Hyaluronic acid/dextran-based polymeric micelles co-delivering ursolic acid and doxorubicin to mitochondria for potentiating chemotherapy in MDR cancer

Cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) dramatically hindered the efficiency of standard chemotherapy. Mitochondria are highly involved in the occurrence and development of MDR; thus, inducing its malfunction will be an appealing strategy to treat MDR tumors. In this paper, a natural polysaccharides-based nanoplatform (TDTD@UA/HA micelles) with cell and mitochondria dual-targeting ability was facilely fabricated to co-deliver ursolic acid (UA) and doxorubicin (DOX) for combinatorial MDR therapy. TDTD@UA/HA micelles featured a spherical morphology, narrow size distribution (∼140 nm), as well as favorable drug co-loading capacity (DOX: 8.41 %, UA: 9.06 %). After hyaluronic acid (HA)-mediated endocytosis, the lysosomal hyaluronidase promoted the degradation of HA layer and then the positive triphenylphosphine groups were exposed, which significantly enhanced the mitochondria-accumulation of nano micelles. Subsequently, DOX and UA were specifically released into mitochondria under the trigger of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by severe mitochondrial destruction through generating ROS, exhausting mitochondrial membrane potential, and blocking energy supply, etc.; ultimately contributing to the susceptibility restoration of MCF-7/ADR cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, TDTD@UA/HA micelles performed potent anticancer efficacy without distinct toxicity on the MDR tumor-bearing nude mice model. Overall, the versatile nanomedicine represented a new therapeutic paradigm and held great promise in overcoming MDR-related cancer.

Changes and significance of the fibrinolytic system following two pulmonary thromboembolisms in a rabbit model

In this study, we examined the changes in the fibrinolytic system in a rabbit model of two acute pulmonary thromboembolisms (PTE). Fourteen healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups: the single PTE group (five rabbits), the double PTE group (five rabbits), and the control group (four rabbits). A rabbit model of acute pulmonary embolism was established, and immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in plasma, and pulmonary embolism tissue. Plasma results: 1) t-PA levels: one hour following the initial modeling, the levels of t-PA in the modeling groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the t-PA levels in the double PTE group were found to be lower after the modeling, as compared to the pre-modeling period (P<0.05). One hour after the second modeling, the double PTE group had lower t-PA levels compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, t-PA rebounded two hours after modeling in the double PTE group. One week after the second modeling, the double PTE group had higher t-PA levels compared to the other two groups (P<0.05). 2) PAI-1 results: one hour after the initial modeling, PAI-1 levels in the two modeling groups were lower compared to the pre-modeling period and control groups (P<0.05). Two hours following modeling, PAI-1 levels in both modeling groups were lower compared to the control group (P<0.05). PAI-1 levels were lower in the double PTE group one and two hours after the second modeling compared to the other two groups and pre-modeling period (P<0.05). 3) The immunohistochemistry results: the expression of PAI-1 decreased in the two modeling groups, while t-PA expression increased compared to the control group. 4) PCR results: t-PA mRNA expression did not differ among the three groups. The PAI-1 mRNA expression was lower in the two PTE groups compared to the control group. We conclude that in the early stages of PTE, the local fibrinolytic activity of the thrombus is increased, which is favorable for thrombolysis. However, as the thrombus persists, the activity of the fibrinolytic system is inhibited, contributing to the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

[The association between portal vein thrombosis and rebleeding after non-urgent endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices]

Objective: To investigate the association between portal vein thrombosis and rebleeding after non-urgent endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices. Methods: The cirrhotic patients with esophagogastric varices diagnosed in the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2017 to March 2023 were retrospectively collected. The patients were divided into thrombotic group and non-thrombotic group according to the presence or absence of portal vein thrombosis. The failure rate of endoscopic treatment and rebleeding rate in different periods were compared between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to select the best cutoff value of gastric varicose diameter that affected total rebleeding during follow-up in both groups. The influencing factors of rebleeding within 12 and 36 months in both groups were analyzed, and the influencing factors of rebleeding within 36 months in thrombus group were further analyzed. Results: A total of 106 patients were enrolled, including 53 patients in the thrombotic group [male 37, female 16, aged 18-78 (54±13) years] and 53 patients in the non-thrombotic group [male 37, female 16, aged 27-83 (55±12) years]. The follow-up time of the two groups were (20±15) and (25±15) months, respectively. The total rebleeding rate in the thrombotic group was higher than that in the non-thrombotic group [30.2% (16/53) vs 13.2% (7/53), P˂0.05]. The rebleeding rates within 6, 12, 24 and 36 months in the thrombotic group were higher than those in the non-thrombotic group [18.9% (10/53) vs 5.7% (3/53), 18.9% (10/53) vs 5.7% (3/53), 28.3% (15/53) vs 9.4% (5/53), 30.2% (16/53) vs 11.3% (6/53), all P˂0.05]. The best cut-off value of the diameter of gastric varices that affects the total rebleeding in the two groups was 10.4 mm (10 mm was selected as the best cut-off value for the convenience of practical clinical application). Hemoglobin ˂ 85 g/L (HR=0.202, 95%CI: 0.043-0.953, P=0.043), 10 mm ˂ the diameter of GV ≤ 15 mm (HR=5.321, 95%CI: 1.161-24.390, P=0.031) and endoscopic variceal ligation combined with endoscopic tissue adhesive injection (EVL+ETAI) (HR=7.172, 95%CI: 1.910-26.930, P=0.004) were the risk factors for the first gastroesophageal variceal rebleeding within 12 months after non-urgent endoscopic treatment. EVL+ETAI (HR=3.811, 95%CI: 1.441-10.084, P=0.007) and portal vein thrombosis (HR=4.026, 95%CI: 1.483-10.932, P=0.006) were the risk factors for the first gastroesophageal variceal rebleeding within 36 months after non-urgent endoscopic treatment. The study found that, 10 mm ˂ the diameter of GV ≤ 15 mm (HR=7.503, 95%CI: 1.568-35.890, P=0.012) was the risk factor for rebleeding within 36 months in the thrombotic group. Conclusion: Portal vein thrombosis is a risk factor for rebleeding after non-urgent endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices.

Highly tough and elastic microspheric gel for transarterial catheter embolization in treatment of liver metastasis tumor

Transarterial embolization is a widely recognized clinical treatment method for liver tumors. Given that the soft and easily damaged features of embolic particles may limit tumor embolization efficiency, the present study carries out an attempt of fabricating tough and elastic microspheric gel for promoting embolization efficiency. To promote the toughness of hydrogel, poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) (PPP) and PPP with two terminal double bonds (PPPDA) are co-assembled into nano-micelles, which are connected with methacrylated chitosan (CSMA) to fabricate microspheric gels via microfluidic technology. Lowering double bond density of micelles promotes the freedom degree of micelles, significantly enhancing hydrogel toughness. To compensate for the strength loss caused by the decrease of double bond density of micelles, phytic acid (PA) are employed to interact with CS to form a physical network, further improving hydrogel strength and toughness. The CS-PPPDA&PPP-PA microspheric gels exhibit higher blocking effect in vitro. A rabbit VX2 liver metastasis tumor model is prepared to verify the embolization efficacy of CS-PPPDA&PPP-PA microspheric gels. Compared with clinical used microspheres, fewer CS-PPPDA&PPP-PA microspheric gels can achieve enough embolization efficiency. After embolization for 14 days, CS-PPPDA&PPP-PA microspheric gels exhibit improved tumor necrosis rate and promoted tumor cells apoptosis with reduced inflammation in surrounding tissues, confirming advanced embolic efficiency of tough microgels.

Cryotherapy Modifies Extracellular Matrix Expression of Vocal Fold in Rat Models

OBJECTIVES

Vocal fold (VF) scarring is the major cause of voice disorders. Cryotherapy is an effective anti-scarring therapy for skin lesions. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-scarring potential of cryotherapy in vocal folds.

