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Andersson R, Hernández G, Mindemark J. Correction: Quantifying the ion coordination strength in polymer electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12892. [PMID: 38606428 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp90065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Correction for 'Quantifying the ion coordination strength in polymer electrolytes' by Rassmus Andersson et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, 16343-16352, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP01904C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassmus Andersson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Shao Y, Gudla H, Mindemark J, Brandell D, Zhang C. Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes: Building New Bridges between Experiment and Molecular Simulation. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1123-1134. [PMID: 38569004 PMCID: PMC11025026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusPolymer electrolytes constitute a promising type of material for solid-state batteries. However, one of the bottlenecks for their practical implementation lies in the transport properties, often including restricted Li+ self-diffusion and conductivity and low cationic transference numbers. This calls for a molecular understanding of ion transport in polymer electrolytes in which molecular dynamics (MD) simulation can provide both new physical insights and quantitative predictions. Although efforts have been made in this area and qualitative pictures have emerged, direct and quantitative comparisons between experiment and simulation remain challenging because of the lack of a unified theoretical framework to connect them.In our work, we show that by computing the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the model system and using the normalized inverse temperature 1000/(T - Tg + 50), the Li+ self-diffusion coefficient can be compared quantitatively between MD simulations and experiments. This allows us to disentangle the effects of Tg and the polymer dielectric environment on ion conduction in polymer electrolytes, giving rise to the identification of an optimal solvating environment for fast ion conduction.Unlike Li+ self-diffusion coefficients and ionic conductivity, the transference number, which describes the fraction of current carried by Li+ ions, depends on the boundary conditions or the reference frame (RF). This creates a non-negligible gap when comparing experiment and simulation because the fluxes in the experimental measurements and in the linear response theory used in MD simulation are defined in different RFs. We show that by employing the Onsager theory of ion transport and applying a proper RF transformation, a much better agreement between experiment and simulation can be achieved for the PEO-LiTFSI system. This further allows us to derive the theoretical expression for the Bruce-Vincent transference number in terms of the Onsager coefficients and make a direct comparison to experiments. Since the Bruce-Vincent method is widely used to extract transference numbers from experimental data, this opens the door to calibrating MD simulations via reproducing the Bruce-Vincent transference number and using MD simulations to predict the true transference number.In addition, we also address several open questions here such as the time-scale effects on the ion-pairing phenomenon, the consistency check between different types of experiments, the need for more accurate force fields used in MD simulations, and the extension to multicomponent systems. Overall, this Account focuses on building new bridges between experiment and simulation for quantitative comparison, warnings of pitfalls when comparing apples and oranges, and clarifying misconceptions. From a physical chemistry point of view, it connects to concentrated solution theory and provides a unified theoretical framework that can maximize the power of MD simulations. Therefore, this Account will be useful for the electrochemical energy storage community at large and set examples of how to approach experiments from theory and simulation (and vice versa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Shao
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harish Gudla
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Andersson EKW, Wu LT, Bertoli L, Weng YC, Friesen D, Elbouazzaoui K, Bloch S, Ovsyannikov R, Giangrisostomi E, Brandell D, Mindemark J, Jiang JC, Hahlin M. Initial SEI formation in LiBOB-, LiDFOB- and LiBF 4-containing PEO electrolytes. J Mater Chem A Mater 2024; 12:9184-9199. [PMID: 38633215 PMCID: PMC11019830 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta07175h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A limiting factor for solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)-based Li-batteries is the functionality of the electrolyte decomposition layer that is spontaneously formed at the Li metal anode. A deeper understanding of this layer will facilitate its improvement. This study investigates three SPEs - polyethylene oxide:lithium tetrafluoroborate (PEO:LiBF4), polyethylene oxide:lithium bis(oxalate)borate (PEO:LiBOB), and polyethylene oxide:lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (PEO:LiDFOB) - using a combination of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic cycling, in situ Li deposition photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Through this combination, the cell performance of PEO:LiDFOB can be connected to the initial SPE decomposition at the anode interface. It is found that PEO:LiDFOB had the highest capacity retention, which is correlated to having the least decomposition at the interface. This indicates that the lower SPE decomposition at the interface still creates a more effective decomposition layer, which is capable of preventing further electrolyte decomposition. Moreover, the PES results indicate formation of polyethylene in the SEI in cells based on PEO electrolytes. This is supported by AIMD that shows a polyethylene formation pathway through free-radical polymerization of ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin K W Andersson
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Liang-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Luca Bertoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Via Luigi Mancinelli 7 20131 Milan Italy
| | - Yi-Chen Weng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516 Uppsala 75120 Sweden
| | - Daniel Friesen
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Kenza Elbouazzaoui
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Sophia Bloch
