreatic and epigastric (41.3%,19/46), extra-pancreatic and hypogastic (13.0%,6/46) and diffused (13.0%,6/46). The status of the drainage included normal in 10 patients (21.8%), displaced drain in 18 patients (39.1%) and drain removed or blocked in 18 patients (39.1%). The perioperative mortality rate was 19.0% (4/21) in the early intervention group and 8.0%(2/25) in the late. The late intervention group had significantly higher rates of positive drainage fluid cultures (88.0%(22/25) vs. 42.9%(10/21), χ2=10.584, P=0.001), secondary surgery (24.0%(6/25) vs. 0(0/21), P=0.025), and readmission within 90 days(32.0%(8/25) vs. 4.8%(1/21),χ2=5.381, P=0.020) than the early group, and a significantly longer postoperative hospital stay(M(IQR))(24(20)days vs. 39(53)days,Z=3.023,P=0.003). Conclusions: The location of the POPF fluid collection is classified into four types. Early radiological evaluation can detect abdominal effusion promptly,and early puncture and drainage will be beneficial in improving outcomes in these patents.

[Methylophiopogonanone a Inhibits LPS/ATP-Induced Macrophage Pyroptosis via ROS/NLRP3 Pathway]

As a byproduct of mitochondrial respiration or metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as a signaling molecule to activate NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, thereby triggering immune response. NLRP3 inflammasome acts as a sensor of various danger signals and is central to the control of pyroptosis occurrence. Macrophage pyroptosis is closely related to atherosclerosis, arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis and other inflammatory diseases. Methylophiopogonanone A (MO-A) is a main homoisoflavonoid in Chinese herb Ophiopogonis Radix, which has antioxidant effect. However, it is not clear whether MO-A can alleviate macrophage pyroptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress. Here we have shown that MO-A increases the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), inhibits the production of ROS, reduces the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and inhibits pyroptosis in macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These effects can be reversed by the ROS promoter H2O2. Therefore, MO-A can inhibit macrophage pyroptosis through the ROS/NLRP3 pathway and may be considered as a candidate drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Removal of DBP from evening primrose oil with activated clay modified by chitosan and CTAB

The pollution of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in edible oils is a serious problem. In the current study, we attempt to remove dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP) from evening primrose oil (EPO) with modified activated clay. The activated clay, commonly used for de-coloration in the oil refining process, was modified by chitosan and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The modifications were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. We further tested the DBP adsorption capacity of CTAB/chitosan-clay and found that the removal rate was 27.56% which was 3.24 times higher than with pristine activated clay. In addition, the CTAB/chitosan-clay composite treatment had no significant effect on the quality of evening primrose oil. In summary, the CTAB/chitosan-clay composite has a stronger DBP adsorption capacity and can be used as a new adsorbent for removing DBP during the de-coloration process of evening primrose oil.

[Efficacy and prognosis of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of VRD (bortezomib+lenalidomide+dexamethasone) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients as well as the effect of the regimen on the long-term prognosis. Methods: The clinical characteristics, survival rates, response rates and minimal residual disease (MRD) of patients with NDMM at Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital from January 1, 2013 to January 1, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Subgroup analysis was also performed among groups according to the cytogenetics and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) of patients. Results: A total of 87 patients were retrospectively analyzed. The age[M(Q₁,Q₃)] of all patients was 56 (51, 61) years and males and females accounted for 58.6% (51/87) and 41.4% (36/87), respectively. The overall response rate (ORR) was 95.9% (71/74) after 2 courses of induction therapy, with 13.5% (10/74) achieving the deep response [complete response (CR) or better] and 51.3% (38/74) of patients achieving a very good partial response (VGPR) or better. After 4 courses of induction therapy, the ORR achieved 95.2% (60/63), and the proportions of the deep response and VGPR or better grew up to 46.0% (29/63) and 77.7% (49/63). According to the treatment, the patients (≤65 years old) were divided into transplantation group and non-transplantation group. After the induction therapy, 88.8% (32/36) of patients in the transplantation group achieved VGPR or better, and 55.5% (20/36) reached the deep response. After the transplantation, the proportion increased to 97.1% (34/35) and 77.2% (27/35), respectively(88.8% vs 97.1%,P=0.174;55.5% vs 77.2%,P=0.055), with the rate of undetectable MRD increasing from 44.4% (16/36) to 77.8% (28/36) (P=0.004). In the non-transplantation group, 74.2% (23/31) of patients achieved VGPR or better after 4 courses of induction therapy, 35.5% (11/31) of the patients achieved deep response and the rate of undetectable MRD was 37.0% (10/27). Compared with the non-transplantation group, transplantation was associated with a higher rate of complete response (89.5% vs 53.1%, P<0.001) and a lower rate of MRD detection(78.4% vs 55.2%, P=0.045). The median follow-up time of all patients was 26.3 months (20.8, 33.8). The median progression-free survival and overall survival were not reached. The three-year PFS and OS rates were 78.4% and 87.2%, respectively. None of the standard-risk group, the high-risk group, the transplantation group and non-transplantation group achieved the median PFS and OS. Conclusions: VRD regimen has a promising efficacy and results in a substantial survival benefit. ASCT after VRD induction therapy is associated with higher rate of deep response, higher rate of undetectable MRD and longer survival.

[Effects of gastrectomy on quality of life of patients with gastric cancer and its evaluation methods]

Surgery is the main curative treatment for gastric cancer. As surgical techniques continue to improve, the scope of radical resection and lymph node dissection has formed consensus and guidelines, so people's attention has gradually shifted to the quality of life (QOL) of patients after surgery. Postgastrectomy syndrome is a series of symptoms and signs caused by complications after gastrectomy, which can affect the quality of life of patients with gastric cancer after surgery. Gastrectomy and anastomosis are closely related to postgastrectomy syndrome. The selection of appropriate surgical methods is very important to the quality of life of patients after surgery. This article reviews the effects of gastrectomy procedures on postoperative quality of life of patients with gastric cancer and its evaluation methods.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis of 46 patients with macrofocal multiple myeloma]

The clinical characteristics, laboratory results, response to treatment, and prognosis of 46 macrofocal multiple myeloma(MFMM) patients at our center from January 2013 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The other 92 patients were selected as matched-controls based on diagnostic period and treatment. Among the 1 137 MM patients, 46 patients met the definition criteria of MFMM (4.0%), with median age 56 years, which was not statistically different from whole MM population (P=0.066). According to the international staging system (ISS) and Revised ISS, the proportion of patients with advanced stage in MFMM group was less common than that of controls (P<0.05). More plasmacytomas in MFMM patients were presented (43.5% vs. 18.5%, P<0.05). Regarding cytogenetic abnormalities, there were minor patients manifesting high-risk features in MFMM group (15.8% vs. 32.2%, P=0.058). Translocation(11;14) could be detected in 32.4% MFMM patients and 9.4% typical myeloma patients (P<0.05). The treatment regimens were comparable. As to the best response of treatment, the complete response (CR) rate in MFMM group was significantly higher than that of controls (78.3% vs. 60.9%, P<0.05). The median follow-up time was 37.9 months. The median progression-free survival in MFMM and control groups were 77.5 vs. 39.8 months, respectively (P<0.05). The overall survival (OS) of MFMM patients was significantly longer (not reached vs. 68.2 months, P<0.05).