METHODS

The extracellular matrix (ECM) mRNA expression of cryotherapy on normal VF tissue and the histologic results of cryotherapy on vocal fold healing were studied. Fifteen rats were introduced cryotherapy on the normal VF bilaterally and were harvested for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for collagen I, collagen III, TGFβ1, decorin, fibronectin and HAS1 at 1 day, 3 days and 7 days. Ten rats were unilaterally injured by stripping lamina propria and immediately treated with or without cryotherapy and were harvested at 2 months for histological and immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Regenerative effect of cryotherapy was validated of ECM gene expression. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis showed significantly increased hyaluronan, decreased collagen, and increased decorin deposition in injury-cryotherapy cohort compared with injury control cohort and normal control cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

Cryotherapy may provide an optimal environment for vocal fold tissue regeneration. The results of the present investigation suggest that cryotherapy has therapeutic potential in prevention and treatment of vocal fold scarring.

[Transcriptomic analysis of tuberculosis peptide-based vaccine MP3RT in humanized mice]

Objective: To identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by tuberculosis peptide-based vaccine MP3RT in a humanized mouse model using transcriptomics technology. Methods: This study was conducted from August 2019 to February 2022. We used edgeR software to screen DEGs with a fold change greater than or equal to 1.5 and a P value less than 0.05 as screening conditions. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), and protein interaction network analyses were performed on the screened DEGs. Then, these DEGs were verified by RT-qPCR and statistically analyzed by GraphPad Prism 8 software. Results: A total of 367 DEGs (214 up-regulated and 153 down-regulated) were identified by transcriptomics. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the GO enrichment of the DEGs mentioned above significantly focused on cell metabolism, growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and other terms. In contrast, the KEGG enrichment significantly focused on inflammatory pathways such as the MAPK signaling pathway. Protein interaction network analysis showed that protein Abl1 had the highest aggregation, the highest aggregation coefficient, and the best connectivity. RT-qPCR results showed that gene expressions of cpne4 (t=2.48, P=0.048 0), h2-q10 (t=2.95, P=0.025 6), mef2c (t=2.87, P=0.028 4), cr2 (t=3.23, P=0.178), ablim1 (t=2.91, P=0.033 5), dll1 (t=2.70, P=0.027 3) and ms4a2 (t=3.03, P=0.019 2) genes in the MP3RT group were significantly up-regulated than those in the PBS group, while gene expressions of cd163l1 (t=2.56, P=0.043 0), il1r1 (t=2.91, P=0.022 7) and cd34 (t=2.42, P=0.046 2) genes in the MP3RT group were significantly down-regulated than those in the PBS group. Conclusions: The MP3RT vaccine induced 367 DEGs in humanized mice, which were associated with metabolic and immune responses. Furthermore, we found that p38 MAPK and JNK/MAPK signaling pathways played an important role in the molecular mechanism of the MP3RT vaccine.

[Performance evaluation and validation of automated digital image analysis in peripheral blood cells morphology examination]

Objective: To verify and evaluate the performance of automated digital image(DIA) for peripheral blood cell morphology examination. Methods: Three hundred and seventy-nine routine peripheral blood smears and 18 plasmodium positive peripheral blood smears were collected. Blood smears were made and stained by Wright -Giemsa method.White blood cell (WBC) differentiation of blood smears were pre-classified by DIA (DIA direct classification), re-classified (manually reviewed after DIA classification), and artificially classified under microscope. the inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) of DIA were respectively calculated for repeatability verification. Taking the artificial microscopy as the gold standard, the sensitivity、specificity and accuracy of DIA were calculated. The DIA ability of peripheral blood blast cell morphological count, platelet (PLT) morphological count and morphological examination of plasmodium were also verified. Results: Except for eosinophils and basophils, the inter-assay and intra-assay CV of WBC classification by DIA in normal samples were < 10%. The CV of WBC classification in abnormal samples increased with the decrease of cell percentage. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of DIA pre-classification were 90.5%, 99.2%, 98.2%. Through pre-classification and re-classification by DIA,the results of the blood smears which triggered blast cell alarm had a good correlation with manual classification(r=0.812, 0.983, both P<0.01). The PLT morphological count by DIA had high correlation with hematology analyzer (r=0.946, P<0.01). The deviation absolute value of two methods of PLT count was < 15%, while in PLT aggregation or giant thrombocytosis samples,the deviation absolute value of PLT count by two methods was > 15%. After image acquisition by DIA, 17 plasmodium trophozoites were detected in 18 plasmodium-positive peripheral blood smears, and the images were clear. Conclusions: The DIA system has good repeatability, high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in peripheral blood WBC classification. Its pre-classification and re-classification results have high correlation with the manual classification results.

Molecular characterization and clinical outcomes in EGFR-mutant de novo MET-overexpressed advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Background

Approximately 2%-8% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbors concurrent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) sensitizing mutation and mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (MET) amplification prior to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy. This study aimed to investigate the optimal first-line therapeutic options for patients with concurrent EGFR-mutant, MET-overexpressed/amplified advanced NSCLC.

Methods

A total of 104 treatment-naïve patients with EGFR-mutant de novo MET-overexpressed advanced NSCLC were identified using immunohistochemistry and stratified to four groups according to treatment regimen: EGFR-TKI monotherapy (n = 48), EGFR-TKI combined with either crizotinib (n = 9) or chemotherapy (n = 12), and chemotherapy (n = 35). A subpopulation of 28 patients was also tested with next-generation sequencing (NGS). Objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) outcomes were analyzed according to treatment strategies and molecular features.

Results

All the patients (n = 104) achieved ORR of 36.5% and median PFS (mPFS) of 7.0 months. Baseline clinicopathologic characteristics were similar among the four treatment groups. Compared with chemotherapy, EGFR-TKI monotherapy or EGFR-TKI combination therapy achieved significantly higher ORR (P < 0.001) and longer mPFS (P = 0.003). No ORR or PFS difference was observed between EGFR-TKI monotherapy and combination therapy. In the NGS-identified population (n = 28), patients who received EGFR-TKI plus crizotinib (n = 9) achieved similar ORR (88.9% versus 57.9%, P = 0.195) and mPFS (9.0 versus 8.5 months, hazard ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 0.43-2.55, P = 0.45) than those who received EGFR-TKI monotherapy (n = 19), regardless of MET copy number status. Grade 3/4 rashes were significantly more among patients who received EGFR-TKI plus crizotinib (P = 0.026).

Conclusions

Our findings provided clinical evidence that patients with concurrent EGFR sensitizing mutation and de novo MET amplification/overexpression could benefit from first-line EGFR-TKI monotherapy.

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Concomitant EGFR sensitizing mutation and MET overexpression/amplification were detected in 2.6% of lung cancer patients.

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EGFR-TKI monotherapy elicited a higher response rate and longer PFS than chemotherapy.

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EGFR-TKI with or without crizotinib elicited comparable PFS regardless of MET copy number.

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EGFR-TKI monotherapy achieved lower number of grade 3/4 adverse events than EGFR-TKI plus crizotinib.