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Jyh-Chiang Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516 Uppsala 75120 Sweden
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4
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Mönich C, Andersson R, Hernández G, Mindemark J, Schönhoff M. Seeing the Unseen: Mg 2+, Na +, and K + Transference Numbers in Post-Li Battery Electrolytes by Electrophoretic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38608722 PMCID: PMC11048119 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for energy storage devices worldwide combined with limited resources for lithium attracts interest in other alkali or alkaline earth metals. In addition to conductivity, the cation transference number T+ is a decisive parameter to rank the electrolyte performance. However, the existing experimental methods for its determination suffer from various intrinsic problems. We demonstrate here a novel approach for T+ determination based on determining the total conductivity with impedance spectroscopy (IS) and the partial conductivity of the anion species, with the latter being obtained from the anion mobility by electrophoretic NMR. First, this eNMR/IS approach is validated by comparing T+ values from different methods in a Li-based solvate ionic liquid electrolyte. Then, it is applied to obtain T+ of cations with nuclei not detectable in NMR transport measurements, employing bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI)-based metal salts. Solvate ionic liquids consisting of triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (G3) and Mg(TFSI)2 or NaTFSI yield values of TNa and TMg on the order of 0.4, similar to TLi. Furthermore, we apply the method to polymer electrolytes, again testing the concept with LiTFSI, and finally investigating NaTFSI, KTFSI, and Mg(TFSI)2 in poly(ethylene oxide). Values of TNa and TK are in the range of 0.14-0.2, similar to those of TLi, while Mg2+ shows a higher transference number (TMg = 0.3). The method is very versatile as it allows quantification of T+ for any type of cation, and moreover, it is applicable to highly concentrated electrolytes without suffering from assumptions about dissociation or from unknown interfacial resistances which impede electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mönich
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Rassmus Andersson
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
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5
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Zhang X, Ràfols-Ribé J, Mindemark J, Tang S, Lindh M, Gracia-Espino E, Larsen C, Edman L. Efficiency Roll-Off in Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2310156. [PMID: 38211953 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Understanding "efficiency roll-off" (i.e., the drop in emission efficiency with increasing current) is critical if efficient and bright emissive technologies are to be rationally designed. Emerging light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) can be cost- and energy-efficiently fabricated by ambient-air printing by virtue of the in situ formation of a p-n junction doping structure. However, this in situ doping transformation renders a meaningful efficiency analysis challenging. Herein, a method for separation and quantification of major LEC loss factors, notably the outcoupling efficiency and exciton quenching, is presented. Specifically, the position of the emissive p-n junction in common singlet-exciton emitting LECs is measured to shift markedly with increasing current, and the influence of this shift on the outcoupling efficiency is quantified. It is further verified that the LEC-characteristic high electrochemical-doping concentration renders singlet-polaron quenching (SPQ) significant already at low drive current density, but also that SPQ increases super-linearly with increasing current, because of increasing polaron density in the p-n junction region. This results in that SPQ dominates singlet-singlet quenching for relevant current densities, and significantly contributes to the efficiency roll-off. This method for deciphering the LEC efficiency roll-off can contribute to a rational realization of all-printed LEC devices that are efficient at highluminance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Joan Ràfols-Ribé
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Shi Tang
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lindh
- Sustainable Resource Conversion unit, Biorefinery and Energy department, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Storgatan 65, Umeå, SE-90330, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Gracia-Espino
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Christian Larsen
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
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6
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Hernández G, Lee TK, Erdélyi M, Brandell D, Mindemark J. Do non-coordinating polymers function as host materials for solid polymer electrolytes? The case of PVdF-HFP. J Mater Chem A Mater 2023; 11:15329-15335. [PMID: 37469657 PMCID: PMC10353573 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta01853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In the search for novel solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), primarily targeting battery applications, a range of different polymers is currently being explored. In this context, the non-coordinating poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) polymer is a frequently utilized system. Considering that PVdF-HFP should be a poor solvent for cation salts, it is counterintuitive that this is a functional host material for SPEs. Here, we do an in-depth study of the salt dissolution properties and ionic conductivity of PVdF-HFP-based electrolytes, using two different fabrication methods and also employing a low-molecular-weight solvent analogue. It is seen that PVdF-HFP is remarkably poor as an SPE host, despite its comparatively high dielectric constant, and that the salt dissolution properties instead are controlled by fluorophilic interactions of the anion with the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiomar Hernández
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 SE-751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tian Khoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 SE-751 21 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43000 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University Box 756 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 SE-751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 SE-751 21 Uppsala Sweden