[Identification of key enzyme genes involved in biosynthesis pathways of lignan and lignin in Eucommia ulmoides based on transcriptome assembly]

Lignan is the main medicinal component of Eucommia ulmoides, and lignin is involved in the defense of plants against diseases and insect pests.They are synthesized from coniferyl alcohol with the help of dirigent(DIR) and peroxidase(POD), respectively.In this study, transcriptome assembly of stems and leaves of E.ulmoides was performed, yielding 112 578 unigenes.Among them, 70 459 were annotated in seven databases.A total of 59 unigenes encodes 11 key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathways of lignin and lignin, of which 11 encode POD and 8 encode DIR.A total of 13 unigenes encoding transcription factors are involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Compared with leaves of E.ulmoides, 7 575 unigenes were more highly expressed in stems, of which 462 were involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.Our results extend the public transcriptome dataset of E.ulmoides, which provide valuable information for the analysis of biosynthesis pathways of lignan and lignin in E.ulmoides and lay a foundation for further study on the functions and regulation mechanism of key enzymes in lignan and lignin biosynthesis pathways.

Accurate and Efficient SIMS Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Composition-Variable Minerals: Online Matrix Effect Calibration for Dolomite

High-quality oxygen isotope analysis of composition-variable minerals (e.g., ubiquitous carbonates) using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is extremely challenging. The classical off-line procedure, which requires additional electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) chemical compositions for calibrating instrumental mass fractionation (IMF), is inherently inaccurate and analytically inefficient. In this study, the first accurate and paired SIMS analysis of δ¹⁸O and Fe# [molar Fe/(Mg + Fe)] in dolomite is reported. Based on five newly developed dolomite O-isotopic standards with an Fe# range of 0.01-0.35 obtained by SIMS, a novel accurate and rapid online matrix effect calibration method for dolomite O-isotope analysis was developed using concurrent SIMS ¹⁸O-¹⁶O-⁵⁶Fe¹⁶O-²⁴Mg¹⁶O measurements without additional chemical electron probe microanalysis. A logistic equation was proposed as the best-fit curve to represent the δ¹⁸O matrix effect based on the ⁵⁶Fe¹⁶O/²⁴Mg¹⁶O ratios. For CTD-4 carbonatitic dolomite with variable Fe# but homogeneous oxygen isotopes, the off-line method exhibited highly variable apparent δ¹⁸O values in the range of 5.74-10.11‰. The online method yielded a homogeneous δ¹⁸O value of 7.94 ± 0.34‰ (2SD, n = 40), which is comparable with that of bulk analysis (7.94 ± 0.20‰; 2SD). Comprehensive analyses validated the online method as the best strategy for performing accurate δ¹⁸O analysis of samples with highly heterogeneous compositions. Based on its accuracy, simplicity, and economic feasibility, this method has potential applications in the analysis of composition-complex dolomites, detrital dolomites, and other precious terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials.

[An area under curve-based nomogram to predicts vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study]

Objective: To develop an area under curve (AUC)-based nomogram to predict vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included adult patients treated with vancomycin in the intensive care unit at a tertiary teaching hospital from January 2015 to December 2017. Baseline clinical characteristics before vancomycin treatment and pharmacokinetic parameters were collected to establish a prediction model of nephrotoxicity. Univariate analysis was used to screen variables, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to establish the prediction model and nomogram. Results: A total of 159 patients met the inclusion criteria, sixty-four were included in the final analysis. Sixteen patients (25%, 16/64) developed vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity. The following variables were incorporated into the prediction model: vancomycin AUC, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and combined nephrotoxic drugs. The following equation was established to calculate the probability of nephrotoxicity: logit (P)=-4.83+0.009×AUC-2.87×1 (if GFR>60 ml/min)+2.53×1 (if number of combined nephrotoxic drugs≥2). A nomogram was generated based on the equation. The receiver-operating characteristic curve demonstrated that the AUC of the prediction model was 0.927 (95%CI 0.851-1.000). The cut-off value of the probability of nephrotoxicity was 26.48%. The sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 87.5% respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity is high. The AUC-based nomogram can effectively predict vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients.

[A five-year follow-up report on lung imaging and exercise endurance of a patient with paraquat poisoning]

A patient with paraquat poisoning was followed up for five years, and it was showed that the interstitial lesion areas in chest CT of this patient gradually decreased after acute period of the poisoning and no significant changes were found six months later. After that the density of the lesions gradually reduced, while the cystic air cavities slowly increased. In addition, the patient's exercise endurance gradually improved over time, and the lung function was close to the normal level five years after poisoning. The follow-up report helps clinicians to have a deeper understanding of the long-term outcome of paraquat poisoning.

Light oxygen isotopes in mantle-derived magmas reflect assimilation of sub-continental lithospheric mantle material

Oxygen isotope ratios in mantle-derived magmas that differ from typical mantle values are generally attributed to crustal contamination, deeply subducted crustal material in the mantle source or primordial heterogeneities. Here we provide an alternative view for the origin of light oxygen-isotope signatures in mantle-derived magmas using kimberlites, carbonate-rich magmas that assimilate mantle debris during ascent. Olivine grains in kimberlites are commonly zoned between a mantle-derived core and a magmatic rim, thus constraining the compositions of both mantle wall-rocks and melt phase. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of olivine in worldwide kimberlites show a remarkable correlation between mean oxygen-isotope compositions of cores and rims from mantle-like ¹⁸O/¹⁶O to lower 'crustal' values. This observation indicates that kimberlites entraining low-¹⁸O/¹⁶O olivine xenocrysts are modified by assimilation of low-¹⁸O/¹⁶O sub-continental lithospheric mantle material. Interaction with geochemically-enriched domains of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle can therefore be an important source of apparently 'crustal' signatures in mantle-derived magmas.

[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease increases the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study based on a rural town elderly population of southern Jiangsu]

Objective: To investigate the impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in an elderly population. Methods: A rural elderly population of Kunshan city, Jiangsu Province were used as the research subject. Prior diabetes mellitus, heavy alcohol consumption and incomplete data were excluded from prospective cohort study analysis. Annual physical examination and follow-up were conducted from 2007 to 2016. T2DM onset, death and loss to follow-up visits were observed as the research subject end points. According to the baseline physical examination results, the study subjects were divided into NAFLD and control groups, and further baseline data of both groups were analyzed whether there were match. The cumulative incidence rate of T2DM were statistically analyzed and compared between the two groups. Simultaneously, the relationship between the two groups of various indexes and the newly developed T2DM were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier. The variables with P < 0.1 were selected and incorporated into the Cox proportional hazard regression model. The impact of NAFLD on the incidence of T2DM was analyzed in an elderly population. Results: At baseline, there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of age, sex, waist circumference, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, direct bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen and triglycerides between NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups. However, fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had no statistically significant differences between the two groups. After nine years of follow-up, 207 newly developed T2DM cases, 52 NAFLD cases and 155 control group were selected as the study subjects. The cumulative incidence rates were 4.25%, 10.34%, and 3.55%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis result showed that there were statistically significant differences in the cumulative incidence rates between the two groups from five-year. NAFLD had increased the T2DM risk in an elderly population by approximately 2.14 times (2.14 CI: 1.132 ~ 4.047) at five-year, and then had increased year by year thereafter. Univariate analysis showed that T2DM risk was 2.76 times higher in NAFLD than non-NAFLD groups (95% CI: 2.015 ~ 3.777). After adjustment for gender, age, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, T2DM risk ratio was 1.68 times higher in NAFLD than control groups (95% CI: 1.163 ~ 2.425). Conclusion: NAFLD is an independent long-term risk factor for the T2DM onset in an elderly population.

