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Carvalho NB, Berrêdo Viana D, Muylaert de Araújo MS, Lampreia J, Gomes MSP, Freitas MAV. How likely is Brazil to achieve its NDC commitments in the energy sector? A review on Brazilian low-carbon energy perspectives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2020; 133:110343. [PMID: 34234618 PMCID: PMC7506344 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper offers perspectives on the development of low-carbon energy technology in Brazil, pinpointing changes that have occurred since our former publication in 2011. It takes a fresh approach in terms of how likely Brazil will achieve its Nationally Determined Contributions Commitments in the energy sector. Many countries have implemented national climate policies to accomplish their pledged NDC and contribute to the temperature objectives of the Paris Agreement on climate change. Based on official reports and databases of energy development projections in Brazil and the socioeconomic context, we discuss what can be expected for the future of the Brazilian energy sector, the probability of implementing selected technologies, and the prospects of reaching the NDC targets for 2025 and 2030. In addition, this paper provides an overview of the current stage of development of these technologies, main directions, and bottlenecks in Brazil. Analyses have shown that the Brazilian renewable matrix tends to remain significant, driven by the development of solar and mostly small hydroelectric power sources, as well as different types of biomass. In addition, the system will include the replacement of thermoelectric plants powered by diesel and fuel oil by natural gas plants. The prospects for Brazil's official energy plan for 2027 are aligned with the reference technology scenario, which represents the business as usual scenario. Despite this, low-carbon technologies could be implemented far beyond the NDC's goals, given the abundance of renewable natural resources in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Carvalho
- International Virtual Institute for Global Changes, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Fundão Island - University City, RJ, Zip Code 21941-594, Brazil
- Energy Planning Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Fundão Island - University City, RJ, Zip Code 21941-594, Brazil
| | - D Berrêdo Viana
- International Virtual Institute for Global Changes, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Fundão Island - University City, RJ, Zip Code 21941-594, Brazil
- DSc, Energy Planning Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Fundão Island - University City, RJ, Zip Code 21941-594, Brazil
| | - M S Muylaert de Araújo
- CEHAB/RJ, Housing Company of Rio de Janeiro State Government, Carlos Peixoto Avenue, 54, Botafogo, Zip Code 22290-090, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - J Lampreia
- Carbon Trust Brazil, 4th Floor, Dorset House, 27-45 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - M S P Gomes
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Marques de Sao Vicente Street, 225 Gávea, RJ, Zip Code 22451-900, Brazil
| | - M A V Freitas
- Energy Planning Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Fundão Island - University City, RJ, Zip Code 21941-594, Brazil
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Gavel OY, Bursakov SA, Di Rocco G, Trincão J, Pickering IJ, George GN, Calvete JJ, Shnyrov VL, Brondino CD, Pereira AS, Lampreia J, Tavares P, Moura JJG, Moura I. A new type of metal-binding site in cobalt- and zinc-containing adenylate kinases isolated from sulfate-reducers Desulfovibrio gigas and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1380-95. [PMID: 18328566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenylate kinase (AK) mediates the reversible transfer of phosphate groups between the adenylate nucleotides and contributes to the maintenance of their constant cellular level, necessary for energy metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis. The AK were purified from crude extracts of two sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), Desulfovibrio (D.) gigas NCIB 9332 and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774, and biochemically and spectroscopically characterised in the native and fully cobalt- or zinc-substituted forms. These are the first reported adenylate kinases that bind either zinc or cobalt and are related to the subgroup of metal-containing AK found, in most cases, in Gram-positive bacteria. The electronic absorption spectrum is consistent with tetrahedral coordinated cobalt, predominantly via sulfur ligands, and is supported by EPR. The involvement of three cysteines in cobalt or zinc coordination was confirmed by chemical methods. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) indicate that cobalt or zinc are bound by three cysteine residues and one histidine in the metal-binding site of the "LID" domain. The sequence 129Cys-X5-His-X15-Cys-X2-Cys of the AK from D. gigas is involved in metal coordination and represents a new type of binding motif that differs from other known zinc-binding sites of AK. Cobalt and zinc play a structural role in stabilizing the LID domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu Gavel
