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Quesada-López T, Cereijo R, Blasco-Roset A, Mestres-Arenas A, Prieto P, Domingo JC, Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Divergent effects of the antiretroviral drugs, dolutegravir, tenofovir alafenamide, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, on human adipocyte function. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:116010. [PMID: 38154544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been associated with increased body weight accompanied by metabolic alterations in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). To gain insight into the combined effects of cART components on adipocyte dysfunction, we assessed whether and how treatment of human adipocytes with dolutegravir (DTG) and the nucleotide-analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), alone and in combination, altered biological processes related to adipose tissue dysfunction. DTG, TAF, and TDF were applied to human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipose cells during differentiation (day 10) and ensuing differentiation (day 14). Expression of selected marker genes was determined by qPCR, the release of adipokines and inflammatory cytokines to the culture media was assessed, and cell respiration was measured. Adipogenesis was not altered by the combined treatment of human adipocytes. However, DTG at the highest dose repressed adipogenesis marker genes expression, and TAF and TDF appeared to mitigate this effect. DTG repressed the expression of adiponectin and the release of adiponectin and leptin in differentiating adipocytes, and these effects were mantained in combination with TAF and TDF. DTG plus TAF or TDF on human adipocytes enhanced inflammation and stress and increased the release of proinflammatory cytokines to the culture media. Together, our results show that combined therapy with these drugs can alter inflammation, cellular stress, and fibrosis in human adipocytes. These findings may improve our understanding and management of the effects of cART on body adiposity and metabolic dysregulation in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Quesada-López
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cereijo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Blasco-Roset
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Mestres-Arenas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J C Domingo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Domingo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - M Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
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Domingo P, Mateo MG, Villarroya J, Cereijo R, Torres F, Domingo JC, Campderrós L, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Gutierrez MDM, Mur I, Corbacho N, Vidal F, Villarroya F, Giralt M. Increased Circulating Levels of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Association with Metabolic Disorders in People Living with HIV Receiving Combined Antiretroviral Therapy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030549. [PMID: 35160008 PMCID: PMC8836868 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) owing to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and HIV/combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-associated lipodystrophy (HALS). Atherosclerosis and inflammation are related to growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15). The relationship between metabolic disturbances, HALS, and CVR with GDF15 in PLWH is not known. Research design and methods: Circulating GDF15 levels in 152 PLWH (with HALS = 60, without HALS = 43, cART-naïve = 49) and 34 healthy controls were assessed in a cross-sectional study. Correlations with lipids, glucose homeostasis, fat distribution, and CVR were explored. Results: PLWH had increased circulating GDF15 levels relative to controls. The increase was the largest in cART-treated PLWH. Age, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance 1 (HOMA1-IR), HALS, dyslipidemia, C-reactive protein, and CVR estimated with the Framingham score correlated with GDF15 levels. The GDF15-Framingham correlation was lost after age adjustment. No correlation was found between GDF15 and the D:A:D Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) score estimated CVR. CVR independent predictors were patient group (naïve, HALS−, and HALS+) and cumulated protease inhibitor or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor exposure. Conclusions: PLWH, especially when cART-treated, has increased GDF15 levels—this increase is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, HALS, and inflammation-related parameters. GDF15 is unassociated with CVR when age-adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.M.); (J.V.); (R.C.); (J.M.G.-E.); (M.d.M.G.); (I.M.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-556-5624; Fax: +34-93-556-5938
| | - María Gracia Mateo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.M.); (J.V.); (R.C.); (J.M.G.-E.); (M.d.M.G.); (I.M.); (N.C.)
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.M.); (J.V.); (R.C.); (J.M.G.-E.); (M.d.M.G.); (I.M.); (N.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.D.); (L.C.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.M.); (J.V.); (R.C.); (J.M.G.-E.); (M.d.M.G.); (I.M.); (N.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.D.); (L.C.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Ferran Torres
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C. Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.D.); (L.C.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Laura Campderrós
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.D.); (L.C.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
| | - José M. Gallego-Escuredo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.M.); (J.V.); (R.C.); (J.M.G.-E.); (M.d.M.G.); (I.M.); (N.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.D.); (L.C.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
| | - María del Mar Gutierrez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.M.); (J.V.); (R.C.); (J.M.G.-E.); (M.d.M.G.); (I.M.); (N.C.)
| | - Isabel Mur
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.M.); (J.V.); (R.C.); (J.M.G.-E.); (M.d.M.G.); (I.M.); (N.C.)
| | - Noemí Corbacho
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.M.); (J.V.); (R.C.); (J.M.G.-E.); (M.d.M.G.); (I.M.); (N.C.)