[Microcontact printing and its application prospect in bone tissue engineering]

The application of bone tissue engineering regeneration technology is expected to repair maxillofacial bone tissue defects caused by tumors, trauma, etc. Surface patterning occupies an important position in bone tissue engineering. Microcontact printing is an emerging technology through which the elastic stamp contacts with the substance and materials used as ink can be transferred from stamp to substance to form patterns. The biggest characteristic of the technology is to fabricate high-throughput and high-accuracy patterned surface, making it widely applied. This review summarized the application and optimization of microcontact printing, and prospected its application in bone tissue engineering.

[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with t (14;18) (q32;q21) : report of eight cases and a literature review]

目的

分析伴t(14;18)(q32;q21)的慢性淋巴细胞白血病（CLL）患者的临床特征及预后，并进行相关文献复习。

方法

收集并分析2009年11月至2019年11月于江苏省人民医院就诊的8例伴t(14;18)(q32;q21)的CLL患者的临床资料。

结果

8例患者中7例男性，1例女性，诊断时中位年龄70岁，3例免疫表型积分5分，4例积分4分，1例积分3分。所有患者的骨髓组织病理学均为典型CLL表现。染色体核型示所有患者的t(14;18)(q32;q21)均为干系，3例仅携带t(14;18)(q32;q21)异常，4例为t(14;18)(q32;q21)伴+12，1例为t(14;18)(q32;q21)伴13q−。通过FISH在另外3例患者中发现了13q−。6例检测了免疫球蛋白重链可变区（IGHV）突变状态且均为有突变，未见IGHV3-21片段使用。进行相关检测的患者中，仅1例携带TP53突变，其余患者未见TP53、SF3B1、NOTCH1、MYD88突变。中位随访30.9个月时，1例死亡，7例存活，其中3例尚未达到治疗指征，4例接受化疗或免疫治疗的患者病情均稳定。

结论

t(14;18)(q32;q21)在CLL中少见，往往与+12、有突变的IGHV伴随出现。伴t(14;18)(q32;q21)的CLL可能预后良好。

Role of Acupuncture in Amblyopia Treatment

Amblyopia is an ophthalmological developmental disorder that occurs during early childhood due to disrupted binocular vision. It leads to reduced best-corrected visual acuity in one eye (seldom in both eyes) in which the visual acuity of one eye is 2 rows weaker than the other eye on a Snellen vision testing chart. Many studies have reported the outcomes of acupuncture in the treatment of amblyopia. Evidence suggests that acupuncture improves outcomes in children with amblyopia, but these studies are associated with several limitations which may affect the evaluation of the efficacy and reproducibility of studies on acupuncture. One important limitation is the lack of sham acupuncture as a control which has not been used in any clinical trial. The use of nonacupoint acupuncture is suggested as a placebo to improve the quality of evidence and comparability?

[The incidence risk of elevated fasting blood glucose in people with fatty liver disease: a cohort study of 40 000 people over the past 10 years]

Objective: To analyze the time point when patients with fatty liver disease had a significantly higher risk of elevated fasting blood glucose than those without in the physical examination group in Karamay Central Hospital, factors affecting the incidence of elevated blood glucose in patients with fatty liver disease, and the influence of the number of influencing factors on it. Methods: Physical examination data from Karamay Central Hospital during September 2008 to April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Combined with the survival analysis, the 1-,3-, 5-, and 7-year prevalence rates of elevated fasting glucose occurs in people with and without fatty liver disease were analyzed. Z-test was used to compare the survival rate difference at each time point. Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis. Results: 10 802 people were in the fatty liver group. The elevated fasting blood glucose incidence density was 61/1 000 person-years, and the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-year prevalence rates were 2%, 16%, 28%, and 38%, respectively. 29 579 people were in the non-fatty liver group. The elevated fasting blood glucose incidence density was 23/1000 person-years, and the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-year prevalence rates were 1%, 7%, 11%, and 16%, respectively. The short-term and long-term elevated fasting blood glucose incidence risk were significantly higher in fatty liver group than non-fatty liver group(P < 0.001). The elevated fasting blood glucose incidence risk was apparently higher in fatty liver group than that of non-fatty liver group from the first year onward (P < 0.001). Age≥50 year's old (HR = 1.954, 95% CI :1.792-2.132), elevated body mass index (HR = 1.397, 95% CI : 1.198-1.629), blood pressure (HR = 1.284, 95% CI : 1.181-1.397), triglycerides (HR = 1.171, 95% CI: 1.077-1.274) were independent risk factors, which promoted the elevated fasting blood glucose incidence risk in patients with fatty liver disease. Fatty liver combined with the above 2, 3, and 4 risk factors had apparently increased the incidence risk of elevated fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001). Conclusion: People with fatty liver disease had a higher risk of elevated fasting blood glucose from the first year than those without. Age≥50 year's old, elevated blood pressure, body mass index and triglyceride might increase risk of elevated fasting blood glucose in patients with fatty liver disease, combined with the above 2,3 or 4 risk factors can increase the risk of elevated fasting blood glucose.

[Assessment of mortality burden and economic loss attributed to long-term PM(2.5) exposure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area]

Objective: To accurately estimate the health burden and corresponding economic loss attributed to PM(2.5) pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area in China in 2015. Method: By using satellite-retrieved PM(2.5) concentration data and population data provided by NASA (the spatial resolution was 1 km×1 km), this study estimated excess mortality attributed to long-term PM(2).5 exposure in BTH area in 2015 based on Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM). Besides, Value of Statistic Life (VSL) method was used to evaluate the corresponding health economic loss. Result: In BTH area, the population-weighted average PM(2.5) concentration during 2012-2014 was 46.25 μg/m(3), and 56.6% of total population lived in the area where annual average PM(2.5) concentration exceeded Grade Ⅱ of National Ambient Air Quality Standard in China (35 μg/m(3)); The PM(2.5)-related premature deaths amounted to 193.8 thousand (95%CI: 140.9 thousand-233.3 thousand), Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Handan were the top five cities with high incidences of PM(2.5)-related premature deaths; The corresponding health economic loss was about 35.934 billion (95%CI: 26.099 billion - 43.255 billion) RMB, accounting for 0.70% (95%CI: 0.51%-0.85%) of the area's GDP in 2015, Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Cangzhou were the top five cities with high health economic loss. Conclusions: PM(2.5) pollution has caused severe disease and economic burden in BTH area. Its spatial distribution suggested that it is particularly necessary to develop the air pollution prevention and control policies for key cities.