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7
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Wu LT, Andersson EKW, Hahlin M, Mindemark J, Brandell D, Jiang JC. A method for modelling polymer electrolyte decomposition during the Li-nucleation process in Li-metal batteries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9060. [PMID: 37271770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the complex degradation pathways and formed decomposition products of the electrolytes in Li-metal batteries remains challenging. So far, computational studies have been dominated by studying the reactions at inert Li-metal surfaces. In contrast, this study combines DFT and AIMD calculations to explore the Li-nucleation process for studying interfacial reactions during Li-plating by introducing Li-atoms close to the metal surface. These Li-atoms were added into the PEO polymer electrolytes in three stages to simulate the spontaneous reactions. It is found that the highly reactive Li-atoms added during the simulated nucleation contribute to PEO decomposition, and the resulting SEI components in this calculation include lithium alkoxide, ethylene, and lithium ethylene complexes. Meanwhile, the analysis of atomic charge provides a reliable guideline for XPS spectrum fitting in these complicated multicomponent systems. This work gives new insights into the Li-nucleation process, and experimental XPS data supporting this computational strategy. The AIMD/DFT approach combined with surface XPS spectra can thus help efficiently screen potential polymer materials for solid-state battery polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edvin K W Andersson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jyh-Chiang Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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8
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Eriksson T, Gudla H, Manabe Y, Yoneda T, Friesen D, Zhang C, Inokuma Y, Brandell D, Mindemark J. Carbonyl-Containing Solid Polymer Electrolyte Host Materials: Conduction and Coordination in Polyketone, Polyester, and Polycarbonate Systems. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10940-10949. [PMID: 36590372 PMCID: PMC9798856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research on solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is now moving beyond the realm of polyethers that have dominated the field for several decades. A promising alternative group of candidates for SPE host materials is carbonyl-containing polymers. In this work, SPE properties of three different types of carbonyl-coordinating polymers are compared: polycarbonates, polyesters, and polyketones. The investigated polymers were chosen to be as structurally similar as possible, with only the functional group being different, thereby giving direct insights into the role of the noncoordinating main-chain oxygens. As revealed by experimental measurements as well as molecular dynamics simulations, the polyketone possesses the lowest glass transition temperature, but the ion transport is limited by a high degree of crystallinity. The polycarbonate, on the other hand, displays a relatively low coordination strength but is instead limited by its low molecular flexibility. The polyester performs generally as an intermediate between the other two, which is reasonable when considering its structural relation to the alternatives. This work demonstrates that local changes in the coordinating environment of carbonyl-containing polymers can have a large effect on the overall ion conduction, thereby also showing that desired transport properties can be achieved by fine-tuning the polymer chemistry of carbonyl-containing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Eriksson
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harish Gudla
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yumehiro Manabe
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Daniel Friesen
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yasuhide Inokuma
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden,E-mail:
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Johansson I, Sångeland C, Uemiya T, Iwasaki F, Yoshizawa-Fujita M, Brandell D, Mindemark J. Improving the Electrochemical Stability of a Polyester-Polycarbonate Solid Polymer Electrolyte by Zwitterionic Additives. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2022; 5:10002-10012. [PMID: 36034759 PMCID: PMC9400021 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries with solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), Li-metal anodes, and high-voltage cathodes like LiNi x Mn y Co z O2 (NMC) are promising next-generation high-energy-density storage solutions. However, these types of cells typically experience rapid failure during galvanostatic cycling, visible as an incoherent voltage noise during charging. Herein, two imidazolium-based zwitterions, with varied sulfonate-bearing chain length, are added to a poly(ε-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate):LiTFSI electrolyte as cycling-enhancing additives to study their effect on the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte and the cycling performance of half-cells with NMC cathodes. The oxidative stability is studied with two different voltammetric methods using cells with inert working electrodes: the commonly used cyclic voltammetry and staircase voltammetry. The specific effects of the NMC cathode on the electrolyte stability is moreover investigated with cutoff increase cell cycling (CICC) to study the chemical and electrochemical compatibility between the active material and the SPE. Zwitterionic additives proved to enhance the electrochemical stability of the SPE and to facilitate improved galvanostatic cycling stability in half-cells with NMC by preventing the decomposition of LiTFSI at the polymer-cathode interface, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell
L. Johansson
- Department
of Chemistry−Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christofer Sångeland
- Department
of Chemistry−Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamao Uemiya
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Fumito Iwasaki
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department
of Chemistry−Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department