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.D.); (L.C.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.D.); (L.C.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
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Villarroya J, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Delgado-Anglés A, Cairó M, Moure R, Gracia Mateo M, Domingo JC, Domingo P, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Aging is associated with increased FGF21 levels but unaltered FGF21 responsiveness in adipose tissue. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12822. [PMID: 30043445 PMCID: PMC6156525 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been proposed to be an antiaging hormone on the basis of experimental studies in rodent models. However, circulating FGF21 levels are increased with aging in rodents and humans. Moreover, despite the metabolic health‐promoting effects of FGF21, the levels of this hormone are increased under conditions such as obesity and diabetes, an apparent incongruity that has been attributed to altered tissue responsiveness to FGF21. Here, we investigated serum FGF21 levels and expression of genes encoding components of the FGF21‐response molecular machinery in adipose tissue from healthy elderly individuals (≥70 years old) and young controls. Serum FGF21 levels were increased in elderly individuals and were positively correlated with insulinemia and HOMA‐IR, indices of mildly deteriorated glucose homeostasis. Levels of β‐Klotho, the coreceptor required for cellular responsiveness to FGF21, were increased in subcutaneous adipose tissue from elderly individuals relative to those from young controls, whereas FGF receptor‐1 levels were unaltered. Moreover, total ERK1/2 protein levels were decreased in elderly individuals in association with an increase in the ERK1/2 phosphorylation ratio relative to young controls. Adipose explants from aged and young mice respond similarly to FGF21 “ex vivo”. Thus, in contrast to what is observed in obesity and diabetes, high levels of FGF21 in healthy aging are not associated with repressed FGF21‐responsiveness machinery in adipose tissue. The lack of evidence for impaired FGF21 responsiveness in adipose tissue establishes a distinction between alterations in the FGF21 endocrine system in aging and chronic metabolic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Villarroya
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - José M. Gallego-Escuredo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB) de Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Alejando Delgado-Anglés
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Montserrat Cairó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ricardo Moure
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ma Gracia Mateo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Joan C. Domingo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB) de Lleida; Lleida Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Lleida Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Hospital Universitari de Santa María; Lleida Spain
- Universitat de Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Spain
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Gómez-Soler M, Cordobilla B, Morató X, Fernández-Dueñas V, Domingo JC, Ciruela F. Triglyceride Form of Docosahexaenoic Acid Mediates Neuroprotection in Experimental Parkinsonism. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:604. [PMID: 30233293 PMCID: PMC6127646 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. The main treatment of PD consists of medication with dopamine-based drugs, which palliate the symptoms but may produce adverse effects after chronic administration. Accordingly, there is a need to develop novel neuroprotective therapies. Several studies suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) might provide protection against brain damage. Here, we studied several experimental models of PD, using striatal neuronal cultures, striatal slices, and mice, to assess the neuroprotective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, administered in its triglyceride form (TG-DHA). Hence, we determined the beneficial effects of TG-DHA on neural viability following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity, a well-established PD model. We also implemented a novel mouse behavioral test, the beam walking test, to finely assess mouse motor skills following dopaminergic denervation. This test showed potential as a useful behavioral tool to assess novel PD treatments. Our results indicated that TG-DHA-mediated neuroprotection was independent of the net incorporation of PUFA into the striatum, thus suggesting a tight control of brain lipid homeostasis both in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricel Gómez-Soler
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Cordobilla
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Morató
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Domingo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Gallego-Escuredo JM, Lamarca MK, Villarroya J, Domingo JC, Mateo MG, Gutierrez MDM, Vidal F, Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. High FGF21 levels are associated with altered bone homeostasis in HIV-1-infected patients. Metabolism 2017; 71:163-170. [PMID: 28521869 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) has emerged as an important regulator of glucose, lipid, and body weight homeostasis. However, recent experimental studies have reported that increased FGF21 levels may lead to bone loss. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship of serum FGF21 levels and altered bone homeostasis in HIV-1-infected patients. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of 137 HIV-1-infected patients and 35 healthy controls conducted at the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona. Among HIV-1-infected patients, 35 were untreated (naïve), 43 were treated with antiretrovirals (HIV-1/ART) with no lipodystrophy, and 59 patients were HIV-1/ART and experienced lipodystrophy. Bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum levels of FGF21, receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-KB ligand (RANKL), and C-telopeptide of type-I collagen (CTX-1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Serum levels of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were determined using an antibody-linked, fluorescently labeled microsphere bead-based multiplex analysis system. RESULTS Alterations in bone parameters and bone homeostasis marker levels were consistent with higher turnover and bone loss in HIV-1 infected patients. FGF21 correlated negatively with BMD and BMC. FGF21 correlated positively with serum levels of osteoprotegerin and CTX-1, as well as with the CTX-1/osteocalcin ratio. CONCLUSIONS Elevated FGF21 levels are associated with poor bone homeostasis in HIV-1-infected patients. Increases in FGF21 serum level may be an indicator not only of metabolic derangement but it may also serve as a biomarker of altered bone homeostasis in HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gallego-Escuredo
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB) de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Karuna Lamarca
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Domingo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ma Gracia Mateo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ma Del Mar Gutierrez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB) de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Santa María, Lleida, Spain; Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain.
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Moure R, Domingo P, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Villarroya J, Gutierrez MDM, Mateo MG, Domingo JC, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Impact of elvitegravir on human adipocytes: Alterations in differentiation, gene expression and release of adipokines and cytokines. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:59-65. [PMID: 27216995 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Elvitegravir is a recently developed integrase inhibitor used for antiretroviral treatment of HIV infection. Secondary effects, including disturbances in lipid metabolism and, ultimately, in adipose tissue distribution and function, are common concerns associated with antiretroviral treatments. Here, we provide the first study of the effects of elvitegravir (in comparison with efavirenz, a non-nucleoside analog inhibitor of reverse transcriptase; and raltegravir, another integrase inhibitor) on human adipocyte differentiation, gene expression and secretion of adipokines and cytokines. Elvitegravir impaired adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism in human SGBS adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner (delaying acquisition of adipocyte morphology and reducing the expression of adipogenesis marker genes such as PPARγ, glucose transporter GLUT4, lipoprotein lipase, and the adipokines adiponectin and leptin). Compared with efavirenz, the effects of elvitegravir were similar but tended to occur at higher concentrations than those elicited by efavirenz, or were somewhat less intense than those caused by efavirenz at similar concentration. Elvitegravir tended to cause a more moderate induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines than efavirenz. Efavirenz induced a marked concentration-dependent increase in interleukin-8 expression and release whereas elvitregravir had little effect. Raltegravir had totally neutral actions of adipogenesis, adipocyte metabolism-related gene expression and release of adipokines and cytokines. In conclusion, elvitegravir alters adipocyte differentiation and function and promotes induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines similarly to efavirenz, but several effects were less intense. Further assessment of lipid metabolism and adipose tissue function in patients administered elvitegravir-based regimes is advisable considering that totally neutral effects of elvitegravir on lipid homeostasis cannot be anticipated from the current study in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moure
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Red de Investigación en SIDA (RIS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Gallego-Escuredo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Red de Investigación en SIDA (RIS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Gutierrez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Red de Investigación en SIDA (RIS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria G Mateo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Red de Investigación en SIDA (RIS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain.