Additively manufactured biomedical Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr lattices with tunable Young's modulus: Mechanical property, biocompatibility, and proteomics analysis

Some β-Ti alloys, such as Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr (TNTZ) alloys, exhibit a low Young's modulus and excellent biocompatibility. These alloys are promising new generation biomedical implant materials. Selective laser melting (SLM) can further enable customer-specific manufacturing of β-Ti alloys to satisfy the ever-increasing need for enhanced biomedical products. In this study, we quantitatively determined the relationships between porosity, yield strength, and Young's modulus of SLM-prepared TNTZ lattices. The study constitutes a critical step toward understanding the behavior of the lattice and eventually enables tuning the Young's modulus to match that of human bones. Fatigue properties were also investigated on as-printed lattices in terms of the stress limit. The biocompatibility study included a routine evaluation of the relative cell growth rate and a proteomics analysis using a common mouse fibroblast cell line, L929. The results indicated that the as-printed TNTZ samples exhibited evidence of protein proliferation of the L929 cells, particularly P06733, and that those proteins are responsible for biological processes and molecular functions. They in turn may have promoted cell regeneration, cell motility, and protein binding, which at least partially explains the good biocompatibility of the as-printed TNTZ at the protein level. The study highlights the promising applications of additively manufactured TNTZ as a bone-replacing material from mechanical and biocompatibility perspectives.

[Effects of air pollution exposure on olfaction of rats in Beijing]

Objective: To evaluate the effects of exposure of fine particle matter (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) in Beijing as the main pollutants on olfaction of SD rats. Methods: In October 16, 2018, twenty 8-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into two groups, 10 rats in the exposure group and 10 rats in the control group. They were fed in air pollutant exposure system and clean experimental environment respectively, and the concentrations of PM_2.5 and O₃ in each system were measured. The degree of olfaction damage of SD rats at different feeding time was assessed by using the buried food test (BFT). The difference of BFT time between the two groups was analyzed by performing the repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that the concentrations of PM_2.5 and O₃ in the exposure group were (22.65±11.47) μg/m³ and (12.36±5.87) μg/m³, respectively, while those in the control group were both 0 μg/m³. The repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the time of BFT in the exposure group was longer than that in the control group (F=6.49, P=0.031). With the increase of feeding time, the time of BFT was prolonged (F=61.69, P<0.001). Conclusion: Exposure to PM_2.5 and O₃ in the atmosphere might lead to olfaction damage in rats.

Positive-Parity Linear-Chain Molecular Band in ^{16}C

An inelastic excitation and cluster-decay experiment ^{2}H(^{16}C,^{4}He+^{12}Be or ^{6}He+^{10}Be)^{2}H was carried out to investigate the linear-chain clustering structure in neutron-rich ^{16}C. For the first time, decay paths from the ^{16}C resonances to various states of the final nuclei were determined, thanks to the well-resolved Q-value spectra obtained from the threefold coincident measurement. The close-threshold resonance at 16.5 MeV is assigned as the J^{π}=0^{+} band head of the predicted positive-parity linear-chain molecular band with (3/2_{π}^{-})^{2}(1/2_{σ}^{-})^{2} configuration, according to the associated angular correlation and decay analysis. Other members of this band were found at 17.3, 19.4, and 21.6 MeV based on their selective decay properties, being consistent with the theoretical predictions. Another intriguing high-lying state was observed at 27.2 MeV which decays almost exclusively to ^{6}He+^{10}Be(∼6  MeV) final channel, corresponding well to another predicted linear-chain structure with the pure σ-bond configuration.

[Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus]

The recent outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan, China is caused by a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which is genetically close to a bat-derived coronavirus. 2019-nCoV is categorized as beta genus coronavirus, same as the two other strains-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Antiviral drugs commonly used in clinical practice, including neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, paramivir, zanamivir, etc.), ganciclovir, acyclovir and ribavirin, are invalid for 2019-nCoV and not recommended. Drugs are possibly effective for 2019-nCoV include: remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir combined with interferon-β, convalescent plasma, and monoclonal antibodies. But the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019-nCoV pneumonia patients need to be assessed by further clinical trials.

[Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus]

The recent outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan, China is caused by a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which is genetically close to a bat-derived coronavirus. 2019-nCoV is categorized as beta genus coronavirus, same as the two other strains - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Antiviral drugs commonly used in clinical practice, including neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, paramivir, zanamivir, etc.), ganciclovir, acyclovir and ribavirin, are invalid for 2019-nCoV and not recommended. Drugs are possibly effective for 2019-nCoV include: remdesivir, lopinavir / ritonavir, lopinavir / ritonavir combined with interferon-β, convalescent plasma, and monoclonal antibodies. But the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019-nCoV pneumonia patients need to be assessed by further clinical trials.

[Characteristics and clinical significance of serum D-dimer level before and after delivery in women with advanced maternal age]

Objective: To explore the characteristics of serum D-dimer level before and after delivery in women with advanced maternal age (VTE), and to assess the value of the characteristics for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolic disease. Methods: The objects were 785 puerperae with advanced maternal age (AMA) who experienced delivery in Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine during 1(st) Jan 2017 to 31(st) Dec 2017, and 327 puerperae with appropriate maternal age as controls were randomly selected from puerperae who gave birth in the same period. Their serum D-dimer levels before and after delivery were evaluated, and AMAs with high-level postnatal serum D-dimer were specially observed for the prognosis. Besides, puerperae complicated with VTE were retrieved from the medical database during 2014-2018, and their clinical characteristics and dynamic variation of serum D-dimer levels were analyzed. Result: The significant difference of D-dimer levels neither before nor after delivery was not observed between AMAs and controls (antenatal: 1.64(1.19, 2.29) mg/L vs 1.53(1.04, 2.23) mg/L, and postnatal: 2.70(1.71, 2.97) mg/L vs 2.63(1.17, 4.13) mg/L, P<0.05 for both; None of AMAs with high-level serum D-dimer after delivery were complicated with VTE, and most of their serum D-dimer levels decreasedsharply with in four postnatal days (the average decrease was 9.2(7.69,12.74) mg/L, and 96.2% of the sepuerperae's decrease was more than 50%). Eight puerperae complicated with VTE were found in the database from 2014 to 2018, among which five were AMAs. The eight puerperae all received a B ultrasound because of the discomfort of lower limbs or abnormal variation of serum D-dimer levels (a slow decrease or an increase trend), so that a diagnosis of VTE was established; besides, the diagnosis or symptoms all emerged in the 3(rd) to 5(th) day after caesarean. Conclusions: The factor of advanced maternal age has little influence on the serum D-dimer level before or after delivery among pregnant women. It is not a single detection for serum D-dimer level, but the intensive monitoring of clinical symptoms and dynamic change of serum D-dimer level, that helps early diagnosis of VTE.