of Chemistry−Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Andersson R, Hernández G, Mindemark J. Correction: Quantifying the ion coordination strength in polymer electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17361. [PMID: 35797561 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp90117j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for 'Quantifying the ion coordination strength in polymer electrolytes' by Rassmus Andersson et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp01904c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassmus Andersson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
In the progress of implementing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) into batteries, fundamental understanding of the processes occurring within and in the vicinity of the SPE are required. An important but so far relatively unexplored parameter influencing the ion transport properties is the ion coordination strength. Our understanding of the coordination chemistry and its role for the ion transport is partly hampered by the scarcity of suitable methods to measure this phenomenon. Herein, two qualitative methods and one quantitative method to assess the ion coordination strength are presented, contrasted and discussed for TFSI-based salts of Li+, Na+ and Mg2+ in polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC). For the qualitative methods, the coordination strength is probed by studying the equilibrium between cation coordination to polymer ligands or solvent molecules, whereas the quantitative method studies the ion dissociation equilibrium of salts in solvent-free polymers. All methods are in agreement that regardless of cation, the strongest coordination strength is observed for PEO, while PTMC exhibits the weakest coordination strength. Considering the cations, the weakest coordination is observed for Mg2+ in all polymers, indicative of the strong ion-ion interactions in Mg(TFSI)2, whilst the coordination strength for Li+ and Na+ seems to be more influenced by the interplay between the cation charge/radius and the polymer structure. The trends observed are in excellent agreement with previously observed transference numbers, confirming the importance and its connection to the ion transport in SPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassmus Andersson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Sångeland C, Hernández G, Brandell D, Younesi R, Hahlin M, Mindemark J. Dissecting the Solid Polymer Electrolyte-Electrode Interface in the Vicinity of Electrochemical Stability Limits. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:28716-28728. [PMID: 35708265 PMCID: PMC9247984 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proper understanding of solid polymer electrolyte-electrode interfacial layer formation and its implications on cell performance is a vital step toward realizing practical solid-state lithium-ion batteries. At the same time, probing these solid-solid interfaces is extremely challenging as they are buried within the electrochemical system, thereby efficiently evading exposure to surface-sensitive spectroscopic methods. Still, the probing of interfacial degradation layers is essential to render an accurate picture of the behavior of these materials in the vicinity of their electrochemical stability limits and to complement the incomplete picture gained from electrochemical assessments. In this work, we address this issue in conjunction with presenting a thorough evaluation of the electrochemical stability window of the solid polymer electrolyte poly(ε-caprolactone):lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PCL:LiTFSI). According to staircase voltammetry, the electrochemical stability window of the polyester-based electrolyte was found to span from 1.5 to 4 V vs Li+/Li. Subsequent decomposition of PCL:LiTFSI outside of the stability window led to a buildup of carbonaceous, lithium oxide and salt-derived species at the electrode-electrolyte interface, identified using postmortem spectroscopic analysis. These species formed highly resistive interphase layers, acting as major bottlenecks in the SPE system. Resistance and thickness values of these layers at different potentials were then estimated based on the impedance response between a lithium iron phosphate reference electrode and carbon-coated working electrodes. Importantly, it is only through the combination of electrochemistry and photoelectron spectroscopy that the full extent of the electrochemical performance at the limits of electrochemical stability can be reliably and accurately determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer Sångeland
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Reza Younesi
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Ràfols-Ribé J, Zhang X, Larsen C, Lundberg P, Lindh EM, Mai CT, Mindemark J, Gracia-Espino E, Edman L. Controlling the Emission Zone by Additives for Improved Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2107849. [PMID: 34891219 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The position of the emission zone (EZ) in the active material of a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) has a profound influence on its performance because of microcavity effects and doping- and electrode-induced quenching. Previous attempts of EZ control have focused on the two principal constituents in the active material-the organic semiconductor (OSC) and the mobile ions-but this study demonstrates that it is possible to effectively control the EZ position through the inclusion of an appropriate additive into the active material. More specifically, it is shown that a mere modification of the end group on an added neutral compound, which also functions as an ion transporter, results in a shifted EZ from close to the anode to the center of the active material, which translates into a 60% improvement of the power efficiency. This particular finding is rationalized by a lowering of the effective electron mobility of the OSC through specific additive: OSC interactions, but the more important generic conclusion is that it is possible to control the EZ position, and thereby the LEC performance, by the straightforward inclusion of an easily tuned additive in the active material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Ràfols-Ribé
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Christian Larsen
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Petter Lundberg
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - E Mattias Lindh
- RISE Energy Technology Center AB, Industrigatan 1, Piteå, SE-941 38, Sweden
| | - Cuc Thu Mai
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Gracia-Espino
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
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14