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Domingo P, Lamarca MK, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Torres F, Domingo JC, Villarroya J, Gutierrez MDM, Mateo MG, Vidal F, Villarroya F, Giralt M. Circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels are associated with metabolic disturbances and fat distribution but not cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1825-32. [PMID: 25700720 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) are common comorbidities in HIV-1-infected patients, which may increase cardiovascular risk. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone with effects on metabolism and phosphate homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between FGF23 levels, metabolic alterations, fat distribution and cardiovascular risk. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. Serum FGF23 levels were analysed in 152 patients and 34 healthy control individuals. Patients belonged to three groups: HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-treated patients who have developed HALS (n = 60); HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-treated patients without HALS (n = 43); and untreated (naive) HIV-1-infected patients (n = 49). Serum FGF23 levels were compared with lipid and glucose homeostasis parameters, fat distribution and cardiovascular risk. RESULTS Serum FGF23 levels were increased in HIV-1-infected patients, but the increase was most marked in those with HALS. FGF23 levels showed a strong positive correlation with age, indicators of dyslipidaemia (LDL cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids), HALS parameters (trunk/appendicular fat ratio), insulin resistance (fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) and C-reactive protein. FGF23 levels correlated with cardiovascular risk but correlation was lost after age adjustment. CONCLUSIONS FGF23 levels are increased in HIV-1-infected patients, especially in those with HALS, and this increase is associated with dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, fat distribution and parameters of inflammation. FGF23 is not associated with cardiovascular risk when age is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Karuna Lamarca
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Gallego-Escuredo
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Torres
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Domingo
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Del Mar Gutierrez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gracia Mateo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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Cruz LJ, Rueda F, Simón L, Cordobilla B, Albericio F, Domingo JC. Liposomes containing NY-ESO-1/tetanus toxoid and adjuvant peptides targeted to human dendritic cells via the Fc receptor for cancer vaccines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:435-49. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To improve the immunological response against tumors, a vaccine based on nanoliposomes targeted to the Fcγ-receptor was developed to enhance the immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Materials & methods: Using human dendritic cells in vitro, a fragment of the TAA NY-ESO-1 combined with a T-helper peptide from the tetanus toxoid encapsulated in nanoliposomes was evaluated. In addition, peptides Palm-IL-1 and MAP-IFN-γwere coadministered as adjuvants to enhance the immunological response. Results: Coadministration of Palm-IL-1 or MAP-IFN-γpeptide adjuvants and the hybrid NY-ESO-1-tetanus toxoid (soluble or encapsulated in nanoliposomes without targeting) increased immunogenicity. However, the most potent immunological response was obtained when the peptide adjuvants were encapsulated in liposomes targeted to human dendritic cells via the Fc receptor. Conclusion: This targeted vaccine strategy is a promising tool to activate and deliver antigens to dendritic cells, thus improving immunotherapeutic response in situations in which the immune system is frequently compromised, as in advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Cruz
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Rueda
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Simón
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Cordobilla
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal, 4000, South Africa
| | - Joan C Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Gallego-Escuredo JM, Domingo P, Fontdevila J, Villarroya J, Domingo JC, Martinez E, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Hypertrophied facial fat in an HIV-1-infected patient after autologous transplantation from 'buffalo hump' retains a partial brown-fat-like molecular signature. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:635-9. [PMID: 23344424 DOI: 10.3851/imp2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial lipoatrophy, a common alteration among HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-treated patients, is often corrected using autologous transplantation. In some cases, especially when enlarged adipose tissue from the dorso-cervical area (that is, a 'buffalo hump') is used as a source of fat for transplantation, the transplanted fat develops progressive hypertrophy. To gain insight into the molecular basis of this phenomenon, we evaluated the cell morphology and gene expression in this hypertrophied facial fat. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of various marker genes in a sample of facial fat that underwent hypertrophy after autologous transplantation. The results were compared with gene expression data from 'buffalo hump' fat and subcutaneous fat from healthy controls. Optical and electron microscopic analyses were used to determine cell morphology. RESULTS The enlarged facial adipose tissue did not exhibit the overt microscopic morphology of brown adipose tissue but (similar to 'buffalo hump' fat) it contained adipocytes heterogeneous in size. The enlarged facial fat retained the partial molecular signature of a distorted brown-to-white adipocyte phenotype, including expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) transcript, and showed unaltered adipogenesis and inflammation that are characteristic of 'buffalo hump' fat. CONCLUSIONS Despite being implanted in a former lipoatrophic area, facially grafted 'buffalo hump' tissue appears to retain the altered phenotype of dorso-cervical adipose cells, thus accounting for its progressive enlargement. These results argue that caution should be exercised when considering 'buffalo hump' fat depots as a fat source for autologous transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gallego-Escuredo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain
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Gallego-Escuredo JM, Del Mar Gutierrez M, Diaz-Delfin J, Domingo JC, Mateo MG, Domingo P, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Differential effects of efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir on human adipocyte differentiation, gene expression and release of adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Curr HIV Res 2011; 8:545-53. [PMID: 21073442 DOI: 10.2174/157016210793499222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a comparative assessment of the effects of efavirenz (EFV) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r; 4:1) on human adipocytes in culture has been performed. Human pre-adipocytes were treated with EFV or LPV/r during or after adipogenic differentiation. Acquisition of adipocyte morphology, expression of gene markers of mitochondrial toxicity, adipogenesis and inflammation, and release of adipokines and cytokines to the medium were measured. Results indicated that EFV and LPV/r impaired adipocyte differentiation in association with a reduction in transcript levels for adipogenic differentiation genes (adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, leptin) and master regulators of adipogenesis (PPAR, C/EBP). The effects were greater with EFV than LPV/r. Both LPV/r and EFV induced increases in monocytechemoattactant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA levels, but the effect was greater with EFV. Similarly, the release of proinflammatory cytokines and other inflammation-related molecules (interleukins 6 and 8, MCP-1, PAI-1) was enhanced to a much higher degree by EFV than by LPV/r. Adiponectin and leptin release by adipocytes was reduced by both drugs, although to a higher extent by EFV. Neither drug affected mitochondrial DNA levels, transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins or lactate release by adipocytes. In previously differentiated adipocytes, EFV caused a significant reduction in PPARγ and adiponectin expression, whereas LPV/r did not. We conclude that both EFV and LPV/r impair human adipogenesis, reduce adipokine release and increase the expression and release of inflammation-related cytokines, but the overall effects are greater with EFV. These findings may have implications for the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated lipodystrophy and the development of HIV-1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Gallego-Escuredo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Díaz-Delfín J, del Mar Gutiérrez M, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Domingo JC, Gracia Mateo M, Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Effects of nevirapine and efavirenz on human adipocyte differentiation, gene expression, and release of adipokines and cytokines. Antiviral Res 2011; 91:112-9. [PMID: 21619898 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nevirapine and efavirenz are drugs of choice for initial antiretroviral treatment for HIV-1 infection. Although NNRTIs have not traditionally been associated with the appearance of adipose alterations, recent data suggest that efavirenz may contribute to adipose tissue alterations in antiretroviral-treated patients, consistent with its ability to impair differentiation of adipocytes in cell cultures. No such effects have been reported for nevirapine, the other most commonly used NNRTI. In this study, we determined the effects of nevirapine on differentiation, gene expression and release of regulatory proteins (adipokines and cytokines) in differentiating human adipocytes, and compared them with those of efavirenz. Efavirenz caused a dose-dependent repression of adipocyte differentiation that was associated with down-regulation of the master adipogenesis regulator genes SREBP-1, PPARγ and C/EBPα, and their target genes encoding lipoprotein lipase, leptin and adiponectin, which are key proteins in adipocyte function. In contrast, nevirapine does not affect adipogenesis and causes a modest but significant coordinate increase in the expression of SREBP-1, PPARγ and C/EBPα and their target genes only at a concentration of 20 μM. Whereas efavirenz caused a significant increase in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-8, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), nevirapine either had no effect on these factors or decreased their release (IL-6 and HGF). Nevirapine significantly increased adiponectin release, whereas efavirenz strongly repressed it. Moreover, nevirapine inhibited preadipocyte endogenous reverse transcriptase activity, whereas efavirenz did not alter it. It is concluded that, in contrast with the profound anti-adipogenic and pro-inflammatory response elicited by efavirenz, nevirapine does not impair adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Díaz-Delfín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Spain
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Domingo P, Cabeza MC, Pruvost A, Salazar J, Gutierrez MDM, Mateo MG, Domingo JC, Fernandez I, Villarroya F, Muñoz J, Vidal F, Baiget M. Relationship between HIV/Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated lipodystrophy syndrome and stavudine-triphosphate intracellular levels in patients with stavudine-based antiretroviral regimens. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:1033-40. [PMID: 20192724 DOI: 10.1086/651117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between human immunodeficiency virus/highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) and the use of thymidine analogues has been well established. However, to our knowledge, no relationship has been proven between intracellular levels of stavudine (d4T) and HALS. METHODS We measured peripheral blood mononuclear cell intracellular levels of d4T-triphosphate (TP) in patients who were receiving d4T as part of their antiretroviral regimens. d4T-TP levels were determined by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay method. The diagnosis of HALS was made in accordance with the criteria of a lipodystrophy severity grading scale. The Student t test, Pearson correlations, 1-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction, and stepwise logistic regression were used for statistic analyses. RESULTS This was a cross-sectional study. There were 33 patients: 17 with HALS and 16 without HALS. The median concentration of d4T-TP for patients with HALS was 20.60 femtomoles (fmol)/1 x 10(6) cells (interquartile range [IQR], 14.90-26.92 fmol/1 x 10(6) cells) and for patients without HALS was 13.85 fmol/1 x 10(6) cells (IQR, 8.65-20.15 fmol/1 x 10(6) cells) (P=.013). The median d4T-TP intracellular level in patients who had developed an AIDS-defining condition was 22.50 fmol/1 x 10(6) cells (IQR, 15.80-27.37 fmol/1 x 10(6) cells) and in those who had not was 14.40 fmol/1 x 10(6) cells (IQR, 10.80-20.40 fmol/1 x 10(6) cells) (P=.037). There were no statistically significant differences in d4T-TP intracellular levels with respect to the presence of metabolic syndrome, the clinical form of HALS (pure lipoatrophic vs mixed), the degree of facial lipoatrophy, the presence of hepatitis C virus infection, and the pair of nucleosides in HAART. d4T-TP levels correlated only with cumulative d4T exposure in time and dose. d4T-TP intracellular levels were independently associated with HALS (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.32; P=.019). CONCLUSIONS Intracellular levels of d4T-TP are strongly associated with the development of HALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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Guallar JP, Rojas-Garcia R, Garcia-Arumi E, Domingo JC, Gallardo E, Andreu AL, Domingo P, Illa I, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Impaired expression of mitochondrial and adipogenic genes in adipose tissue from a patient with acquired partial lipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons syndrome): a case report. J Med Case Rep 2008; 2:284. [PMID: 18752661 PMCID: PMC2533346 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-2-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acquired partial lipodystrophy or Barraquer-Simons syndrome is a rare form of progressive lipodystrophy. The etiopathogenesis of adipose tissue atrophy in these patients is unknown. Case presentation This is a case report of a 44-year-old woman with acquired partial lipodystrophy. To obtain insight into the molecular basis of lipoatrophy in acquired partial lipodystrophy, we examined gene expression in adipose tissue from this patient newly diagnosed with acquired partial lipodystrophy. A biopsy of subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from the patient, and DNA and RNA were extracted in order to evaluate mitochondrial DNA abundance and mRNA expression levels. Conclusion The expression of marker genes of adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism, including the master regulator PPARγ, was down-regulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue from this patient. Adiponectin mRNA expression was also reduced but leptin mRNA levels were unaltered. Markers of local inflammatory status were unaltered. Expression of genes related to mitochondrial function was reduced despite unaltered levels of mitochondrial DNA. It is concluded that adipogenic and mitochondrial gene expression is impaired in adipose tissue in this patient with acquired partial lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi P Guallar
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avda Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zapata-Gonzalez F, Rueda F, Petriz J, Domingo P, Villarroya F, Diaz-Delfin J, de Madariaga MA, Domingo JC. Human dendritic cell activities are modulated by the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, mainly through PPARγ:RXR heterodimers: comparison with other polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1172-82. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1007688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Zapata-Gonzalez F, Rueda F, Petriz J, Domingo P, Villarroya F, de Madariaga A, Domingo JC. 9-cis-Retinoic acid (9cRA), a retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand, exerts immunosuppressive effects on dendritic cells by RXR-dependent activation: inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma blocks some of the 9cRA activities, and precludes them to mature phenotype development. J Immunol 2007; 178:6130-9. [PMID: 17475839 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