[The influencing factors achieving target vancomycin trough level in critically ill patients]

Objective: To assess the rate achieving the target vancomycin trough level (VTL) and its influencing factors in critically ill patients. Methods: The retrospective observational study recruited adult patients treated with intravenous vancomycin in the intensive care unit (ICU) at Zhongda Hospital from January 2015 to December 2017. Serum VTL was tested at steady state. Patients' demographics, the sites of infection, microbial culture results, the severity of illness, laboratory data and vancomycin regimen were obtained at the baseline. The rate achieving target VTL (15-20 mg/L) was analyzed based on renal function. Linear regression was performed to determine the influencing factors of VTL. Results: A total of 85 patients were enrolled, among whom only 23.5% (20/85) achieved the target VTL. In patients with normal renal function, the achieving rate was only 11.4% (4/35), and 80.0% (28/35) was lower than the target trough level multiple linear regression analysis showed that procalcitonin (PCT), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and acute physiology and chronic health disease classification system Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score were independent factors associated with VTL. Conclusion: Achieving target VTL in critically ill patients is not satisfactory. Further study to optimize the administration is needed to facilitate prompt attainment of target VTL.

[The effect of standardized lymphectomy and sampling of resected lymph nodes on TNM staging of resectable pancreatic head cancer]

Objective: To examine the effect of standardized lymphectomy and sampling of resected lymph nodes (LN) on TNM staging of resectable pancreatic head cancer. Methods: Consecutive patients with resectable pancreatic head cancer who received standard pancreatoduodenctomy at Department of General Surgery in Beijing Hospital from December 2017 to November 2018 were recruited as study group. After operation, the surgeon sampled lymph nodes from the fresh specimen following the Japanese Gastric Cancer Guidelines.Thirty-three cases were recruited in the study group and the mean age was (59.8±15.2) years.Pathologic reports from December 2015 to November 2016 were taken as control group, containing 29 cases with age of (57.0±13.0) years. Number of lymph nodes, standard-reaching ratio and positive nodes ratio were compared between two groups. According to the seventh edition and eighth edition of TNM staging, the changes of N staging and TNM staging were analysed. The quantitative data conforming to normal distribution were tested by independent sample t test, the quantitative data not conforming to normal distribution were tested by rank sum test, and the enumeration data were analysed by χ(2) test. Results: The basal data of the two groups were comparable (all P>0.05) . The number of lymph nodes sampled in the study group was 23.27±8.87, significantly more than in control group (12.86±5.90, t=0.653, P=0.000) .Ratio of cases with more than 15 nodes was 81.8% (27/33) in the study group and 34.5% (10/29) in the control group with statistical significance (χ(2)=14.373, P=0.000) . In the study group, the positive lymph node ratios of No. 17a+17b, 14a+14b, 8a+8p LN were 36.4% (12/33) , 30.3% (10/33) and 9.1% (3/33) respectively. The positive lymph node ratio in No.14a+14b LN was higher than in No.8 LN (χ(2)=4.694, P=0.030) . According to the change in N staging system in the AJCC eighth edition, 2 cases (6.1%, 2/33) changed from ⅠB to ⅡA, 7 cases (21.2%, 7/33) from ⅡA to ⅠB and 5 cases (15.2%, 5/33) changed from ⅡB to Ⅲ (25.0%, 5/20) . Conclusions: No.14 LN should be treated as the first station rather than second station because of the anatomic character and higher metastatic ratio. Standardised lymphectomy and sampling may increase the number of LN resected and improve the TNM staging of resectable pancreatic head cancer.

[The development of malnutrition assessment criteria and the analysis of current problems]

It is well known that parenteral and enteral nutrition support is helpful to improve clinical outcomes in patients with malnutrition or nutritional risk, and surgical nutrition has been used in China for 40 years. However, there is still insufficient awareness of malnutrition among clinical workers. There were different opinions from many experts after the publications of the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN) consensus of malnutrition assessment 2015 and ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition 2017. Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition has also been published in 2018. Though it is lack of clinical validation, it is a big step forward. In order to achieve better prevention and treatment of malnutrition in clinical work, this present paper analyzes and compares the core contents of malnutrition assessment (diagnosis) in recent years, proposes current practical strategy for Chinese clinical workers, emphasizes that GLIM criteria cannot replace the three steps named "screening-assessment-intervention" .

[Analysis of influencing factors and causes of death in elderly residents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]

Objective: To understand and analyze the incidence rate, risk factors, independent risk factors and the causes of death in elderly population with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Furthermore, analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and mortality rate in patients with NAFLD to provide evidence for the prevention and control of NAFLD in the elderly population. Methods: A total of 7 619 elderly people aged over 60 years, and local household registered in Kunshan city, Jiangsu province in 2016 were included as subjects to analyze the incidence rate, influencing factors and causes of death in patients with NAFLD and the relationship between MS and mortality rate in patients with NAFLD. According to different data, using Kruskal-Wallis H test, analysis of variance, t-test, chi-square test or logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was14.10% (1 074/7 619) among the elderly over 60 years in Kunshan city, Jiangsu province in 2016, and the female prevalence rate was significantly higher than that of males (P < 0.05). When the body mass index (BMI) was < 32 (kg/m(2)), the prevalence of NAFLD increased with the increase of BMI index. When BMI was 18.5-23.9 kg/m2, 24-27.9 kg/m(2) and > 32 kg/m(2), the prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in females than males (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in prevalence between males and females with BMI <18.5 kg/m(2) and 28~31.9 kg/m(2) (P > 0.05). BMI gradually decreased (P < 0.05) with the increase of age, and the incidence of NAFLD showed a downward trend (P < 0.05). An independent risk factors for NAFLD (P < 0.01) were gender (OR = 0.616), age (OR = 0.970), waist circumference (OR = 1.065), triglycerides (OR = 1.162), BMI (OR = 1.238), and diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.012). The probability of NAFLD combined with three and four kinds of MS was significantly higher than control group (P < 0.05). Subjects' mortality rate during the follow-up period was 1.94%, 2.23% in the NAFLD group, and 1.89% in the control group. Average life expectancy was 75.58 years in NAFLD group and 78.68 years in the control group. All deaths in NAFLD groups were associated with MS, and 70.83% combined with three or more MS. The primary cause of death in NAFLD group was tumors (37.5%), followed by cardiovascular disease (16.67%) and three cases died directly from MS. Conclusion: The prevalence of NAFLD in the elderly population in Kunshan city, Jiangsu province is relatively low, which may be associated with local diet and high-intensity workouts. MS disorders represented by obesity and diabetes mellitus are closely associated to the onset of NAFLD. Obesity is the most important risk factor for the incidence of NAFLD in the local elderly population over 60 years old. However, the risk of NAFLD should not be neglected in people with normal BMI, especially in aged women, and the weight control should be the most important means to prevent and control NAFLD. NAFLD may increase mortality rate and reduce life expectancy in the elderly population. The main reason to cause death in the elderly with NAFLD is cardiovascular disease and malignant tumors. Simultaneously, multiple MS development may increase the death rate in elderly with NAFLD.