[Association between hyperuricemia and incidence risk for cardiometabolic abnormity in children]

Objective: To investigate the relationships between hyperuricemia and the incidence risk for cardiometabolic abnormity in children. Methods: Data were obtained from School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program. In 2017, a total of 15 391 children aged 6-16 years in Beijing were selected through stratified cluster sampling at baseline survey. Follow-up investigation was conducted in 2019. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationships of uric acid quartiles and change in uric acid levels with incidence risks for cardiometabolic abnormity (hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia). Results: A total of 8 807 children (4 376 boys, 4 431 girls) were included in the analysis, the average age of the children was (11.1±3.3) years at baseline survey. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incidence risk for hypertension in the third and fourth quartiles of the UA were 1.39 (1.11-1.75) and 1.56 (1.19-1.81), respectively. The ORs and 95% CIs of risk for high LDL-C in the second, third and fourth quartiles were 1.88 (1.16-3.05),1.98 (1.23-3.17) and 2.25 (1.42-3.57). The uric acid level increased by one standard deviation, the risk increased by 17% for hypertension and 27% for high LDL-C. The uric acid level increased by 10 μmol/L, the risk increased by 2.1% for hypertension and 2.9% for high LDL-C. The gender-stratified analysis showed that the similar results. The ORs and 95% CIs were 1.32 (1.09-1.60) and 1.50 (1.05-2.16) for hypertension, 1.90 (1.38-2.60) and 2.96 (1.58-5.52) for high TC, 1.78 (1.26-2.51) and 2.84 (1.60-5.03) for high LDL-C in the groups of newly diagnosed hyperuricemia and persistent hyperuricemia. Conclusions: Higher uric acid level was associated with increased incidence risks for hypertension, abnormal TC and LDL-C. Maintaining optimal uric acid level by children might contribute to the early prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

[Change in obesity status and development of cardiometabolic disorders in school-age children]

Objective: To analyze the influence of obesity status on the development of cardiometabolic disorders in school-age children. Methods: Information about children's body weight, body height and cardiovascular risk factors were collected in baseline survey in 2017 and follow-up survey in 2019. The school-age children were divided into four groups based on their baseline and follow-up obesity status, i.e. sustained non-obesity group, restored obesity group, newly classified obesity group, and persistent obesity group. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the difference of change in levels of cardiometabolic factors among the four groups. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between obesity status and the incidence risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Results: The present study included 11 379 school-age children (boys accounting for 49.6%). During the 2 years, the incidence of obesity was 3.2% (95%CI: 2.9%-3.5%) with the restoration ratio of obesity of 4.4% (95%CI: 4.0%-4.8%). Compared with the sustained non-obesity group, increases in SBP, DBP, TG, LDL-C and non-HDL-C were much higher in newly classified obesity group and persistent obesity group, but lower in restored obesity groups except for DBP (all P<0.05). In addition, the incidence risk of hypertension, high glucose, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic disorders (≥2 risks) were much higher in newly classified and persistent obese children than in sustained non-obese children. No difference was found in incidence risks of most cardiovascular disorders between restored obese children and sustained non-obese children, except for hypertension and cardiometabolic risks. Conclusion: Both newly classified obesity and persistent obesity increased the incidence risks for multi cardiovascular disorders, while these risks could be reduced when non-obese status restore.

[Incidence and risk factors of pediatric fractures in school-age children and adolescents in Beijing]

Objective: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of pediatric fracture in school-age children and adolescents in Beijing. Methods: A total of 12 056 students with complete fracture data of 2017 baseline survey and 2019 follow-up survey of School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health (SCVBH) Promotion Program in Beijing were selected as study subjects. Logistic regression model was used to analyze associations of fracture incidence with age, BMI, fracture history and lifestyle. Results: The 2-year accumulative incidence rate of pediatric fracture was 3.1% (95%CI: 2.8%-3.4%) in school-age children and adolescents in Beijing, which was much higher in boys (4.1%) than in girls (2.1%) and increased with age in boys but decreased with age in girls. Fractures mainly occurred at upper-limb (69.0%), no gender and age specific significant in fracture sites were observed. Fracture history was the risk factor for fracture incidence in both boys and girls (boys: RR=1.81, 95%CI: 1.18-2.64; girls: RR=3.11, 95%CI: 1.74-5.13). In addition, higher duration and frequency of moderate to vigorous physical activities (≥120 min/day) and frequent consumption of sugar sweetened beverage (≥1 time/week) were also found to increase fracture risk in boys. Conclusion: The incidence of pediatric fracture was associated with gender, age, fracture history and lifestyle habits in school-age children and adolescents in Beijing. Targeted strategies are needed to prevent childhood fracture.

[Consistency between bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition measurement in children aged 7-17 years]

Objective: To evaluate the consistency between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the measurement of body composition in children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. Methods: Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by both BIA and DXA in 1 431 children. The consistency between the methods was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis. Logarithmic transformation of both measurements was performed before Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The ICCs for FFM were 0.986 and 0.974 and ICCs for FM were 0.854 and 0.926 in boys and girls respectively. In boys, the mean ratio of FFMs by BIA and DXA was 1.04, with limits of Agreement (LoA) of 0.95-1.14, and in girls, the mean ratio of FFMs by BIA and DXA was 1.02, with the LoA of 0.90-1.15. The LoA of FFM became narrower with age in both boys and girls. Both boys and girls had the wide LoAs for FM (0.40-1.27 and 0.48-1.48, respectively). Additionally, the LoA ranges for FFM and FM narrowed with the increase of BMI level in both boys and girls. Conclusion: For all children, BIA showed good consistency with DXA for FFM, whereas significant errors occurred in FM measurement. The consistency between BIA and DXA was better for obese children than for underweight or normal-weight children.

[Association of vitamin D nutritional status with calcaneal bone mineral density in school-age children: a prospective cohort study]

Objective: To investigate the relationships between vitamin D nutritional status and the calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) in children. Methods: Data were obtained from School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program. In 2017, a total of 15 391 children aged 6-16 years in Beijing selected through stratified cluster sampling were included in the baseline survey. A follow-up investigation was conducted in 2019. The questionnaire survey, detection of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and ultrasound measurement of calcaneal BMD were conducted. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationships between baseline vitamin D nutritional status and the follow-up calcaneal BMD. Results: A total of 10 914 children aged (11.5±3.3) years (boys accounting for 49.6%) were included in the analysis. The average 25(OH)D level was (35.4±12.0) nmol/L, and the deficiency rate was 36.1%. After the adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use status, dairy products intake, vitamin D supplement, calcium supplement, physical activity, pubertal development, and baseline calcaneal BMD Z-score, for per 10 nmol/L increase in 25(OH)D, the follow-up calcaneal BMD Z-score increased by 0.01(P=0.041), and the OR(95%CI) of decreased calcaneal BMD Z-score after 2 years was 0.96 (0.93-1.00)(P=0.030). Compared with vitamin D adequacy, the follow-up calcaneal BMD Z-score of children with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency decreased by 0.03(P=0.307) and 0.06 (P=0.046), and the risk of decreased calcaneal BMD Z-score after 2 years increased by 15%(P=0.037) and 21%(P=0.006), respectively (P for trend<0.05). Conclusions: Vitamin D nutritional status was closely related to calcaneal BMD, and children with adequate vitamin D nutritional status tended to obtain higher BMD. Children and adolescents are encouraged to maintain sufficient vitamin D levels, strengthen nutrition and exercise to promote bone health.

[Association of vitamin D nutritional status with body muscle mass in school-age children adolescents]

Objective: To investigate the association between vitamin D nutritional status and the body muscle mass in children. Methods: Data were obtained from School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program. In 2017, a total of 15 391 children aged 6-16 years in Beijing were selected through stratified cluster sampling in baseline survey. A follow-up investigation was conducted in 2019. The questionnaire survey and the detection of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level were conducted. The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) apparatus was used to measure body muscle mass, and muscle mass index (MMI) was calculated. Multivariable linear models were used to analyze the association of vitamin D nutritional status with the baseline and follow-up MMI measures. Results: A total of 10 890 children aged (11.5±3.3) years(boys accounting for 49.6%) were included in the analysis. The average 25(OH)D level was (35.4±12.0) nmol/L, with an adequacy ratio of 11.1%. After multivariate linear regression adjustment for age, sex, body fat mass, smoking status, alcohol use status, dairy supplement, calcium supplement, physical activity, and pubertal development, no statistically significant association between vitamin D nutritional status and baseline MMI level was observed (P>0.05). For the follow-up MMI, the Z-score increased by 0.008 (P=0.058) for per 10 nmol/L increase in 25(OH)D, which were 0.002 (P=0.815) and 0.037 (P=0.031) higher in children with insufficient and adequate vitamin D than those with vitamin D deficiency, respectively (P for trend =0.089). Subgroup analysis showed that in the normal BMI group, for per 10 nmol/L increase in 25 (OH) D, the MMI at baseline survey and MMI Z-score at follow-up of children with adequate vitamin D and increased by 0.019 and 0.014, respectively (both P<0.05). Conclusions: Vitamin D nutritional status was related to muscle mass in children, and children with adequate vitamin D tended to obtain higher MMI. Children and adolescents are encouraged to maintain sufficient vitamin D levels, strengthen nutrition and exercise to promote body health.