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Eriksson T, Mace A, Mindemark J, Brandell D. The role of coordination strength in solid polymer electrolytes: compositional dependence of transference numbers in the poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(trimethylene carbonate) system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25550-25557. [PMID: 34781333 PMCID: PMC8612359 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03929f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both polyesters and polycarbonates have been proposed as alternatives to polyethers as host materials for future polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium-ion batteries. While being comparatively similar functional groups, the electron density on the coordinating carbonyl oxygen is different, thereby rendering different coordinating strength towards lithium ions. In this study, the transport properties of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) as well as random copolymers of systematically varied composition of the two have been investigated, in order to better elucidate the role of the coordination strength. The cationic transference number, a property well-connected with the complexing ability of the polymer, was shown to depend almost linearly on the ester content of the copolymer, increasing from 0.49 for the pure poly(ε-caprolactone) to 0.83 for pure poly(trimethylene carbonate). Contradictory to the transference number measurements that suggest a stronger lithium-to-ester coordination, DFT calculations showed that the carbonyl oxygen in the carbonate coordinates more strongly to the lithium ion than that of the ester. FT-IR measurements showed the coordination number to be higher in the polyester system, resulting in a higher total coordination strength and thereby resolving the paradox. This likely originates in properties that are specific of polymeric solvent systems, e.g. steric properties and chain dynamics, which influence the coordination chemistry. These results highlight the complexity in polymeric systems and their ion transport properties in comparison to low-molecular-weight analogues, and how polymer structure and steric effects together affect the coordination strength and transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Amber Mace
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Sångeland C, Tjessem T, Mindemark J, Brandell D. Overcoming the Obstacle of Polymer-Polymer Resistances in Double Layer Solid Polymer Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2809-2814. [PMID: 33710889 PMCID: PMC8006132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Double-layer solid polymer electrolytes (DLSPEs) comprising one layer that is stable toward lithium metal and one which is stable against a high-voltage cathode are commonly suggested as a promising strategy to achieve high-energy-density lithium batteries. Through in-depth EIS analysis, it is here concluded that the polymer-polymer interface is the primary contributor to electrolyte resistance in such DLSPEs consisting of polyether-, polyester-, or polycarbonate-bad SPEs. In comparison to the bulk ionic resistance, the polymer-polymer interface resistance is approximately 10-fold higher. Nevertheless, the interfacial resistance was successfully lowered by doubling the salt concentration from 25 to 50 wt % LiTFSI owing to improved miscibility at the interface of the two polymer layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer Sångeland
- Department of Chemistry -
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala
University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, SE-751
21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Trine Tjessem
- Department of Chemistry -
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala
University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, SE-751
21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry -
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala
University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, SE-751
21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry -
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala
University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, SE-751
21 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Hernández G, Naylor AJ, Chien YC, Brandell D, Mindemark J, Edström K. Elimination of Fluorination: The Influence of Fluorine-Free Electrolytes on the Performance of LiNi 1/3Mn 1/3Co 1/3O 2/Silicon-Graphite Li-Ion Battery Cells. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2020; 8:10041-10052. [PMID: 32953284 PMCID: PMC7493211 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the quest for environmentally friendly and safe batteries, moving from fluorinated electrolytes that are toxic and release corrosive compounds, such as HF, is a necessary step. Here, the effects of electrolyte fluorination are investigated for full cells combining silicon-graphite composite electrodes with LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC111) cathodes, a viable cell chemistry for a range of potential battery applications, by means of electrochemical testing and postmortem surface analysis. A fluorine-free electrolyte based on lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) and vinylene carbonate (VC) is able to provide higher discharge capacity (147 mAh gNMC -1) and longer cycle life at C/10 (84.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles) than a cell with a highly fluorinated electrolyte containing LiPF6, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and VC. The cell with the fluorine-free electrolyte is able to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, has low overpotential, and shows a slow increase in cell resistance that leads to improved electrochemical performance. Although the power capability is limiting the performance of the fluorine-free electrolyte due to higher interfacial resistance, it is still able to provide long cycle life at C/2 and outperforms the highly fluorinated electrolyte at 40 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed a F-rich SEI with the highly fluorinated electrolyte, while the fluorine-free electrolyte formed an O-rich SEI. Although their composition is different, the electrochemical results show that both the highly fluorinated and fluorine-free electrolytes are able to stabilize the silicon-based anode and support stable cycling in full cells. While these results demonstrate the possibility to use a nonfluorinated electrolyte in high-energy-density full cells, they also address new challenges toward environmentally friendly and nontoxic electrolytes.