At nanomolar range, 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) was able to interfere in the normal differentiation process from human monocyte to immature dendritic cell (DC) and produced a switch in mature DCs to a less stimulatory mode than untreated cells. 9cRA-treated mature DCs secreted high levels of IL-10 with an IL-12 reduced production. The phenotypic alterations unleashed by 9cRA were similar but not identical to other specific retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists and to those already reported for rosiglitazone, a PPARgamma activator, on DCs. The simultaneous addition of 9cRA and rosiglitazone on DCs displayed additive effects. Moreover, addition to cultures of GW9662, a specific inhibitor of PPARgamma, or the RXR pan-antagonist HX603, blocked these changes. All these results suggest an activation of PPARgamma-RXR and other RXR containing dimers by 9cRA in DCs. Finally, both GW9662 and HX603 by themselves altered the maturation process unleashed by TNFalpha, poly(I:C) or LPS on human DCs further suggesting that the heterodimer PPARgamma-RXR must fulfill a significant role in the physiological maturation process of these cells in addition to the repressing effects reported till now for this nuclear receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Zapata-Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, and Cryopreservation Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Guallar JP, Cano-Soldado P, Aymerich I, Domingo JC, Alegre M, Domingo P, Villarroya F, Javier Casado F, Giralt M, Pastor-Anglada M. Altered expression of nucleoside transporter genes (SLC28 and SLC29) in adipose tissue from HIV-1-infected patients. Antivir Ther 2007; 12:853-863. [PMID: 17926640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside transporter proteins (NTs) encoded by members of the SLC28 and SLC29 gene families contribute to nucleoside and nucleobase recycling but also modulate extracellular adenosine levels and thus adenosine-regulated metabolic targets. METHODS We have examined the expression pattern of NT-encoding genes in human adipose tissue and we have further analysed whether the mRNA related to these genes show changes in their amounts associated with either HIV-1 infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or development of HIV-1-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS). RESULTS Human adipocytes express SLC28A1, SLC28A2 and SLC28A3 (encoding hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3, respectively) and SLC29A1 and SLC29A2 (encoding hENT1 and hENT2, respectively). HIV-1 infection, prior to HAART and HALS development, is associated with the upregulation of the mRNA levels of the genes encoding hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2. The increase in the mRNA amounts for the former two genes may be due to the action of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine with enhanced expression in adipose tissue following HIV-1 infection, as the effect is also observed in human adipocytes in culture after treatment with TNF-alpha. HAART and HALS development are associated with the upregulation of the mRNA levels encoding hCNT2 and hENT1, and further enhancement of hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that selected genes of the SLC28 and SLC29 families are not only targets of HIV-1 infection, but might also contribute to the development of adipose tissue alterations leading to lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi P Guallar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Guallar JP, Vilà MR, López-Gallardo E, Solano A, Domingo JC, Gámez J, Pineda M, Capablo JL, Domingo P, Andreu AL, Montoya J, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Altered expression of master regulatory genes of adipogenesis in lipomas from patients bearing tRNA(Lys) point mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 89:283-5. [PMID: 16603396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the appearance of lipomas in patients bearing mutations in the tRNA(Lys) gene of mitochondrial DNA are unknown. We investigated changes in gene expression patterns in lipomas from three patients bearing A8344G or G8363A tRNA(Lys) gene mutations. Uncoupling protein-1 mRNA was detected in the lipomas, in contrast with undetectable expression in normal adipose tissue. However, expression of other markers of brown fat, such as PGC-1alpha, was unaltered. PPARgamma and retinoblastoma gene expression was down regulated in the lipomas, but C/EBPalpha mRNA was not affected. The expression of Pref-1 was dramatically down regulated. Thus, lipomatosis due to tRNA(Lys) mutations is associated with a pattern of altered expression of master regulators of adipogenesis consistent with enhanced proliferation but maintenance of adipocyte features, and with a distorted pattern of brown versus white adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi P Guallar
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Giralt M, Domingo P, Guallar JP, de la Concepción MLR, Alegre M, Domingo JC, Villarroya F. HIV-1 Infection Alters Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue, Which Contributes to HIV-1/Haart-Associated Lipodystrophy. Antivir Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350601100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The aetiopathogenic bases of HIV-1-/highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART)-associated lipodystrophy (HALS) are poorly known, but this syndrome indicates that adipose tissue is highly sensitive to either HIV-1 infection, antiretroviral drugs or their combination. Methods To assess the relative contribution of infection and drugs, we compared the expression of marker genes corresponding to mitochondrial function, adipocyte differentiation and metabolism, and adipokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue from healthy controls, untreated HIV-1-infected patients, and HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART with or without HALS. Results Subcutaneous adipose tissue from HIV-1-infected patients contained lower concentrations of the mRNA of the mitochondrial DNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit II than that of controls. These concentrations decreased further in association with HAART. The expression of nuclear genes coding for mitochondrial proteins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and adipocyte-specific markers was reduced in HIV-1-infected patients, treated or not, with respect to the controls. In contrast, the mRNA concentrations of uncoupling protein-3 and preadipocyte factor-1 increased in lipodystrophic HAART-treated patients. The genes coding for adipokines were strongly affected: tumour necrosis factor-α was upregulated, whereas adiponectin and leptin were downregulated in HIV-1-infected patients, treated or not. Thus, substantial alterations of gene expression were already present when naive patients were compared with controls. Further changes were associated with HAART and with the diagnosis of HALS. Conclusions Disturbances in adipose tissue gene expression are already present in untreated HIV-1-infected patients, thus indicating a role of HIV-1 infection itself in eliciting adipose tissue alterations that are worsened by HAART, which ultimately leads to HALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giralt
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona
| | - Pere Domingo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi P Guallar
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona
| | | | - Marta Alegre
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Domingo
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona
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Giralt M, Domingo P, Guallar JP, Rodriguez de la Concepción ML, Alegre M, Domingo JC, Villarroya F. HIV-1 infection alters gene expression in adipose tissue, which contributes to HIV- 1/HAART-associated lipodystrophy. Antivir Ther 2006; 11:729-40. [PMID: 17310817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiopathogenic bases of HIV-l-/highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART)-associated lipodystrophy (HALS) are poorly known, but this syndrome indicates that adipose tissue is highly sensitive to either HIV-1 infection, antiretroviral drugs or their combination. METHODS To assess the relative contribution of infection and drugs, we compared the expression of marker genes corresponding to mitochondrial function, adipocyte differentiation and metabolism, and adipokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue from healthy controls, untreated HIV-1-infected patients, and HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART with or without HALS. RESULTS Subcutaneous adipose tissue from HIV-1-infected patients contained lower concentrations of the mRNA of the mitochondrial DNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit II than that of controls. These concentrations decreased further in association with HAART. The expression of nuclear genes coding for mitochondrial proteins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y, and adipocyte-specific markers was reduced in HIV-1-infected patients, treated or not, with respect to the controls. In contrast, the mRNA concentrations of uncoupling protein-3 and preadipocyte factor-1 increased in lipody-strophic HAART-treated patients. The genes coding for adipokines were strongly affected: tumour necrosis factor-alpha was upregulated, whereas adiponectin and leptin were downregulated in HIV-1-infected patients, treated or not. Thus, substantial alterations of gene expression were already present when naive patients were compared with controls. Further changes were associated with HAART and with the diagnosis of HALS. CONCLUSIONS Disturbances in adipose tissue gene expression are already present in untreated HIV-1-infected patients, thus indicating a role of HIV-1 infection itself in eliciting adipose tissue alterations that are worsened by HAART, which ultimately leads to HALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giralt