[Study on the association between vitamin D and body fat distribution in children and adolescents]

Objective: To investigate the association of vitamin D with distribution of body fat in children and adolescents. Methods: Data were obtained from the baseline survey of School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program in 2017. Multiple linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models were applied to analyze the relationships of body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (TFMI), appendicular fat mass index (AFMI), and visceral fat area(VFA) with vitamin D level and status in children and adolescents. Results: A total of 11 960 children and adolescents were included in the analysis (boys accounting for 49.7%). The average age and serum vitamin D level of study population were (11.0±3.3) years and (35.0±11.9) nmol/L, respectively. The deficiency rate of vitamin D was 37.2%. Gender-specific associations of BMI, FMI, TFMI, and AFMI with vitamin D level were found (P for interaction <0.05): they were inversely associated with vitamin D level in boys (BMI: β=-0.56; FMI: β =-0.59; TFMI: β=-0.60; AFMI: β=-0.59; all P<0.05), but not in girls (P>0.05). VFA was positively associated with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in both boys and girls, and the risks of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency all increased by 17%(95%CI: 9%-25%) for per increment of standard deviation in VFA. Conclusions: The higher level of visceral fat was associated with the lower vitamin D levels in children. Abdominal obese children and boys with excessive body fat are the key population in the prevention and control of vitamin D deficiency.

[A prospective cohort study on the associations between vitamin D nutritional status and cardiometabolic abnormities in children]

Objective: To investigate the relationships between vitamin D nutritional status and the risks of cardiometabolic abnormities in children. Methods: Data were obtained from the School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program. In 2017, a total of 15 391 children aged 6-16 years in Beijing were selected by using a stratified cluster sampling method in the baseline survey. A Follow-up investigation was conducted in 2019. Log-binomial regression was used to analyze the relationships between baseline vitamin D nutritional status and the risks of cardiometabolic abnormities (obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia). Results: A total of 10 482 participants were involved in the study. The average vitamin D level was (35.6 ± 12.0) nmol/L, and the deficiency rate was 35.1%. The 2-year cumulative incidence rates of obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, high TC, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, high TG, and high non-HDL-C were 4.3%, 10.8%, 8.5%, 3.1%, 2.5%, 3.4%, 2.5%, and 3.9% respectively. After the adjustment of potential confounding factors, children with vitamin D inadequacy or deficiency had higher risks of high TC [RR (95%CI): inadequacy, 2.06 (1.19-3.58); deficiency, 2.80 (1.61-4.89)], high LDL-C [RR (95%CI): inadequacy, 1.67 (1.02-2.73); deficiency, 1.99 (1.19-3.33)], and high non-HDL-C [RR (95%CI): inadequacy, 2.00 (1.26-3.17); deficiency, 2.45 (1.53-3.92)] compared with children with adequate vitamin D, and the risks of them increased with the decrease of vitamin D level (trend P<0.05). The gender-stratified analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was remained associated with high TC [RR (95%CI): boy, 2.64 (1.19-5.87); girl, 3.13 (1.43-6.83)] and high non-HDL-C [RR (95%CI): boy, 2.58(1.40-4.77); girl, 2.31 (1.10-4.84)]. Conclusions: The risks of abnormal TC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C were inversely associated with vitamin D level. Maintenance of adequate vitamin D status in children may contribute to the early prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

[Developmental characteristics on body composition in Chinese urban children and adolescents aged 3-17 years old]

Objective: To describe the body composition related developmental characteristics in Chinese children and adolescents aged 3-17 years. Methods: Data were obtained from the 'China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) cross-sectional survey' in 2015, which including seven cities. Questionnaire survey, anthropometric measurements were carried out with body composition also measured, using the Hologic Discovery Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. BMI, fat mass percentage (FMP), fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) were calculated. SAS 9.4 and SPSS 20.0 softwares were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 10 867 participants aged 3-17 years were involved in this study, including 5 512 boys (50.7%). FMP in boys decreased obviously between 10-15 years old[β=-1.811 (95%CI: -1.987 - -1.635)]. FMP in girls decreased between 3-7 years old[β=-0.896 (95%CI: -1.100 - -0.691)] and increased obviously between 12-15 years old [β=0.989 (95%CI: 0.753-1.224)]. In general, FMP in girls were higher than that in boys in every age group, except for the 9 and 10 years old groups ( all P<0.05). FFMI of boys was higher than that in girls at all ages. Differences on FFMI were getting bigger between boys and girls in the 11 years old group and above. FMI increased with age [boys: β=0.033 (95%CI: 0.018-0.048); girls: β=0.192 (95%CI: 0.181-0.204)] and intersected between genders. Adiposity rebound age was earlier in the obese group than that in both overweight and normal weight groups. FMI in normal weight boys decreased with age and remained lower than 5 kg/m(2), while FMI in overweight [β=0.114 (95%CI: 0.091-0.136)] and obese [β=0.211 (95%CI: 0.176-0.245)] boys increased with age. FMP in boys decreased with age from 10 years old in all weight status groups [normal weight: β=-0.836 (95%CI: -0.924 - -0.748); overweight: β=-1.090 (95%CI: -1.269 - -0.910); obese: β=-1.144 (95%CI: -1.321- -0.967)]. BMI, FFMI, FMI in girls changed with age similarly in all weight status groups and increased from 8 years old[normal weight: β=0.174 (95%CI: 0.165- 0.182); overweight: β=0.325 (95%CI: 0.304-0.346); obesity: β=0.447 (95%CI: 0.406-0.488)]. Changes in FMP in girls increased significantly with age after 12 years old [normal weight: β=0.963 (95%CI: 0.851-1.074); overweight: β=0.910 (95%CI: 0.695-1.125); obesity: β=0.895 (95%CI: 0.569-1.221)]. In total, correlation indexes of BMI and FMI were strong (boys: r=0.767; girls: r=0.873) and were different in various weight status groups. Conclusions: The growth chart of BMI presented inconsistently with the different developmental characteristics of body fat, and gender. Measurement on body composition needs to be developed for children and adolescents to give more precisely assessment on growth and development of children.

Saikosaponin A Inhibits Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis Through Downregulation of CXCR4

Purpose: Due to a lack of recognized molecular targets for therapy, patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), unlike other subtypes of breast cancers, generally have not benefited from the advances made with targeted agents. The CXCR4/SDF-1 axis is involved in tumor growth and metastasis of TNBC. Therefore, down-regulation of the expression of CXCR4 in cancer cells is a potential therapeutic strategy for inhibiting primary tumor growth and metastasis of TNBC. In order to identify bioactive compounds that inhibit the expression of CXCR4 in traditional Chinese medicines, we investigated the capacity of saikosaponin A (SSA), one of the active ingredients isolated from Radix bupleuri, to affect CXCR4 expression and function in TNBC cells. Methods: Analyses of cell growth, migration, invasion, and protein expression were performed. Knockdowns by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and non-invasive bioluminescence were also used. Results: SSA reduced proliferation and colony formation of SUM149 and MDA-MB-231 cells. SSA inhibited migration and invasion of TNBC cells. For mice, SSA inhibited primary tumor growth and reduced lung metastasis of highly metastatic, triple-negative 4T1-luc cells. SSA inhibited CXCR4 expression but did not regulate CXCR7 expression in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory effects on the migration and invasion of TNBC cells were reversed by down-regulation of CXCR4 expression. In addition, SSA inactivated the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibited MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression. Conclusions: The results show that SSA exerts an anti-TNBC effect through the inhibition of CXCR4 expression and thus has the potential to be a candidate therapeutic agent for TNBC patients.