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17
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Ebadi M, Eriksson T, Mandal P, Costa LT, Araujo CM, Mindemark J, Brandell D. Restricted Ion Transport by Plasticizing Side Chains in Polycarbonate-Based Solid Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2020; 53:764-774. [PMID: 32089567 PMCID: PMC7032846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the ionic conductivity has for decades been an overriding goal in the development of solid polymer electrolytes. According to fundamental theories on ion transport mechanisms in polymers, the ionic conductivity is strongly correlated to free volume and segmental mobility of the polymer for the conventional transport processes. Therefore, incorporating plasticizing side chains onto the main chain of the polymer host often appears as a clear-cut strategy to improve the ionic conductivity of the system through lowering of the glass transition temperature (T g). This intended correlation between T g and ionic conductivity is, however, not consistently observed in practice. The aim of this study is therefore to elucidate this interplay between segmental mobility and polymer structure in polymer electrolyte systems comprising plasticizing side chains. To this end, we utilize the synthetic versatility of the ion-conductive poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) platform. Two types of host polymers with side chains added to a PTMC backbone are employed, and the resulting electrolytes are investigated together with the side chain-free analogue both by experiment and with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results show that while added side chains do indeed lead to a lower T g, the total ionic conductivity is highest in the host matrix without side chains. It was seen in the MD simulations that while side chains promote ionic mobility associated with the polymer chain, the more efficient interchain hopping transport mechanism occurs with a higher probability in the system without side chains. This is connected to a significantly higher solvation site diversity for the Li+ ions in the side-chain-free system, providing better conduction paths. These results strongly indicate that the side chains in fact restrict the mobility of the Li+ ions in the polymer hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ebadi
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Therese Eriksson
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prithwiraj Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luciano T. Costa
- Instituto
de Química−Departamento de Físico-química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - C. Moyses Araujo
- Materials
Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Shao Y, Hellström M, Yllö A, Mindemark J, Hermansson K, Behler J, Zhang C. Temperature effects on the ionic conductivity in concentrated alkaline electrolyte solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10426-10430. [PMID: 31895378 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline electrolyte solutions are important components in rechargeable batteries and alkaline fuel cells. As the ionic conductivity is thought to be a limiting factor in the performance of these devices, which are often operated at elevated temperatures, its temperature dependence is of significant interest. Here we use NaOH as a prototypical example of alkaline electrolytes, and for this system we have carried out reactive molecular dynamics simulations with an experimentally verified high-dimensional neural network potential derived from density-functional theory calculations. It is found that in concentrated NaOH solutions elevated temperatures enhance both the contributions of proton transfer to the ionic conductivity and deviations from the Nernst-Einstein relation. These findings are expected to be of practical relevance for electrochemical devices based on alkaline electrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Shao
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Gerz I, Lindh EM, Thordarson P, Edman L, Kullgren J, Mindemark J. Oligomer Electrolytes for Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: Influence of the End Groups on Ion Coordination, Ion Binding, and Turn-on Kinetics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:40372-40381. [PMID: 31621280 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The electrolyte is an essential constituent of the light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC), since its operating mechanism is dependent on the redistribution of mobile ions in the active layer. Recent developments of new ion transporters have yielded high-performance devices, but knowledge about the interactions between the ionic species and the ion transporters and the influence of these interactions on the LEC performance is lacking. We therefore present a combined computational and experimental effort that demonstrates that the selection of the end group in a star-branched oligomeric ion transporter based on trimethylolpropane ethoxylate has a paramount influence on the ionic interactions in the electrolyte and thereby also on the performance of the corresponding LECs. With hydroxyl end groups, the cation from the salt is strongly coordinated to the ion transporter, which leads to suppression of ion pairing, but the penalty is a hindered ion release and a slow turn-on for the LEC devices. With methoxy end groups, an intermediate coordination strength is seen together with the formation of contact ion pairs, but the LEC performance is very good with fast turn-on. Using a series of ion transporters with alkyl carbonate end groups, the ion transporter:cation coordination strength is lowered further, but the turn-on kinetics are slower than what is seen for devices comprising the methoxy end-capped ion transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gerz