- Department de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Domingo P, Vidal F, Domingo JC, Veloso S, Sambeat MA, Torres F, Sirvent JJ, Vendrell J, Matias-Guiu X, Richart C. Tumour necrosis factor alpha in fat redistribution syndromes associated with combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients: potential role in subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35:771-80. [PMID: 16313254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of fat redistribution syndromes (FRS) observed in the setting of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV-1-infection remains elusive. A dysregulation of the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) system occurs in HIV-infected patients with FRS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study looked at both the in vivo and in vitro relationship between TNF-alpha and the degree of subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in 60 HIV-1-infected patients on HAART with FRS, another 60 HIV-1-infected patients on HAART without FRS and 60 uninfected control patients. Apoptosis was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP (deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate)-digoxigenin Nick End Labelling (TUNEL) method. Soluble receptors of TNF-alpha were determined by the sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. The in vitro viability was assessed by staining with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and apoptosis by TUNEL. RESULTS HIV-1-infected patients with FRS had significantly higher degrees of subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis than those without FRS (P = 0.0001) and uninfected controls (P < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant association between serum levels of soluble TNF-alpha receptors #1 and #2 and the degree of subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in patients with and without FRS (P < 0.0001 for both receptors). In vitro, the addition of TNF-alpha (10 ng mL(-1)) to an adipocyte culture embedded with indinavir, either alone or in clinically relevant combinations with stavudine (d4T) and lamivudine (3TC), significantly decreased adipocyte viability (P = 0.0001) and increased adipocyte apoptosis (P < 0.0001) with respect to that observed with the addition of antiretrovirals alone. CONCLUSIONS TNF-alpha plays a significant role in subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis, which occurs in the setting of FRS in HIV-1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Domingo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases Unit), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Yubero P, Domingo JC, Iglesias R, Domingo P, Villarroya F, Giralt M. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Alter Uncoupling Protein-1 and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Brown Adipocytes. Antivir Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350501000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Human adipose depots contain remnant brown adipocytes interspersed among white adipocytes, and disturbances of brown with respect to white adipocyte biology have been implicated in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-induced lipo matosis. Brown adipocytes express the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and contain a large number of mitochondria, potential targets of HAART toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) on primary brown adipocytes differentiated in culture. Design and methods We analysed the effects of RTIs, nucleoside analogues (NRTIs: stavudine, zidovudine, didanosine and lamivudine) and non-nucleoside analogues (NNRTIs: nevirapine and efavirenz), on differentiation, mitochondrial biogenesis and gene expression in brown adipocytes. Results None of the NRTIs altered brown adipocyte differentiation whereas NNTRIs had differing effects. Efavirenz blocked lipid deposition and expression of adipose marker genes but nevirapine induced lipid accumulation and adipose gene expression, promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and increased UCP1. Stavudine, zidovudine and didanosine reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. However, mitochondrial genome expression was only impaired in didanosine-treated adipocytes. Stavudine, but not zidovudine, induced expression of the mitochondrial transcription factors and this may explain compensatory mechanisms for the depletion of mtDNA by up-regulating mtDNA transcription. Stavudine caused a specific induction of UCP1 gene expression through direct interaction with a retinoic acid-dependent pathway. Conclusions Specific disturbances in brown adipocytes in adipose depots may contribute to HAART-induced lipomatosis. Mitochondrial depletion does not appear to be the only mechanism explaining adverse effects in brown adipocytes because there is evidence of compensatory mechanisms that maintain mtDNA expression, and the expression of the UCP1 gene is specifically altered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Yubero
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Domingo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Iglesias
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Institut de Recerca de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Yubero P, Domingo JC, Iglesias R, Domingo P, Villarroya F, Giralt M. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors alter uncoupling protein-1 and mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipocytes. Antivir Ther 2005; 10:515-26. [PMID: 16038477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human adipose depots contain remnant brown adipocytes interspersed among white adipocytes, and disturbances of brown with respect to white adipocyte biology have been implicated in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-induced lipomatosis. Brown adipocytes express the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and contain a large number of mitochondria, potential targets of HAART toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) on primary brown adipocytes differentiated in culture. DESIGN AND METHODS We analysed the effects of RTIs, nucleoside analogues (NRTIs: stavudine, zidovudine, didanosine and lamivudine) and non-nucleoside analogues (NNRTIs: nevirapine and efavirenz), on differentiation, mitochondrial biogenesis and gene expression in brown adipocytes. RESULTS None of the NRTIs altered brown adipocyte differentiation whereas NNTRIs had differing effects. Efavirenz blocked lipid deposition and expression of adipose marker genes but nevirapine induced lipid accumulation and adipose gene expression, promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and increased UCP1. Stavudine, zidovudine and didanosine reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. However, mitochondrial genome expression was only impaired in didanosine-treated adipocytes. Stavudine, but not zidovudine, induced expression of the mitochondrial transcription factors and this may explain compensatory mechanisms for the depletion of mtDNA by up-regulating mtDNA transcription. Stavudine caused a specific induction of UCP1 gene expression through direct interaction with a retinoic acid-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS Specific disturbances in brown adipocytes in adipose depots may contribute to HAART-induced lipomatosis. Mitochondrial depletion does not appear to be the only mechanism explaining adverse effects in brown adipocytes because there is evidence of compensatory mechanisms that maintain mtDNA expression, and the expression of the UCP1 gene is specifically altered.
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Carrion C, de Madariaga MA, Domingo JC. In vitro cytotoxic study of immunoliposomal doxorubicin targeted to human CD34+ leukemic cells. Life Sci 2004; 75:313-28. [PMID: 15135652 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of CD34 antigen in acute myelogenous leukemias is considered an unfavourable prognosis marker for response to anticancer drugs and duration of remission. This study investigated the applicability of long-circulating immunoliposomes loaded with doxorubicin targeted to CD34 antigen present on MDR(+) human myelogenous leukemia KG-1a cell line. Immunoliposomal doxorubicin showed a higher cytotoxicity against KG-1a cells than non-targeted liposomal doxorubicin, but it did not improve over that of free drug. Although no reversal of doxorubicin resistance was found to occur through its liposomal encapsulation, a therapeutic benefit can be obtained by the selective cytotoxicity observed. Endocytosis studies demonstrated that, after binding to CD34 antigen, the immunoliposomes are not internalized by the KG-1a cells and so the cytotoxic effect might be due to drug released into the space near the cell membrane. Thus, immunotargeting of liposomal doxorubicin to CD34(+) leukemic cells may only provide an ex vivo strategy for site-selective CD34(+) leukemia cell killing.