Fundamental studies of ultrasonic melt processing

Ultrasonic (cavitation) melt processing attracts considerable interest from both academic and industrial communities as a promising route to provide clean, environment friendly and energy efficient solutions for some of the core issues of the metal casting industry, such as improving melt quality and providing structure refinement. In the last 5 years, the authors undertook an extensive research programme into fundamental mechanisms of cavitation melt processing using state-of-the-art and unique facilities and methodologies. This overview summarises the recent results on the evaluation of acoustic pressure and melt flows in the treated melt, direct observations and quantitative analysis of cavitation in liquid aluminium alloys, in-situ and ex-situ studies of the nucleation, growth and fragmentation of intermetallics, and de-agglomeration of particles. These results provide valuable new insights and knowledge that are essential for upscaling ultrasonic melt processing to industrial level.

[Characteristics of cardiovascular health of children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing during 2017-2018]

Objective: To describe the status of cardiovascular health (CVH) of children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing during 2017-2018. Methods: The school-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program(SCVBH) was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018. 15 391 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years were selected from grade 1 to 4 in 8 primary schools, grade 1 in 21 middle schools and senior grade 1 in one twelve-year education school in Dongcheng, Fangshan, Miyun and Haidian Districts of Beijing by using a cluster sampling method. Seven cardiovascular health indicators, including smoking, body mass index, dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol, were categorized as poor, intermediate, and ideal according to American Heart Association (AHA) criteria. The status of CVH was evaluated according to the criteria of the ideal CVH related behaviors and factors defined by AHA. Results: The proportion of children and adolescents with an ideal smoking, dietary intake and physical activity indicators reached 99.2%(4 982/15 108), 19.7%(2 921/14 805), 17.8% (2 499/14 056), respectively. The proportion of children and adolescents with 7 and 4-5 ideal cardiovascular health indicators was 1.7%(209/12 560) and 65.1%(8 176/12 560). The proportion of children and adolescents with 4-7 ideal cardiovascular health indicators, 2-4 ideal health behavior indicators and 2-3 ideal health factors was significantly higher in urban than that in rural all P values<0.001. The proportion of females with 4-7 ideal cardiovascular health indicators, 2-4 ideal health behavior indicators and 2-3 ideal health factors was significantly higher than that in males (all P values<0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health of children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing during 2017-2018 was very low, particularly for healthy dietary intake and physical activity. Effective public health interventions should be implemented to improve the status of cardiovascular health of them.

[Characteristics of cardiometabolic risk factors of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in seven cities in China from 2013 to 2015]

Objective: To describe characteristics of cardiometabolic risk factors of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 7 cities in China from 2013 to 2015. Methods: Data was from the China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) study. 12 590 children and adolescents were selected from 24 schools (3 kindergartens, 7 primary schools, 7 junior high schools and 7 senior high schools) in seven cities (Changchun, Yinchuan, Beijing, Jinan, Shanghai, Chongqing and Tianjin) during 2013-2015 by using a stratified cluster random sampling method. The demographic characteristics, e.g. birth date, feed status and history of disease, were collected by questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements, i.e. weight, height, waistline, blood pressure, total cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein, were also collected. The detection rate of metabolic syndrome was calculated respectively according to "international diabetes federation standard " and "definition and prevention of metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents " . Results: The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia was 12.0%(1 497/12 491), 18.2%(2 193/12 035), 24.4%(3 028/12 422) and 15.8%(1 977/12 490), respectively. The prevalence of these four cardiometabolic risk factors in males was significantly higher than that in females (all P values<0.05). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 3.3%(272/8 328) with international diabetes federation 2007 definition and 5.4% (453/8 325) with Chinese definition among children above 10 years old. The prevalence of hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high total cholesterol, low high-density lipoproteincholesterol and dyslipidemia increased with the change of obesity type from non-obesity to complex obesity (all P values<0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was still high in children and adolescents, which has become an important factor threatening the healthy growth of children and adolescents.

[The association between body fat distribution and calcaneal bone mineral density in children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing]

Objective: To understand the association between body fat distribution and calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing. Methods: Children and adolescents were selected in 30 schools (8 primary schools, 21 middle schools and one 12-year education school) from Dongcheng, Tongzhou, Fangshan and Miyun districts of Beijing by using a stratified cluster sampling method from November 2017 to January 2018. A total of 15 030 students in grade 1 to 4 of primary school, grade 1 of junior and senior middle school were enrolled after excluding subjects who were not able to participate into this study due to trauma or other uncomfortable physical conditions or with missing key values or with diabetes and kidney diseases. Questionnaire survey, body composition and calcaneus bone mineral density were conducted. The relation of fat mass percentage (FMP), trunk to total fat ratio (TrTFR), trunk to limb fat ratio (TrLFR), limb to total fat ratio (LTFR) and viscera to total fat ratio (VTFR) with calcaneus BMD were assessed using the multivariate linear regression models after adjusting for possible confounding effects. The central fat distribution types were divided into 4 groups including type 1: both trunk fat and visceral fat greater than the sex-and age-specific internal P(75); type 2: barely trunk fat greater than P(75); type 3: barely visceral fat greater than P(75); type 4: both trunk fat and visceral fat greater than P(75). The central fat distribution types were included into the model in the form of dummy variables to analyze its relationship with calcaneal BMD. The sex-and age-specific z-scores of fat distribution indicators and BMD were calculated. Results: A total of 15 030 participants aged (11.4±3.3) years (50.2% boys) were involved in the analysis. In both genders, after adjusting for age, height, lean mass index, smoking, drinking, physical activity, milk intake, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, FMP, TrTFR, TrLFR and VTFR were negatively correlated with calcaneal BMD (all P value<0.05), while LTFR was positively associated with calcaneal BMD (all P values<0.05). Compared to the central fat distribution type 1, the regression coefficients (95% CI) of type 2, 3 and 4 were -0.253 (-0.418, -0.087), -0.385 (-0.567, -0.204) and -0.428 (-0.487, -0.369) in boys, respectively; the regression coefficients (95% CI) of type 3 and 4 were -0.158 (-0.301, -0.015) and -0.226 (-0.290, -0.163), respectively. Conclusion: Body fat distribution and central fat distribution in children and adolescents were correlated with calcaneus bone mineral density.

[The association between blood lipids and calcaneus bone mineral density in children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing]

Objective: To investigate the association between blood lipid and calcaneus bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing. Methods: Children and adolescents were selected in 30 schools (8 primary schools, 21 middle schools and one 12-year education school) from Dongcheng, Tongzhou, Fangshan and Miyun districts of Beijing by using a stratified cluster sampling method from November 2017 to January 2018. A total of 14 303 students in grade 1 to 4 of primary school, grade 1 of junior and senior middle school were enrolled after excluding subjects who were not able to participate into this study due to trauma or other uncomfortable physical conditions or with missing key values or with diabetes and kidney diseases. Questionnaire survey, blood lipid and calcaneus BMD were conducted. Multivariate linear regression was applied to quantify the association between calcaneal BMD as a dependent variable and blood lipid level as an independent variable after adjusting for the potential confounding factors. Furthermore, quantile regression was used to analyze the association between blood lipid level and different percentiles (P(25), P(50) and P(75)) of ultrasonic velocity values of bone mineral density, and parallel test was conducted for regression coefficients of different percentiles. Results: A total of 14 303 participants aged (11.4±3.3) years (49.9% boys) were involved in the analysis. The mean age of 14 303 participants was (11.0±3.3) years. 7 142 boys accounted for 49.9%. The mean±SD of calcaneal BMD, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were (1 540.9±33.8) m/s, (3.90±0.76), (2.18±0.62), and (1.40±0.32) mmol/L, respectively. The P(5)0 (P(25), P(75)) of triglyceride (TG) was 0.69 (0.49-0.94) mmol/L. After the adjustment of age, height, smoking, drinking, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, dairy intake, physical activity, FMI, and MMI, a significantly inverse association (P<0.05) between TG level and calcaneus BMD was observed in both genders, which the regression coefficients (95%CI) in boys and girls were -0.064 (-0.085, -0.044) and -0.073 (-0.094, -0.053), respectively. Conclusion: The level of BMD was associated with TG in boys and girls. Therefore, it is important to prevent children from hypertriglyceridemia for the bone health promotion.