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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3
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Santos-Silva T, Dias JM, Dolla A, Durand MC, Gonçalves LL, Lampreia J, Moura I, Romão MJ. Crystal structure of the 16 heme cytochrome from Desulfovibrio gigas: a glycosylated protein in a sulphate-reducing bacterium. J Mol Biol 2007; 370:659-73. [PMID: 17531266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulphate-reducing bacteria have a wide variety of periplasmic cytochromes involved in electron transfer from the periplasm to the cytoplasm. HmcA is a high molecular mass cytochrome of 550 amino acid residues that harbours 16 c-type heme groups. We report the crystal structure of HmcA isolated from the periplasm of Desulfovibrio gigas. Crystals were grown using polyethylene glycol 8K and zinc acetate, and diffracted beyond 2.1 A resolution. A multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion experiment at the iron absorption edge enabled us to obtain good-quality phases for structure solution and model building. DgHmcA has a V-shape architecture, already observed in HmcA isolated from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. The presence of an oligosaccharide molecule covalently bound to an Asn residue was observed in the electron density maps of DgHmcA and confirmed by mass spectrometry. Three modified monosaccharides appear at the highly hydrophobic vertex, possibly acting as an anchor of the protein to the cytoplasmic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Santos-Silva
- REQUIMTE, CQFB, Departamento de Química, FCT-UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Bursakov SA, Gavel OY, Di Rocco G, Lampreia J, Calvete J, Pereira AS, Moura JJG, Moura I. Antagonists Mo and Cu in a heterometallic cluster present on a novel protein (orange protein) isolated from Desulfovibrio gigas. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 98:833-40. [PMID: 15134929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An orange-coloured protein (ORP) isolated from Desulfovibrio gigas, a sulphate reducer, has been previously shown by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) to contain a novel mixed-metal sulphide cluster of the type [S(2)MoS(2)CuS(2)MoS(2)] [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 8321]. We report here the purification and the biochemical/spectroscopic characterisation of this novel protein. ORP is a soluble monomeric protein (11.8 kDa). The cluster is non-covalently bound to the polypeptide chain. The presence of a MoS(4)(2-) moiety in the structure of the cofactor contributes with a quite characteristic UV-Vis spectra, exhibiting an orange colour, with intense absorption peaks at 480 and 338 nm. Pure ORP reveals an Abs(480)/Abs(338) ratio of 0.535. The gene sequence coding for ORP as well as the amino acid sequence was determined. The putative biological function of ORP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bursakov
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
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Almeida MG, Macieira S, Gonçalves LL, Huber R, Cunha CA, Romão MJ, Costa C, Lampreia J, Moura JJG, Moura I. The isolation and characterization of cytochromecnitrite reductase subunits (NrfA and NrfH) fromDesulfovibrio desulfuricansATCC 27774. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:3904-15. [PMID: 14511372 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome c nitrite reductase is isolated from the membranes of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 as a heterooligomeric complex composed by two subunits (61 kDa and 19 kDa) containing c-type hemes, encoded by the genes nrfA and nrfH, respectively. The extracted complex has in average a 2NrfA:1NrfH composition. The separation of ccNiR subunits from one another is accomplished by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of SDS. The amino-acid sequence and biochemical subunits characterization show that NrfA contains five hemes and NrfH four hemes. These considerations enabled the revision of a vast amount of existing spectroscopic data on the NrfHA complex that was not originally well interpreted due to the lack of knowledge on the heme content and the oligomeric enzyme status. Based on EPR and Mössbauer parameters and their correlation to structural information recently obtained from X-ray crystallography on the NrfA structure [Cunha, C.A., Macieira, S., Dias, J.M., Almeida, M.G., Gonçalves, L.M.L., Costa, C., Lampreia, J., Huber, R., Moura, J.J.G., Moura, I. & Romão, M. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 17455-17465], we propose the full assignment of midpoint reduction potentials values to the individual hemes. NrfA contains the high-spin catalytic site (-80 mV) as well as a quite unusual high reduction potential (+150 mV)/low-spin bis-His coordinated heme, considered to be the site where electrons enter. In addition, the reassessment of the spectroscopic data allowed the first partial spectroscopic characterization of the NrfH subunit. The four NrfH hemes are all in a low-spin state (S = 1/2). One of them has a gmax at 3.55, characteristic of bis-histidinyl iron ligands in a noncoplanar arrangement, and has a positive reduction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Almeida