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MESH Headings
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Capsules
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunochemistry
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Liposomes
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Particle Size
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carrion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona. Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Domingo JC, Domingo P, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Uncoupling protein 1 gene expression implicates brown adipocytes in highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated lipomatosis. AIDS 2004; 18:959-60. [PMID: 15060448 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200404090-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Domingo P, Matías-Guiu X, Pujol RM, Domingo JC, Arroyo JA, Sambeat MA, Vázquez G. Switching to nevirapine decreases insulin levels but does not improve subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated lipodystrophy. J Infect Dis 2001; 184:1197-201. [PMID: 11598845 DOI: 10.1086/323805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2001] [Revised: 07/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis occurs in lipotrophic areas of patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated lipodystrophy. Fourteen patients with HAART-associated lipodystrophy had 2 subcutaneous biopsies for evidence of adipocyte apoptosis, the second after a randomized change to nevirapine (n=8) or after remaining on a regimen of indinavir-based HAART (n=6). Apoptosis was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling method. Patients who were switched to nevirapine had a significant decrease in insulinemia and a significant increase in the glucose:insulin ratio. Overall, subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis increased in 3 patients who were switched to nevirapine and in 3 who continued to receive indinavir but decreased in 2 patients switched to nevirapine and another 2 who continued to receive indinavir. Subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis continues to occur in lipotrophic areas of patients with HAART-associated lipodystrophy despite switching from indinavir to nevirapine, suggesting that such a strategy will be useless for reversal of lipoatrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Domingo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Avgda. Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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Carrion C, Domingo JC, de Madariaga MA. Preparation of long-circulating immunoliposomes using PEG-cholesterol conjugates: effect of the spacer arm between PEG and cholesterol on liposomal characteristics. Chem Phys Lipids 2001; 113:97-110. [PMID: 11687230 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(01)00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol)-coated liposomes were prepared with two new synthesised pegylated cholesterol (Chol) derivatives linked via carbamate bond. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was directly linked to Chol (PEG-Chol) or through a space arm of diaminebutane (PEG-L-Chol). In buffer, the physicochemical properties of PC/Chol liposomes (2/1, molar ratio) containing up to 10 mol% of pegylated Chol derivatives did not change significantly and the PEG layer at liposome surface inhibited the agglutination of biotin-liposomes induced by streptavidin. On the other hand, in serum, PEG-L-Chol seemed to reduce the interactions of liposomes with serum proteins, much more than PEG-Chol. The low steric hindrance of PEG-Chol derivative may be due to the slow conformational transition rate of the polymer, since PEG may be deeper located in the membrane. The coupling efficiency of the ligand to the functionalised amino group at the polymer end was also affected, but, its antigen-binding activity was preserved. The basic physical-chemical characteristics studied in this work are relevant to assess the application of pegylated Chol liposomes as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carrion
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franques, 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Domingo JC, Mercadal M, Petriz J, De Madariaga MA. Preparation of PEG-grafted immunomagnetoliposomes entrapping citrate stabilized magnetite particles and their application in CD34+ cell sorting. J Microencapsul 2001; 18:41-54. [PMID: 11201340 DOI: 10.1080/026520401750038593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunomagnetic systems have been used for positive selection of a cell fraction from a mixture using appropriate surface markers with satisfactory results, as haematopoietic CD34+ cells. This work reports on the development of poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted (PEG) immunoliposomes loaded with citrate-magnetite stabilized particles as the separation vehicles for immunomagnetic separations. The magnetic ferrofluid was encapsulated into PEG-liposomes by the DRV methodology. The magnetoliposomes had a liposomal size of approximately 450 nm and a Fe/lipid molar ratio of 1.52+/-0.26, and were retained in the magnetic field created by the MiniMACS system. Anti-CD34 immunomagnetoliposomes with 100 mAb/vesicle were prepared by coupling the My10 mAb and bound specifically for CD34+ KG-1a cells in culture and in mixtures with CD34-cells (CHO or Jurkat). The magnetic cell sorting was carried out in cell mixtures KG-1a/CHO or KG-1a/Jurkat with different initial% of CD34+ Kg-1a cells. For 10(6) positive cells and 100 microM of immunomagnetoliposomes, the capture efficiency was > 85% and independent of the starting percentage of CD34+ cells. The decrease of the final purity, when the starting percentage of CD34+ cells decreases and, dependent of the CD34- cell line used, point to the degree of non-specific cell binding of My10-immunomagnetoliposomes as being crucial, among of the methodological aspects as the number of starting CD34+ cells. The CD34+ cells isolated retained the viability with an estimated recovery of 45-50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués, Spain.