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - E Mattias Lindh
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics , Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics , Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Jolla Kullgren
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
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20
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Li Z, Mindemark J, Brandell D, Tominaga Y. A concentrated poly(ethylene carbonate)/poly(trimethylene carbonate) blend electrolyte for all-solid-state Li battery. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Mindemark J, Mogensen R, Smith M, Silva M, Brandell D. ERRATUM to “Polycarbonates as alternative electrolyte host materials for solid-state sodium batteries” [Electrochem. Commun. 77 (2017) 58–61]. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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22
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Lindh EM, Lundberg P, Lanz T, Mindemark J, Edman L. Publisher Correction: The Weak Microcavity as an Enabler for Bright and Fault-tolerant Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8697. [PMID: 29855502 PMCID: PMC5981298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Mattias Lindh
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petter Lundberg
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lanz
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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23
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24
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Li Z, Mogensen R, Mindemark J, Bowden T, Brandell D, Tominaga Y. Ion-Conductive and Thermal Properties of a Synergistic Poly(ethylene carbonate)/Poly(trimethylene carbonate) Blend Electrolyte. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800146. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Li
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Ronnie Mogensen
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; SE-75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; SE-75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tim Bowden
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; SE-75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; SE-75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Yoichi Tominaga
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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25
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Lindh EM, Lundberg P, Lanz T, Mindemark J, Edman L. The Weak Microcavity as an Enabler for Bright and Fault-tolerant Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6970. [PMID: 29725061 PMCID: PMC5934366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is functional at substantial active-layer thickness, and is as such heralded for being fit for low-cost and fault-tolerant solution-based fabrication. We report here that this statement should be moderated, and that in order to obtain a strong luminous output, it is fundamentally important to fabricate LEC devices with a designed thickness of the active layer. By systematic experimentation and simulation, we demonstrate that weak optical microcavity effects are prominent in a common LEC system, and that the luminance and efficiency, as well as the emission color and the angular intensity, vary in a periodic manner with the active-layer thickness. Importantly, we demonstrate that high-performance light-emission can be attained from LEC devices with a significant active-layer thickness of 300 nm, which implies that low-cost solution-processed LECs are indeed a realistic option, provided that the device structure has been appropriately designed from an optical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mattias Lindh
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petter Lundberg
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lanz
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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26
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Sun B, Asfaw HD, Rehnlund D, Mindemark J, Nyholm L, Edström K, Brandell D. Toward Solid-State 3D-Microbatteries Using Functionalized Polycarbonate-Based Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:2407-2413. [PMID: 29199816 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
3D microbatteries (3D-MBs) impose new demands for the selection, fabrication, and compatibility of the different battery components. Herein, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) have been implemented in 3D-MB systems. 3D electrodes of two different architectures, LiFePO4-coated carbon foams and Cu2O-coated Cu nanopillars, have been coated with SPEs and used in Li cells. Functionalized PTMC with hydroxyl end groups was found to enable uniform and well-covering coatings on LiFePO4-coated carbon foams, which was difficult to achieve for nonfunctionalized polymers, but the cell cycling performance was limited. By employing a SPE prepared from a copolymer of TMC and caprolactone (CL), with higher ionic conductivity, Li cells composed of Cu2O-coated Cu nanopillars were constructed and tested both at ambient temperature and 60 °C. The footprint areal capacity of the cells was ca. 0.02 mAh cm-2 for an area gain factor (AF) of 2.5, and 0.2 mAh cm-2 for a relatively dense nanopillar-array (AF = 25) at a current density of 0.008 mA cm-2 under ambient temperature (22 ± 1 °C). These results provide new routes toward the realization of all-solid-state 3D-MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Habtom Desta Asfaw
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Rehnlund
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Nyholm