Quercetin and kaempferol increase the intestinal absorption of isorhamnetin coexisting in Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (Elaeagnaceae) extracts via regulating multidrug resistance-associated protein 2

BACKGROUND

Isorhamnetin (IS) is a flavonoid component with many biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer, which is also the main active component in total flavones of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (Elaeagnaceae) (TFH); however, the interaction between IS and other components in TFH is unclear.

PURPOSE

The aim of the present study was to investigate the enhancement of quercetin (QU) or kaempferol (KA) on the intestinal absorption of IS coexisting in TFH, and then preliminarily illuminate the related mechanisms.

METHODS

Firstly, the intestinal absorption of IS in the presence or absence of QU or KA was conducted by in vivo pharmacokinetics model, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model (SPIP), and MDCK II-MRP2 monolayer cell model to confirm the enhancement of QU or KA on IS absorption. Secondly, the effects of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitors on the IS intestinal absorption were investigated to ascertain the mediation of MRP2 on IS absorption. Finally, the effects of QU or KA on MRP2 activity, protein expression, and mRNA level were performed by SPIP, everted-gut sacs, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments to elucidate the related mechanisms.

RESULTS

QU or KA increased IS intestinal absorption according to the increased AUC_0-96h, C_max, and P_eff of IS after co-administrated with QU or KA to rats; the oral absorption of IS was mediated by MRP2 based on the facts that the average plasma concentration, AUC_0-96h, and P_eff of IS were increased when co-administrated with PR or MK571 (MRP2 inhibitors) as well as the P_ratio(BL/AP) of IS was decreased by MK571 in MDCK II-MRP2 cell monolayer; the activity, protein expression, and mRNA level of MRP2 were inhibited or down-regulated by QU or KA because of the increased P_eff of MRP2 substrate calcein (CA) and the down-regulated relative protein and mRNA intensity after co-treated with QU or KA.

CONCLUSION

QU and KA increased the intestinal absorption of IS in TFH by regulating the activity and expression of MRP2, which provides useful information for the investigation of the transporter-mediated interaction of flavonoid components in herbal extracts.

[Influence of change in blood pressure status from childhood to adulthood on renal dysfunction: a cohort study]

Objective: To investigate the influence of change in blood pressure status from childhood to adulthood on renal damage. Methods: Data were obtained from Beijing Blood Pressure Cohort initiated from 1987. 3 198 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years from 6 primary and 6 middle schools in Chaoyang, Xicheng and Haidian Districts of Beijing were enrolled at baseline by using a cluster random sampling method, and 1 222 participants were followed up during 2010-2012. The measurements included weight, height, and blood pressure at baseline and microalbumin, serum creatinine, cystatin C and blood pressure at follow-up. Based on blood pressure status in childhood and adulthood, the participants were divided into four groups: participants with normal blood pressure in both childhood and adulthood, participants with elevated blood pressure in childhood but normal blood pressure in adulthood, participants with normal blood pressure in childhood but elevated blood pressure in adulthood, and participants with elevated blood pressure in both childhood and adulthood. Multivariate linear regression model was used to investigate the association of change in blood pressure from childhood to adulthood on renal dysfunction. Results: The prevalence of elevated blood pressure in childhood and adulthood was 17.9% and 39.9%, respectively. The P(50) (P(25)-P(75)) of microalbumin was 5.7(3.0-12.0) mg/L, and the concentration of eGFR and cystatin C were (118.0±19.8)% and (0.734±0.184)mg/L, respectively. With adjustment for sex, baseline age and follow-up years, compared with participants with persistently normal blood pressure from childhood to adulthood, participants with normal blood pressure in childhood but elevated blood pressure in adulthood had significantly higher levels of microalbumin (β=0.502, 95%CI: 0.320-0.684) and cystatin C (β=0.049, 95%CI: 0.025-0.073). After adjustment for sex, baseline age, follow-up duration, and adult BMI, smoking and drinking, participants with normal blood pressure in childhood and elevated blood pressure in adulthood had higher levels of adult urine microalbumin (β=0.322, 95%CI: 0.128-0.516) and cystatin C (β=0.032, 95%CI:0.007-0.057). Conclusion: An increase in blood pressure during childhood and adulthood has an adverse impact on renal functional damage in adulthood. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining normal blood pressure during life course to prevent the development of chronic kidney disease.

[The baseline characteristics of School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program in Beijing]

Objective: To describe the baseline characteristics of School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program(SCVBH) in Beijing. Methods: Children and adolescents were selected in 30 schools (8 primary schools, 21 middle schools and one 12-year education school) from Dongcheng, Tongzhou, Fangshan and Miyun districts of Beijing by using a stratified cluster sampling method. 15 391 students in grade 1 to 4 from primary schools, grade 1 from junior and senior high schools were enrolled in the investigation with an exclusion of students who were not able to participate due to trauma or other uncomfortable physical conditions. The baseline survey including a questionnaire survey, physical examination and blood biochemical test was conducted from September 2017 to January 2018. Obesity, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, lipid, bone density and grip were evaluated. Results: The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose and diabetes), dyslipidemia, lower bone density were 22.3%(3 394), 14.8%(2 248), 10.4%(1 490), 20.3%(2 919) and 2.1%(316) in total respectively, and 27.2%(2 081), 16.3%(1 244), 12.8%(922), 22.2%(1 595) and 1.2%(94) for boys, 17.3%(1 313), 13.3% (1 004), 7.9%(568), 18.4%(1 324) and 2.9%(229) for girls. Boys had higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia and lower prevalence of low bone density than girls (all P values <0.05) The mean of body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and grip of boys were significantly higher than that of girls (all P values <0.05).The mean of body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and grip of boys were significantly higher than that of girls (all P values <0.05), the mean of fat mass percentage, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol of boys were significantly lower than those of girls (all P values <0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of risk factors of chronic cardiovascular disease was high and the low bone density was appearing in children and adolescents in this study. The promotion of cardiovascular and bone health should be implemented in children and adolescents.

[Association between rs10938397 polymorphism in GNPDA2 and obesity in children at different stages of development]

Objective: To examine the association between rs10938397 polymorphism in glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2 (GNPDA2) and risk of obesity in children at different stages of development and analyze the differences in the association. Methods: A total of 3 503 school-aged children were selected from the Beijing Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) study in Beijing and their complete anthropometry weight, height, fat mass percentage (FMP), fat mass index (FMI) and free fat mass index (FFMI) and sexual maturation (SM) data were used. The developmental stages were evaluated using male testicular volume and female breast Tanner staging. FMP, FM and FFM were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. General obesity and adiposity were respectively defined according to Chinese sex-age-specific body mass index (BMI) cutoffs and sex-age-specific FMP cutoffs. The SNP rs10938397 were genotyped by the TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Assay with the GeneAmp 7900 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster city, CA, USA). Relationships between rs10938397 polymorphism and BMI, FMP, FMI and FFMI and different types of obesity were tested using multivariate linear regression and logistic regression models. Results: After age adjustment and correction for multiple testing, the rs10938397-G was associated with BMI and risk of general obesity in boys in early puberty (β=0.328, P=0.001; OR=1.420, 95%CI: 1.126-1.790), and the rs10938397-G was associated with BMI in girls in late puberty (β=0.266, P=0.001). The associations of GNPDA2 rs10938397-G with FFMI and FMI were observed in boys in early puberty (β=0.137, P=0.016; β=0.202, P=0.007) and the associations of rs10938397-G with FMP and FMI were observed in girls in late puberty (β=0.153, P=0.002; β=0.168, P=0.001). The rs10938397-G was also associated with adiposity in girls in late puberty (OR=1.339, 95%CI: 1.093-1.637). Conclusion: The rs10938397 polymorphism in GNPDA2 is associated with adiposity in girls, and it is important to use an accurate indicator of obesity in exposing the genuine association between genes and obesity.