[Seasonal distribution of patient hospitalization due to asthma exacerbation in 7 geographic areas in China]

Objective: To understand the seasonal distribution of patient hospitalization due to asthma exacerbation in 7 geographic areas in China. Methods: This was a retrospective study which involved patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in 29 hospitals throughout 7 geographic areas in the mainland of China (northeast, north, central, east, south, northwest and southwest). The numbers of asthmatic patients and total inpatients of the respiratory department of each hospital were recorded. The monthly ratio of asthmatic patients to the total inpatients in every area was calculated and compared. Results: During the study period, 6 480 patients were admitted for asthma exacerbation, accounting for 3.14% of all the 206 135 patients admitted to the respiratory departments in the 29 hospitals. The ratio of asthmatic patients to total inpatients in the northeast area (5.61%) was highest, and the ratio in east area was lowest (1.97%). Statistical analysis showed that the difference among different areas was significant (P<0.000 1). In most areas, both the number and proportion of hospitalized asthmatic patients peaked in spring (February-April) and autumn (September-October). In the northeast area, east area and south area, the peaks in spring were more obvious, while in the north area and southwest area, the peaks in autumn were more obvious. In the northwest area the peaks occurred in winter (December-January) and summer (June-August), respectively. The differences in hospitalization due to asthma among different months were significant in the northeast, north, and southwest areas (P<0.005). Conclusion: The number of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation fluctuated with season in different areas in China. In most areas, more asthmatic patients were admitted to hospitals in spring and autumn.

[Seasonal characteristics of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in China]

Objective: To study the seasonal characteristics of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in China. Methods: This was a retrospective study which involved patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in 29 hospitals throughout mainland China during 2013-2014. The number of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in each hospital was calculated, as well as the ratio of asthmatic patients to all the hospitalized patients. The analysis by month was conducted. The number and ratio of asthmatic patients in the northern and southern cities were calculated respectively. Results: During the study period, there were 6 480 patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation, accounting for 3.14% (6 480/206 135) of all the hospitalized patients of the respiratory department in 29 hospitals. The analysis by month showed that the ratio of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation was highest in March (3.49%), then declined from April to June, then rose again from July, reaching a second peak at September (3.28%), and then declined again from October to December. The ratio of asthmatic patients in every month was higher in northern cities than in southern cities. Conclusions: The ratio of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in China fluctuates with the changes of seasons, and March and September are the two peak months. Northern cities have a higher ratio of asthmatic patients than southern cities.

[Warning symptoms of asthma attack and asthma self-management: a national asthma control survey from China]

Objective: To investigate warning symptoms of asthma attack and evaluate asthma self-management status of asthma patients in urban China. Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was carried out from 30 general hospitals dispersed in 30 provinces of mainland China (except for Tibet) during Oct 2015 to May 2016. Information of frequency and warning symptoms of asthma attack, the time from warning symptoms to asthma attack, the impact of asthma attack and asthma self-management were collected from asthma patients of outpatient department. Results: Altogether 3 875 asthmatic outpatients were recruited. 78.1% (3 026/3 875) of the patients reported restriction of exercise and daily activities during asthma exacerbation. 82.5% (3 160/3 829) of the patients had warning symptoms before asthma attack, the most common warning symptoms were cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath. The median time from warning symptoms to asthma attack was 2 h, the mean time was 90 h. Only 4.4% (167/3 829) of the patients had definite confidence to control asthma when symptoms deteriorated. 76.7% (2 937/3 828) of the patients used medications to control asthma when asthma symptoms deteriorated. Medication choice: inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) + formoterol 45.8% (1 776/3 875), short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) 23.9% (927/3 875). Conclusions: Most asthma patients have warning symptoms before asthma attack, the most common symptoms are cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath. The proportion of patients conducting effective asthma self-management remains low.

[The level of asthma control in China from a national asthma control survey]

Objective: To assess the overall asthma control level in urban China. Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was carried out in 30 provinces in China (except Tibet). Asthmatic outpatients who met the inclusion criteria were recruited consecutively from 30 sub-centers from October 2015 to May 2016. Data of demographic characteristics, asthma control, asthma management, asthma exacerbations and self-management, and disease perception were collected by face-to-face interviews. Results: Totally 3 875 asthmatic outpatients were recruited. Asthma control level was assessed according to GINA 2015. The prevalence of asthma control was 28.5%(1 099/3 854). Among 10 cities, which were also involved in the asthma control survey in 2008, the level of asthma control improved from 28.7% in 2008 to 39.2%(533/1 361) in 2016. The rate of hospitalizations due to asthma exacerbations was 26.4%(1 017/3 858) and the rate of emergency visits was 22.4%(864/3 858). Among adult patients, 18.4%(568/3 092) of them had been absent from work while 63.6%(63/99) adolescent patients had been absent from school because of asthma attacks in the previous year. Conclusion: Although the level of asthma control in China is still far from ideal at present, the status has been improved in some cities. Poorly controlled asthma resulted in increase of hospitalizations, emergency department visits and work/school absences.

[A multi-center retrospective study of clinical characteristics and hospitalization costs of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in China during 2013-2014]

Objective: To study the characteristics of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in 29 teaching hospitals in China and to evaluate the hospitalization costs of these patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study and involved patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in 29 hospitals throughout China during 2013-2014. Information about the demographic features, conditions before the admission, the outcome, the complications, and the costs was collected using the pre-designed case report form. The influencing factors of the hospitalization costs were analyzed. Results: 3 240 asthmatic patients (1 369 males and 1 871 females) were included and data were analyzed. There were 41.5% (1 346/3 240) patients who had a history of previous hospitalization or emergency department visits during the last year. Only 28.0% (907/3 240) patients had used asthma-controlling medications regularly before the admission. Seventy-three(2.3%) patients were admitted to ICU and used mechanical ventilation. Mortality among these patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation was 0.25% (8/3 240). The median hospitalization costs was 9 045(6 431, 13 035) RMB. The costs of medications, examinations and treatment accounted for 52.1%, 27.6%, and 9.6% respectively. The costs of asthma medications accounted for only 22.7% of the total medication costs, while the costs of antibiotics accounted for 44.0%. The patients who were admitted to ICU, used mechanical ventilation, complicated with pneumonia, or had a history of hospitalization or emergency department visits during the last year due to asthma exacerbations tended to cost more. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated that only a minority of the patients had used asthma controllers regularly before the admissions with exacerbations. The in-hospital mortality of asthma patients in this study was much lower than that reported in other countries. The average cost of hospitalization was much higher than the yearly cost of maintenance therapy. Medication was the predominant component of the total hospitalization costs, and the costs of antibiotics made up the major part of the total medication costs.

[A retrospective study of the treatment of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in China]

Objective: To study the treatment of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in China. Methods: This was a retrospective study and involved patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in 29 hospitals throughout China during Jan 2013 to Dec 2014. Information of the demographic features, the severity of the exacerbation, the medicine prescribed during the hospitalization and the use of mechanical ventilation were collected and analyzed. Results: During the study period, there were 3 240 patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation, and 1 369(42.3%) of them were males 1 871(57.7%)were females. Patients of mild, moderate, severe, and life-threatening exacerbation counted for 41.7%, 37.8%, 19.2% and 1.0%, respectively of the total patients. Of all the patients, 72.6% used bronchodilators by nebulizer, 70.8% used inhaled corticosteroids by nebulizer, 60.5% used intravenous corticosteroids, 17.3% used oral corticosteroids, and 80.5% used antibiotics. The percentages of patients using systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics were higher in patients with more severe exacerbation. In patients with mild exacerbation, there were 74.9% and 52.2% who used antibiotics and systemic corticosteroids, respectively. A total of 73 patients (2.3%) used mechanical ventilation, and 62 of them used noninvasive ventilation, 16 used invasive ventilation, and 5 used both. Conclusions: Nebulizer therapy has been accepted as the main administration route of medicine in the treatment of asthma exacerbation. A large amount of patients used antibiotics and systemic corticosteroids during hospitalization, indicating there may be some overuse of these medicines.