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Mercadal M, Domingo JC, Petriz J, Garcia J, de Madariaga MA. Preparation of immunoliposomes bearing poly(ethylene glycol)-coupled monoclonal antibody linked via a cleavable disulfide bond for ex vivo applications. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1509:299-310. [PMID: 11118541 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several methods for the preparation of sterically stabilized immunoliposomes (SIL) have recently been described. This report examines an established method for coupling anti-CD34 My10 mAb to poly(ethylene glycol)-liposomes (PEG-liposomes) containing the anchor pyridyldithiopropionylamino-PEG-phosphatidylethanolamine (PDP-PEG-PE) via a cleavable disulfide bond. Efficient attachment of pyridyldithio-derivatized mAb took place (equivalent to coupling ca. 70% of total input protein) at 2 mol percent of the functionalized PEG-lipid. The My10-SIL bound specifically to CD34+ cells (human leukemic KG-1a and hematopoietic progenitor cells) and the extent of binding was a function of liposomal lipid concentration, the mAb density in the liposome surface and the CD34 cell expression. In mixtures with CD34- cells (CHO or Jurkat), CD34+KG-1a cells were determined by flow cytometry at percentages (1-4%) similar to those reported in clinical samples (such as cord blood, mobilized peripheral blood and bone marrow) using a direct immunostaining with My10-SIL. The disulfide bond was stable in cell culture medium (10% of fetal calf serum) during 8 h and cell-bound SIL can be released from cells by treatment with dithiothreitol as reducing agent under mild conditions (1 h of incubation with 50 mM DTT at 20 degrees C). SIL binding and subsequent dithiothreitol treatment did not influence the cell viability. Our approach should contribute to the development of targetable liposomal vehicles to CD34+ cells for use in ex vivo conditions as sorting of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mercadal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Mercadal M, Domingo JC, Petriz J, Garcia J, de Madariaga MA. A novel strategy affords high-yield coupling of antibody to extremities of liposomal surface-grafted PEG chains. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1418:232-8. [PMID: 10209227 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several methodologies for the preparation of polyethylene glycol-grafted immunoliposomes have been developed by attaching antibodies to the terminus of the polymer. Unilamellar liposomes were prepared containing a combination of a functionalized polyethylene glycol(3400) and an inert polyethylene glycol(2000) phosphatidylethanolamine derivate up to 5 mol%. The greater length of the functionalized polyethylene glycol derivate did not alter the liposomal sterical stability or the remote loading of doxorubicin. Anti-CD34 immunoliposomes were prepared by the reaction of maleimide-derivatized My10 antibody with generated thiol groups at the periphery of the liposomes and efficiencies of nearly 100% were obtained. The greater accessibility of the reactive group makes this strategy more efficient than others described. The immunoliposomes prepared bound specifically to CD34+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mercadal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Mercadal M, Carrion C, Domingo JC, Petriz J, Garcia J, de Madariaga MA. Preparation of immunoliposomes directed against CD34 antigen as target. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1371:17-23. [PMID: 9565652 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The My-10 monoclonal antibody has facilitated the search of haematopoietic stem cells by recognizing selectively the human CD34 antigen. In the present work, My-10 immunoliposomes directed specifically against CD34+ cells were prepared, characterized and tested in vitro. Binding to target cells at 4 degreesC of immunoliposomes containing carboxyfluorescein as aqueous marker was evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. These immunoliposomes demonstrated their capacity to bind specifically to CD34+ cells. Studies have shown that 9 antibodies/vesicle were sufficient to obtain a good binding efficiency. The product was stable over one month at 4 degreesC in terms of leakage of encapsulated carboxyfluorescein, particle size and antigen binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mercadal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Domingo JC, Africa de Madariaga M. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the ester and amide bands of the hydrated dispersions of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(96)02632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Domingo JC, de Madariaga M. Molecular organization of hydrated dispersions of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids and mixtures with phosphatidylcholine. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(96)03618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mercadal M, Domingo JC, Bermudez M, Mora M, De Madariaga MA. N-palmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine stabilizes liposomes in the presence of human serum: effect of lipidic composition and system characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1235:281-8. [PMID: 7756336 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(95)80015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes containing negatively-charged phospholipid, N-palmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (NPPE) were examined for stability in the presence of human serum, using the release of the entrapped 5,6-carboxyfluorescein as an aqueous marker. Either small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) or large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were used. Incorporation of NPPE into PC SUV decreases leakage in the presence of serum or phosphate-buffered saline, no strictly related to size increase observed and to the surface negative charge present. The stabilizing effect of NPPE and Chol were synergistic. Inhibition of destabilization induced by serum of PC/Chol liposomes was observed when NPPE concentrations were above 12 mol%. Change in the membrane fluidity or incorporation of a monosialoganglioside into liposomes do not significantly change the half-life of liposomes in the presence of a high NPPE concentration. Incorporation of NPPE into PC/Chol liposomes increases membrane rigidity which does not change after serum incubation. The presence of NPPE in liposomes decreases lipid transfer/exchange between liposomes and lipoproteins although the same amount of serum proteins were incorporated as in PC/Chol liposomes. As expected, these proteins are accessible to trypsin digestion. In accordance with these results, the liposome agglutination assay shows no steric barrier activity. As a whole, the results obtained in this paper suggest a complex mechanism for stabilization of NPPE containing liposomes in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mercadal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
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Domingo JC, Mora M, de Madariaga MA. The influence of N-acyl chain length on the phase behaviour of natural and synthetic N-acylethanolamine phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)02397-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Domingo JC, Mora M, Africa de Madariaga M. Role of headgroup structure in the phase behaviour of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids: hydrogen-bonding ability and headgroup size. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 69:229-40. [PMID: 8194159 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of aqueous dispersions of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine from natural origin with long N-acyl chain (NAPE) and headgroup modified analogues have been studied. N-Acylation of PE causes a significant increase in the gel-to-liquid crystalline lamellar phase transition temperature in contrast with saturated N-acyl(dipalmitoyl) PEs, and in addition it does not restrict the headgroup rotational mobility in gel phase. The results agree with the increase of hydration of the phosphate group compared with that in PE and suggest the formation of hydrogen bonds between amide groups. The modifications introduced modulate the headgroup size and their hydrogen bonding capability. An increasing number of methylene groups between the phosphate and amide groups does not modify the phase behaviour observed. N-methylation of the amide group, which prevents the possibility of intermolecular hydrogen bond formation, decreases the melting temperature and the cooperativity of the phase transition and does not change the phase behaviour, while the hydration at the ester carbonyl groups level is decreased. On the other hand, the addition of N-ethyl substituent to the amide group or substitution of an ester group for this group increases its tendency to form structures with inverted geometries. The behaviour of these compounds suggests that hydration forces must be more important than considerations of the lipid dynamic shape in predicting the relative stabilities of lamellar vs. non-lamellar phases for NAPEs with long saturated N-acyl chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Domingo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
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Domingo JC, Mora M, Africa de Madariaga M. Incorporation of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids into egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles: characterization and permeability properties of the binary systems. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1148:308-16. [PMID: 8504125 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90144-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of the N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (N-acylPE) on the permeability properties of liposomes composed primarily of egg phosphatidylcholine using a fluorescent anionic dye, carboxyfluorescein, as model solute. Leakage from liposomes decreased and vesicle size increased with increasing N-acylPE content. In addition, measurement of the trapped aqueous space, using the same dye marker, showed a correlation between trapped volume and vesicle size determined by dynamic light scattering. Permeability parameters were calculated according to the pseudo-first-order analysis. It appears that N-acylPE stabilizes liposomes at least in part through its ability to impart surface negative charge, in accord with the results obtained with potassium chloride as encapsulated solute. These results agreed well with osmotic response of anionic lipid vesicles. Cholesterol stabilizes N-acylPE liposomes in a proportional manner to the molar fraction of the effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Domingo
- Department de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
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Domingo JC, Rosell F, Mora M, de Madariaga MA. Importance of the purification grade of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein on the stability and permeability properties of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine liposomes. Biochem Soc Trans 1989; 17:997-9. [PMID: 2628126 DOI: 10.1042/bst0170997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
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