[The study of growth differentiation factor-15 in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension following acute pulmonary thromboembolism]

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) secondary to acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and the serum level of growth differentiation factor-15(GDF-15). Methods: Ninety-six acute PTE patients were recruited in the study. Clinical data, Wells score, blood gas analysis, D-dimmer level, GDF-15 level, atrial and ventricular sizes, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) and pulmonary artery CT (CTPA) data were collected. Patients were followed up to evaluate the cardiac function (WHO class), ultrasonic cardiogram and CTPA to confirm the incidence of CTEPH. Results: Eighty-fivepatients were followed for 5 months to 58 months (average 26.5±14.7 months). The incidence of CTEPH was 12.9% (11/85). Between CTEPH patients and non-CTEPH patients, PASP, right atrial and ventricular sizes, and GDF-15in the acute stage were significantly different(P<0.05). According to binary logistic regression analysis, the incidence of CTEPH was correlated positively with acute PASP and the serum level of GDF-15. Conclusions: The incidence of CTEPH in acute PTE patients was 12.9% in this study. Acute PASP and higher level of GDF-15 are predictive factors for CTEPH secondary to acute PTE.

FGF21 deficiency is associated with childhood obesity, insulin resistance and hypoadiponectinaemia: The BCAMS Study

OBJECTIVE

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) exerts beneficial effects on metabolic homoeostasis and has been reported to be regulated by adiponectin, leptin and resistin. However, while an association between increased circulating FGF21 and metabolic disorders has been reported in adults, paediatric-specific data are lacking.

DESIGN AND METHODS

This study investigated the relationship between FGF21 levels and obesity, insulin resistance (IR), the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and adipokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) in a cohort of 3231 Chinese youngsters aged 6-18.

RESULTS

There were gender- and puberty-related differences in FGF21 levels. Unexpectedly, FGF21 levels were decreased in children with obesity, and negatively correlated with insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin levels after adjusting for age, gender, puberty and lifestyle factors. Moreover, multiple regression analyses showed that serum FGF21 positively predicted adiponectin levels while resistin positively predicted FGF21 levels independent of BMI (P<0.05). Children in the lowest FGF21 quintile were more likely to have IR (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.41-2.42; P=0.002) and MetS (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.14-2.28; P=0.007) than those in the highest quintile. Further adjusting for BMI and/or the three adipokines modified the association of FGF21 with MetS (P>0.10) but not with IR (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Although the associations between adiponectin, leptin, resistin and metabolic abnormalities in our paediatric population were similar to those in adults, correlations of FGF21 levels with obesity, IR and MetS were the inverse of those found in adults. Our present findings suggest that FGF21 deficiency, rather than resistance, contribute to IR and hypoadiponectinaemia independently of obesity in young people.

Design and Characterisation of Metallic Glassy Alloys of High Neutron Shielding Capability

This paper reports the design, making and characterisation of a series of Fe-based bulk metallic glass alloys with the aim of achieving the combined properties of high neutron absorption capability and sufficient glass forming ability. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function methods were used to characterise the crystalline or amorphous states of the samples. Neutron transmission and macroscopic attenuation coefficients of the designed alloys were measured using energy resolved neutron imaging method and the very recently developed microchannel plate detector. The study found that the newly designed alloy (Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄C₁₅B₆Gd₂ with a glass forming ability of Ø5.8 mm) has the highest neutron absorption capability among all Fe-based bulk metallic glasses so far reported. It is a promising material for neutron shielding applications.

[Association between SEC16B polymorphisms and body mass index variation or risk of obesity: a Meta-analysis]

Objective: To systematically evaluate the associations between SEC16B polymorphisms and body mass index (BMI) or risk of obesity in different ethnic populations. Methods: A literature retrieval was carried out by using Wanfangdata, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP databases), PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, NIH GWAS catalog databases to collect the research papers published between 2009 and 2015 on the associations between SEC16B polymorphisms and BMI or risk of obesity. Summary beta estimates (βs), odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength for the BMI analyses and obesity status. Meta-analysis was performed with Stata 12.0 software. Results: Totally 15 papers for rs10913469 and 13 papers for rs543874 were included in this Meta-analysis. Under additive genetic model, rs10913469 and rs543874 in SEC16B gene were positively associated with BMI, and the combined β was 0.04 (95%CI: 0.03-0.05) and 0.03 (95%CI: 0.02-0.04), respectively, and rs10913469 and rs543874 were also associated with the risk of obesity, and the combined OR was 1.11 (95%CI: 1.08-1.15) and 1.28 (95%CI: 1.20-1.36), respectively. There were no significant differences among subgroups of ethnicity, different age groups and literatures with different quality. Conclusion: rs10913469 and rs543874 in SEC16B gene are significantly associated with BMI and the risk of obesity, and C allele of rs10913469 and G allele of rs543874 increase the risk for obesity in different ethnic populations.

Nasal endoscopic findings and nasal symptoms in patients with asthma: a clinical study from a rhinological perspective

OBJECTIVE

Allergic rhinitis (AR), non-allergic rhinitis (NAR), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) occur frequently in asthmatic patients. We evaluated nasal symptoms and nasal endoscopic findings in patients with asthma and correlated them to asthma severity.

METHODS

Subjects (n=150) with asthma completed questionnaires designed to provide information related to asthma and nasal disease. Patients were divided into four groups based on asthma severity. Pulmonary function tests, skin-prick tests (SPTs) and nasal endoscopy were performed on every patient. Clinical findings were compared in asthma patients by rhinologists.

RESULTS

The total incidence of AR, NAR, CRSwNP and CRSsNP in these patients with asthma was 76%. By using Fisher's Exact Test, there was no statistical significance between asthma severity and the incidence of AR, NAR, CRSwNP and CRSsNP (P=0.311). There was a significant difference in the total nasal symptoms score among subjects with different grades of asthma (P=0.002). However, there were no significant differences in the total Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score (LKS) (P=0.736). The nasal endoscopic scores were significantly correlated at a high degree with the nasal symptoms score (P=0.000). A significant correlation was found between the nasal endoscopic score and the duration of asthma in the patients with different grades of asthma (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The relationship between rhinitis and asthma is complex. Nasal airways should become part of standard clinical assessment and follow-up in patients with asthma.

Association of common variants in/near six genes (ATP2B1, CSK, MTHFR, CYP17A1, STK39 and FGF5) with blood pressure/hypertension risk in Chinese children

Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with blood pressure (BP)/hypertension. In this study, we aimed to examine the established associations amongst Chinese children. We genotyped six SNPs (ATP2B1 rs17249754, CSK rs1378942, MTHFR rs1801133, CYP17A1 rs1004467, STK39 rs3754777 and FGF5 rs16998073) in Chinese children (N=3077, age range, 6-18 years). Based on the Chinese age- and sex-specific BP standards, 619 hypertensive cases and 2458 controls with normal BP were identified. Of the six SNPs, only ATP2B1 rs17249754 SNP was significantly associated with the risk of hypertension (allelic odds ratio (OR)=1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.44, P=0.003). Although all other SNPs showed a trend towards increasing the BP values and risk of hypertension, there was no statistically significant association after false discovery rate analysis. We calculated the weighted risk score using six SNPs, for systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and hypertension. Each additional weighted risk score was associated with SBP by 1.18 mm Hg (95% CI=0.62-1.73, P<0.001), but not with the DBP (β=0.28, 95% CI=(-0.15)-0.74), and overall increased the risk of hypertension by 1.19-fold (95% CI=1.04-1.35, P=0.01). The present study confirmed the significant association of ATP2B1 rs17249754 with risk of hypertension among Chinese children, but failed to replicate the association of CSK rs1378942, MTHFR rs1801133, CYP17A1 rs1004467, STK39 rs3754777 and FGF5 rs16998073 with BP/risk of hypertension.