[Evaluation of asthma disease perception from China national asthma control survey]

Objective: In order to evaluate disease perception of asthma patients in urban China and provide evidence for further specific patient education. Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was carried out in 30 general hospitals dispersed in 30 provinces of mainland China (except for Tibet) during Oct 2015 to May 2016. Information of disease perception [Question 1: the disease nature of asthma; Question 2: medication choice of first-line in chronic asthma; Question 3: the occasion of using short-acting aerosols of receptor agonists; Question 4: perception of asthma treatment goal; Question 5: reason for not using peak flow meter (PFM)] were collected from asthma patients of outpatient department. These results were compared with the same type of survey results from 2007-2008. Results: Altogether 3 875 asthmatic outpatients were recruited. 69.0% (2 660/3 857) of the patients had right perception on the disease nature of asthma, 60.2% (2 321/3 857) of the patients considered inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)/inhaled corticosteroids plus long-acting beta2-agonists (ICS+ LABA) as daily-used first-line medication for chronic asthma. 85.7% (3 277/3 823) of the patients had right perception on the condition of using short-acting beta2-agonists (SABA). 75.4% (2 761/3 661) of the patients had right perception on asthma treatment goal. Only 10.1% (388/3 837) of the patients used PFM. Of the reasons for not using PFM, 65.2% (2 518/3 860) of the patients chose doctors never introduced. Among the 10 cities, which were also involved in the asthma control survey in 2007-2008, 71.1% (968/1 361) of the patients had right perception on the disease nature of asthma, 61.6% (839/1 362) of the patients considered ICS/ICS+ LABA as daily-used first-line medication for chronic asthma. 88.7% (1 207/1 361) of the patients had right perception on the condition of using SABA. 74.5% (1 013/1 360) of the patients had right perception on asthma treatment goal. 17.9% (244/1 360) of the patients used PFM. Of the reasons for not using PFM, 76.2% (931/1 221) of the patients chose doctors never introduced. Compared to the survey conducted in 2007-2008, the perception on disease nature and medication choice as daily-used first-line medication for chronic asthma significantly improved, the perception on occasion of using SABA and asthma treatment goal was comparable, while the rate of PFM usage showed no significant improvement. In reasons of not using PFM, doctors never introduced ranked the first. Conclusions: Compared to the similar survey conducted in 2007-2008, the overall status of disease perception of asthma patients has been improved in urban China, while the rate of PFM usage showed no significant improvement. Asthma education on asthma and asthma self-management should be further pushed forward.

[A retrospective study of the mortality and death-related risk factors of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in Chinese urban areas]

Objective: To study the mortality and death-related risk factors of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in Chinese urban areas. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in 29 hospitals of 29 provinces throughout mainland China. Patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation during 2013-2014 in each hospital were included. For each patient, information about demography, admission time, comorbidities, severity of diseases, intense care unit (ICU) admission, use of mechanical ventilation and the outcome was obtained. The mortality of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation was calculated, and the basic information and causes of death of the patients who died were summarized. The death-related risk factors and numbers of comorbidities were compared between the patients who survived and those who died during hospitalization. Results: A total of 3 240 patients (median age 57.0) were included and among them 8 patients (median age 68.5) died. The mortality of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation was 0.25%. All the patients who died were admitted during the winter and spring. One patient died of acute myocardial infarction, one of cardiac shock, one of tension pneumothorax, one of sudden death, one of respiratory failure and three of unknown causes. The average number of comorbidities of patients who died was 1.10, larger than that of patients who survived (0.83) (P>0.05). More patients had diabetes, coronary artery diseases and hypertension as comorbidities in the patients who died (2/8) than those who survived[7.6% (246/3 232), 7.6% (246/3 232), 22.6% (731/3 232), respectively](all P>0.05). Conclusions: The in-hospital mortality of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation of China in this study is low. The patients who died are much older, and with more comorbidities, and a higher percentage of comorbidities such as diabetes, coronary artery diseases, and hypertension.

Combined treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common complication of diabetes, has a high morbidity, and currently there is no effective therapy. To investigate the clinical effect of traditional Chinese medicine in combination with Western medicine, 88 patients with early DPN who were admitted to Binzhou City Center Hospital, Shandong, China, between November 2015 and November 2016, were selected as the research subjects and were randomly divided into a control group and an observation. Patients in the control group were treated by conventional Western medicine, while patients in the observation group were treated by traditional Chinese medicine in addition to conventional Western medicine. The clinical effect was compared between the two groups. The results demonstrated that the overall effective rate of the observation group was much higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The vibration perception threshold (VPT) of nervus peroneus communis, nervus suralis and posterior tibial nerve of the two groups significantly declined after treatment (P less than 0.05), however, the decreae in the observation group was more obvious (P less than 0.05). The improvement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) and blood glucose of the observation group was superior to that of the control group, and the difference had statistical significance (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, traditional Chinese medicine in combination with Western medicine has a remarkable effect in the treatment of DPN and can effectively relieve vital signs and clinical symptoms of patients and significantly improve nerve conduction velocity. The therapy is worth clinical application and promotion.

[A multi-center study for the association between the perception and control of disease among asthmatic patients in Chinese urban areas]

Objective: To investigate the current perception of disease among asthmatic patients in Chinese urban areas, and to address its association with asthma control. Methods: This was a nationwide, multi-center, cross-sectional study covering 30 third-level, grade A hospitals in 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions (not including Tibet) across Chinese mainland. The survey was carried out from October 2015 to May 2016. Asthmatic outpatients were selected to receive face-to-face questionnaire survey on asthma control including Asthma Control Test (ACT) score, classification of asthma control level[according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2015 classification system, as assessed by the physician completing the survey], perception of asthma (including question 1: nature of asthma as a disease; question 2: selection of first-line therapeutic agents to be regularly used daily for asthma; question 3: appropriate timing of the use of short-acting aerosols of β(2) receptor agonists; and question 4: therapeutic goals for asthma). Results: A total of 3 875 asthmatic outpatients were included; among them, 69.0% (2 660/3 857) were aware that asthma is "an airway inflammatory disorder resulting from the combined effects of heredity and environment" ; 60.2% (2 321/3 857) considered "inhaled glucocorticoids or their compound preparations" to be the first-line therapeutic agents to be regularly used daily for patients with persistent chronic asthma; 85.7% (3 277/3 823) considered it appropriate to use short-acting aerosols of β(2) receptor agonists "as needed in the event of disease aggravation or acute exacerbation" ; and 75.4% (2 761/3 661) were aware that asthma "can be adequately or completely controlled in the long term" . The ACT score[20 (16, 23) vs 19 (16, 22) points; Z=-3.928, P<0.001]and asthma control rate (29.92% vs 25.31%; χ(2)=8.616, P=0.003) were significantly higher, and the rate of uncontrolled asthma (19.92% vs 23.48%; χ(2)=6.267, P=0.012) was significantly lower among the 2 660 (69.0%) patients correctly answering question 1 than among the 1 197 (31.0%) patients giving incorrect answer. The ACT score[21 (17, 23) vs 19 (15, 22) points; Z=-9.190, P<0.001] and asthma control rate (32.66% vs 22.20%; χ(2)=49.614, P<0.001) were significantly higher, and the rate of uncontrolled asthma (18.40% vs 25.00%; χ(2)=24.267, P<0.001) was significantly lower among the 2 321 (60.2%) patient correctly answering question 2 than among the 1 536 (39.8%) patients giving incorrect answer. Conclusions: Compared to previous surveys, there has been improved perception of disease among asthmatic patients in Chinese urban areas. Correct perception of disease is favorable for improving asthma control level.

