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Gada KD, Kamuene JM, Chandrashekar A, Kissell RC, Yauch AK, Plant LD. PI(4,5)P2 regulates the gating of NaV1.4 channels. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202213255. [PMID: 37043561 PMCID: PMC10103707 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are densely expressed in most excitable cells and activate in response to depolarization, causing a rapid influx of Na+ ions that initiates the action potential. The voltage-dependent activation of NaV channels is followed almost instantaneously by fast inactivation, setting the refractory period of excitable tissues. The gating cycle of NaV channels is subject to tight regulation, with perturbations leading to a range of pathophysiological states. The gating properties of most ion channels are regulated by the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). However, it is not known whether PI(4,5)P2 modulates the activity of NaV channels. Here, we utilize optogenetics to activate specific, membrane-associated phosphoinositide (PI)-phosphatases that dephosphorylate PI(4,5)P2 while simultaneously recording NaV1.4 channel currents. We show that dephosphorylating PI(4,5)P2 left-shifts the voltage-dependent gating of NaV1.4 to more hyperpolarized membrane potentials, augments the late current that persists after fast inactivation, and speeds the rate at which channels recover from fast inactivation. These effects are opposed by exogenous diC8PI(4,5)P2. We provide evidence that PI(4,5)P2 is a negative regulator that tunes the gating behavior of NaV1.4 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirin D. Gada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordie M. Kamuene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aishwarya Chandrashekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R. Charles Kissell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne K. Yauch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh D. Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Gada KD, Kamuene JM, Kawano T, Plant LD. Imaging Membrane Proteins Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) in Mammalian Cells. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4614. [PMID: 36845531 PMCID: PMC9947549 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surfaceome is of vital importance across physiology, developmental biology, and disease states alike. The precise identification of proteins and their regulatory mechanisms at the cell membrane has been challenging and is typically determined using confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, or total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Of these, TIRFM is the most precise, as it harnesses the generation of a spatially delimited evanescent wave at the interface of two surfaces with distinct refractive indices. The limited penetration of the evanescent wave illuminates a narrow specimen field, which facilitates the localization of fluorescently tagged proteins at the cell membrane but not inside of the cell. In addition to constraining the depth of the image, TIRFM also significantly enhances the signal-to-noise ratio, which is particularly valuable in the study of live cells. Here, we detail a protocol for micromirror TIRFM analysis of optogenetically activated protein kinase C-ε in HEK293-T cells, as well as data analysis to demonstrate the translocation of this construct to the cell-surface following optogenetic activation. Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirin D. Gada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Jordie M. Kamuene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Takeharu Kawano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Leigh D. Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
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Gada KD, Kamuene JM, Chandrashekar A, Kissell RC, Plant LD. Critical regulation of the voltage-gated sodium channel, Na v1.4, by PIP 2. Biophys J 2023; 122:103a-104a. [PMID: 36782443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirin D Gada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordie M Kamuene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - R Charlie Kissell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Kamuene JM, Gada K, Kissell C, Plant LD. Optogenetic regulation of PIP 2 alters the voltage-dependence of activation and fast inactivation of skeletal muscle Na v1.4 channels. Biophys J 2023; 122:104a. [PMID: 36782448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirin Gada
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium channels are formed by subunits that each contain two pore-loops moieties. Whether the channels are expressed in yeast or the human central nervous system, two subunits come together to form a single potassium selective pore. TOK1, the first two-domain channel was cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 1995 and soon thereafter, 15 distinct K2P subunits were identified in the human genome. The human K2P channels are stratified into six K2P subfamilies based on sequence as well as physiological or pharmacological similarities. Functional K2P channels pass background (or "leak") K+ currents that shape the membrane potential and excitability of cells in a broad range of tissues. In the years since they were first described, classical functional assays, latterly coupled with state-of-the-art structural and computational studies have revealed the mechanistic basis of K2P channel gating in response to specific physicochemical or pharmacological stimuli. The growing appreciation that K2P channels can play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of a growing spectrum of diseases makes a compelling case for K2P channels as targets for drug discovery. Here, we summarize recent advances in unraveling the structure, function, and pharmacology of the K2P channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordie M Kamuene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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