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Edström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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Mindemark J, Sobkowiak A, Oltean G, Brandell D, Gustafsson T. Mechanical Stabilization of Solid Polymer Electrolytes through Gamma Irradiation. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mindemark J, Imholt L, Montero J, Brandell D. Allyl ethers as combined plasticizing and crosslinkable side groups in polycarbonate-based polymer electrolytes for solid-state Li batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; Box 538 Uppsala SE-751 21 Sweden
| | - Laura Imholt
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; Box 538 Uppsala SE-751 21 Sweden
| | - José Montero
- Department of Engineering Sciences; Solid State Physics, Uppsala University; Box 534 Uppsala SE-751 21 Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; Box 538 Uppsala SE-751 21 Sweden
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Sun B, Mindemark J, V. Morozov E, Costa LT, Bergman M, Johansson P, Fang Y, Furó I, Brandell D. Ion transport in polycarbonate based solid polymer electrolytes: experimental and computational investigations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:9504-9513. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00757k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the alternative host materials for solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), polycarbonates have recently shown promising functionality in all-solid-state lithium batteries from ambient to elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evgeny V. Morozov
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luciano T. Costa
- Instituto de Química – Departamento de Físico-Química
- Universidade Federal Fluminense
- CEP 24020-150 Niterói, Brazil
| | - Martin Bergman
- Department of Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Department of Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yuan Fang
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm, Sweden
| | - István Furó
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Hydrogen-bonding hydroxyl side groups in a polycarbonate solid polymer electrolyte lead to improved surface adhesion and enable the application of thin, conformal electrolyte films onto complex 3D-structured electrode substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 21 Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - B. Sun
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 21 Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - D. Brandell
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 21 Uppsala
- Sweden
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Höglund OV, Hagman R, Olsson K, Mindemark J, Borg N, Lagerstedt AS. A new resorbable device for ligation of blood vessels - A pilot study. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:47. [PMID: 21740556 PMCID: PMC3141562 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During surgery, controlled haemostasis to prevent blood loss is vital for a successful outcome. It can be difficult to ligate vessels located deep in the abdomen. A device that is easy to use and enables secure ligatures could be beneficial. Cable ties made of nylon have been used for ligation but the non-resorbable material caused tissue reactions. The objective of this study was to use a resorbable material to construct a device with a self-locking mechanism and to test its mechanical strength and ligation efficiency. METHODS The device was manufactured by injection moulding of polydioxanone, a resorbable polymer used for suture materials. Polydioxanone with inherent viscosities of 1.9 dL/g and 1.3 dL/g were tested. The device consisted of a perforated flexible band which could be pulled through a case with a locking mechanism. After a first version of the device had been tested, some improvements were made. The locking case was downsized, corners were rounded off, the band was made thicker and the mould was redesigned to produce longer devices. Tensile tests were performed with the second version.The first version of the device was used to ligate the ovarian pedicle in a euthanized dog and to test echogenicity of the device with ultrasound. Compression of vessels of the ovarian pedicle was examined by histology. Both versions of the device were tested for haemostasis of and tissue grip on renal arteries in six anaesthetised pigs. RESULTS The tensile strength of the flexible band of the devices with inherent viscosity of 1.9 dL/g was 50.1 ± 5.5 N (range 35.2-62.9 N, n = 11) and the devices with inherent viscosity of 1.3 dL/g had a tensile strength of 39.8 ± 8.1 N (range 18.6-54.2 N, n = 11). Injection moulding of the polymer with lower inherent viscosity resulted in a longer flow distance.Both versions of the device had an effective tissue grip and complete haemostasis of renal arteries was verified. The device attached to the ovarian pedicle could be seen with ultrasound, and vessel compression and occlusion were verified by histology. CONCLUSIONS Tests of functionality of the device showed complete haemostasis and good tissue grip. Devices with a band of sufficient length were easily applied and tightened in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odd V Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Olsson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Borg
- Radi Medical Systems, Palmbladsgatan 10, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sofie Lagerstedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Mindemark J, Bowden T. Efficient DNA Binding and Condensation Using Low Molecular Weight, Low Charge Density Cationic Polymer Amphiphiles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1378-82. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tim Bowden
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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