[Compliancy of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection in men who have sex with men in Chengdu]

Objective: To evaluate the compliancy of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chengdu, Sichuan province, and explore the influencing factors. Methods: From 1 July 2013 to 30 September 2015, a random, open, multi-center and parallel control intervention study was conducted in 328 MSM enrolled by non-probability sampling in Chengdu. The MSM were divided into 3 groups randomly, i.e. daily group, intermittent group (before and after exposure) and control group. Clinical follow-up and questionnaire survey were carried out every 3 months. Their PrEP compliances were evaluated respectively and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the related factors. Results: A total of 141 MSM were surveyed, in whom 59(41.8%) had good PrEP compliancy. The PrEP compliancy rate was 69.0% in daily group, higher than that in intermittent group (14.3%), the difference had significance (χ(2)=45.29,P<0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that type of PrEP was the influencing factors of PrEP compliancy. Compared with daily group, the intermittent group had worse PrEP compliancy (OR=0.07, 95%CI: 0.03-0.16). Conclusion: The PrEP compliance of the MSM in this study was poor, the compliancy would be influenced by the type of PrEP.

[Anatomic study and clinical practice of mesopancreas and total mesopancreatic excision]

Objective: To explore the anatomical characteristics of the mesopancreas, to define the range of the total mesopancreas excision and to evaluate the feasibility, safety and effectiveness in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Methods: A regional anatomical and pathological study was performed on 14 cadavers with large slices and paraffin sections. The clinical and pathological data of 58 consecutive patients underwent total mesopancreas excision for pancreatic head carcinoma from January 2013 to December 2015 were prospectively collected and analysed. The perioperative morbidity, mortality and clinical outcomes of patients underwent total mesopancreas excision were compared with the patients underwent conventional pancreaticoduodenectomy from January 2010 to December 2012. Results: The mesopancreas located in the retropancreatic area, extending from the head, neck, and uncinated process of pancreas to the aorto-caval groove, in which there were loose areolar tissue, adipose tissue, nerve plexus, lymphatic and capillaries. Although no fibrous sheath or fascia like mesocolorectum was found around the structures, a relatively fixed extent could be defined according to its embryologic and anatomic characters. In clinical practice, total mesopancreas excision was classified into two levels according to the extent of resection in this series: level Ⅰ was a"standard total mesopancreas excision" or"total mesopancreas excision in a narrow sense" , which was similar to the extent of standard resection from consensus statement of ISGPS. Level Ⅱ was defined as any procedure extending the range of level Ⅰ, called the"extended total mesopancreas excision" or"total mesopancreas excision in a broad sense". In TMpE group, the intraoperative blood loss( (461.4±184.5)ml vs. (532.2±319.8)ml, P=0.301), operation time( (368.6±92.5)minutes vs. (397.1±112.7)minutes, P=0.559), total complication rate (39.7% vs. 51.2%, P=0.250), fistula mortality (25.9% vs. 30.2%, P=0.628) were all reduced. There were significantly higher R0 rate (91.4% vs.76.7%, P=0.041) and more harvested lymph nodes (16.2 vs. 11.4, P=0.000) and lower total and local recurrence: rate (half-year local recurrence rate: 7.8% vs. 23.7%, P=0.036; one-year local recurrence rate: 18.2% vs. 39.5%, P=0.018) and longer disease-free survival (16.9 months vs. 13.4 months, P=0.044) and overall survival(22.5 months vs. 19.9 months, P>0.05) were also found in the study group. Conclusions: Mesopancreas is different from mesorectum since it has no fascial envelop, which should be regarded as a surgical concept, rather than an anatomical structure. Total mesopancreas excision is safe and feasible for pancreatic head cancer and probably helps to increase the R0 resection rate and improve the clinical outcomes.

[Effect of oxidative stress-associated damage to the lung tissue caused by different body mass index in the rat models]

Objective: To investigate the influence of different diets on serum protein expression levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and the activities of Trx and TrxR, and to explore the effect of damage to the lung tissue and the underlying mechanisms of different body mass index caused by different diets in the rat models . Method: Healthy clean male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, emaciation group and fat group, which were raised by different diets for 6 months.Then the rats were sacrificed and the serum and lung tissue were prepared. The levels of 4-HNE, Trx and TrxR in peripheral blood were quantitatively analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and the activities of Trx and TrxR were measured by chemical methods. Results: Compared with the normal group, the lung tissue had more apparent emphysema in the emaciation and the fat groups under light microscope, and more inflammatory cell infiltration in alveolar septum was observed in the fat group.The levels of 4-HNE in the fat group[(24.7±8.7)mg/L]was significantly higher than that in the normal group[(15.4±4.7)mg/L, P<0.05)], but there was no significant difference(P>0.05)in the levels of 4-HNE between the emaciation and the normal groups. The levels of TrxR in the emaciation group[(7.7±1.4)μg/ml]was significantly higher than that in the normal and the fat groups[(6.2±1.1), (4.9±1.4)μg/ml, all P<0.05)]. The level of TrxR in the fat group was significantly lower than that in the normal group(P<0.05); The differences in the levels of Trx among the 3 groups were not significant(P>0.05). The activity of Trx in the emaciation group[(32.4±8.5)×10^-3A·min^-1·mg^-1]was significantly higher than that in the normal group[(19.6±3.3)×10^-3A·min^-1·mg^-1]and the fat group[(11.3±7.5)×10^-3A·min^-1·mg^-1, all P<0.01]. The activity of Trx in the fat group was significantly lower than that in the normal group(P<0.05). The activity of TrxR in the emaciation group[(17.6±4.6)×10^-3A·min^-1·mg^-1]was significantly higher than that in the fat group[(7.8±2.3)×10^-3A·min^-1·mg^-1, P<0.01], but the TrxR activity of the 2 groups showed no significant difference as compared with the normal group(P>0.05). Conclusion: Both high BMI and low BMI can affect the oxidative stress of the body, resulting in increased oxidants and decreased antioxidants, and can cause damage to the lung tissue in the rat models.