Valosin-containing protein regulates the proteasome-mediated degradation of DNA-PKcs in glioma cells

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) has an important role in the repair of DNA damage and regulates the radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells. The VCP (valosine-containing protein), a chaperone protein that regulates ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, is phosphorylated by DNA-PK and recruited to DNA double-strand break sites to regulate DNA damage repair. However, it is not clear whether VCP is involved in DNA-PKcs (DNA-PK catalytic subunit) degradation or whether it regulates the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma. Our data demonstrated that DNA-PKcs was ubiquitinated and bound to VCP. VCP knockdown resulted in the accumulation of the DNA-PKcs protein in glioblastoma cells, and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 synergised this increase. As expected, this increase promoted the efficiency of DNA repair in several glioblastoma cell lines; in turn, this enhanced activity decreased the radiation sensitivity and prolonged the survival fraction of glioblastoma cells in vitro. Moreover, the VCP knockdown in glioblastoma cells reduced the survival time of the xenografted mice with radiation treatment relative to the control xenografted glioblastoma mice. In addition, the VCP protein was also downregulated in ∼25% of GBM tissues from patients (WHO, grade IV astrocytoma), and the VCP protein level was correlated with patient survival (R²=0.5222, P<0.05). These findings demonstrated that VCP regulates DNA-PKcs degradation and increases the sensitivity of GBM cells to radiation.

Effects of external intermittency and mean shear on the spectral inertial-range exponent in a turbulent square jet

This study investigates by experiment the dependence of the inertial-range exponent m of the streamwise velocity spectrum on the external intermittency factor γ (≡ the fraction of time the flow is fully turbulent) and the mean shear S in a turbulent square jet. Velocity measurements were made using hot-wire anemometry in the jet at 15 < x/D(e) < 40, where D(e) denotes the exit equivalent diameter, and for an exit Reynolds number of Re = 50,000. The Taylor microscale Reynolds number R(λ) varies from about 70 to 450 in the present study. The TERA (turbulent energy recognition algorithm) method proposed by Falco and Gendrich [in Near-Wall Turbulence: 1988 Zoran Zariç Memorial Conference, edited by S. J. Kline and N. H. Afgan (Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington, DC, 1990), pp. 911-931] is discussed and applied to estimate the intermittency factor from velocity signals. It is shown that m depends strongly on γ but negligibly on S. More specifically, m varies with γ following m=m(t)+(lnγ(-0.0173))(1/2), where m(t) denotes the spectral exponent found in fully turbulent regions.

Common polymorphism near the MC4R gene is associated with type 2 diabetes: data from a meta-analysis of 123,373 individuals

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Genome-wide association studies have shown that variants near the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R) (rs17782313 and rs12970134) are associated with risk of obesity in Europeans. As obesity is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, many studies have investigated the association between polymorphisms near the MC4R gene and type 2 diabetes risk across different ethnic populations, with inconsistent results. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to clarify the association of variants near MC4R with type 2 diabetes risk.

METHODS

Published literature from PubMed and Embase was retrieved. All studies that evaluated the association of at least one of the two MC4R polymorphism(s) with type 2 diabetes were included in the study. Pooled ORs with 95% CIs were calculated using the fixed-effects model.

RESULTS

A total of 19 studies (comprising 34,195 cases and 89,178 controls) of the rs17782313 polymorphism (or its proxy rs12970134) were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicated that the rs17782313 polymorphism was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes risk among the overall study population (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07, 1.13, p = 2.83 × 10(-12) [Z test], I(2) = 9.1%, p = 0.345 [heterogeneity]). The association remained significant even after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03, 1.09, p = 2.14 × 10(-5) [Z test], I(2) = 4.9%, p = 0.397 [heterogeneity]). Further sensitivity analysis confirmed the statistically significant association of rs17782313 polymorphism with type 2 diabetes, and no publication bias was detected.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

The present meta-analysis confirmed the significant association of the rs17782313 polymorphism near the MC4R gene with type 2 diabetes risk, which was independent of BMI.

Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993-2009

The objective of this study is to examine the trends in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of overweight (BMI 25-27.49 kg m(-2) ), general obesity (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg m(-2) ) and abdominal obesity (WC ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women) among Chinese adults from 1993 to 2009. Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, which was conducted from 1993 to 2009 and included a total of 52,621 Chinese adults. During the period of 1993-2009, mean BMI values increased by 1.6 kg m(-2) among men and 0.8 kg m(-2) among women; mean WC values increased by 7.0 cm among men and 4.7 cm among women. The prevalence of overweight increased from 8.0 to 17.1% among men (P < 0.001) and from 10.7 to 14.4% among women (P < 0.001); the prevalence of general obesity increased from 2.9 to 11.4% among men (P < 0.001) and from 5.0 to 10.1% among women (P < 0.001); the prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 8.5 to 27.8% among men (P < 0.001) and from 27.8 to 45.9% among women (P < 0.001). Similar significant trends were observed in nearly all age groups and regions for both men and women. The prevalence of overweight, general obesity and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults has increased greatly during the past 17 years.

Regulation of radiosensitivity by HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A in the human cervical carcinoma cell line Hela

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors play an important role in inducing growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis in cancer cells. Given their ability to disrupt critical biological processes in cancer cells, these agents are emerging as potential therapeutics for cancer. Recently, it has been identified that HDAC inhibitors can also efficiently enhance the radiation sensitivity of cells, both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated whether the potent HDAC inhibitor, Trichostatin A, modulates the radiation sensitivity of the human cervical carcinoma cell line Hela under hypoxic conditions. We concluded that TSA could significantly inhibit the proliferation of Hela cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia resulted in the cervical carcinoma Hela cells resistant to TSA. The findings from clonogenic survival assays indicate that incubation with TSA for 24 hours prior to irradiation enhances the radiation sensitivity of Hela cells under hypoxic conditions. More generally, we found Hela cells under hypoxic conditions treated with TSA could significantly down-regulate the expressions of HIF-1alpha and VEGF proteins. Taken together, our results demonstrated that TSA acts as a powerful radiosensitizer in Hela cells under hypoxic conditions probably by down-regulated expression of HIF-1alpha and VEGF proteins.

Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 6 modulates the radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma

Increasing the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to radiation is a promising approach to improve survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This study aims to determine if serine/threonine phosphatase (protein phosphatase 6 (PP6)) is a molecular target for GBM radiosensitization treatment. The GBM orthotopic xenograft mice model was used in this study. Our data demonstrated that the protein level of PP6 catalytic subunit (PP6c) was upregulated in the GBM tissue from about 50% patients compared with the surrounding tissue or control tissue. Both the in vitro survival fraction of GBM cells and the patient survival time were highly correlated or inversely correlated with PP6c expression (R²=0.755 and −0.707, respectively). We also found that siRNA knockdown of PP6c reduced DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity in three different GBM cell lines, increasing their sensitivity to radiation. In the orthotopic mice model, the overexpression of PP6c in GBM U87 cells attenuated the effect of radiation treatment, and reduced the survival time of mice compared with the control mice, while the PP6c knocking-down improved the effect of radiation treatment, and increased the survival time of mice. These findings demonstrate that PP6 regulates the sensitivity of GBM cells to radiation, and suggest small molecules disrupting or inhibiting PP6 association with DNA-PK is a potential radiosensitizer for GBM.