- REQUIMTE, CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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Cunha CA, Macieira S, Dias JM, Almeida G, Goncalves LL, Costa C, Lampreia J, Huber R, Moura JJG, Moura I, Romão MJ. Cytochrome c nitrite reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. The relevance of the two calcium sites in the structure of the catalytic subunit (NrfA). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:17455-65. [PMID: 12618432 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211777200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding cytochrome c nitrite reductase (NrfA) from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 was sequenced and the crystal structure of the enzyme was determined to 2.3-A resolution. In comparison with homologous structures, it presents structural differences mainly located at the regions surrounding the putative substrate inlet and product outlet, and includes a well defined second calcium site with octahedral geometry, coordinated to propionates of hemes 3 and 4, and caged by a loop non-existent in the previous structures. The highly negative electrostatic potential in the environment around hemes 3 and 4 suggests that the main role of this calcium ion may not be electrostatic but structural, namely in the stabilization of the conformation of the additional loop that cages it and influences the solvent accessibility of heme 4. The NrfA active site is similar to that of peroxidases with a nearby calcium site at the heme distal side nearly in the same location as occurs in the class II and class III peroxidases. This fact suggests that the calcium ion at the distal side of the active site in the NrfA enzymes may have a similar physiological role to that reported for the peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Cunha
- Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Mata P, Gillet VJ, Johnson AP, Lampreia J, Myatt GJ, Sike S, Stebbings AL. SPROUT: 3D Structure Generation Using Templates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ci00025a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dias JM, Cunha CA, Teixeira S, Almeida G, Costa C, Lampreia J, Moura JJ, Moura I, Romão MJ. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a membrane-bound nitrite reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2000; 56:215-7. [PMID: 10666610 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444999016066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite reductase from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 is a multihaem (type c) membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the dissimilatory conversion of nitrite to ammonia. Crystals of the oxidized form of this enzyme were obtained using PEG and CaCl(2) as precipitants in the presence of 3--(decylmethylammonium)propane-1-sulfonate and belong to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 78.94, b = 104.59, c = 143.18 A. A complete data set to 2.30 A resolution was collected using synchrotron radiation at the ESRF. However, the crystals may diffract to beyond 1.7 A and high-resolution data will be collected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dias
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2825-114 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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9
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Abstract
Tetraheme cytochrome c3 (13 kDa) and flavodoxin (16 kDa), are small electron transfer proteins that have been used to mimic, in vitro, part of the electron-transfer chain that operates between substract electron donors and respiratory electron acceptors partners in Desulfovibrio species (Palma, N., Moura, I., LeGall, J., Van Beeumen, J., Wampler, J., Moura, J. J. G. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 6394-6407). The electron transfer between these two proteins is believed to occur through the formation of a specific complex where electrostatic interaction is the main driving force (Stewart, D., LeGall, J., Moura, I., Moura, J.J.G., Peck, H.D., Xavier, A.V., Weiner, P.K. and Wampler, J.E. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 2444-2450, Stewart, D., LeGall, J., Moura, I., Moura, J.J.G., Peck, H.D., Xavier, A.V., Weiner, P., Wampler, J. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 185, 695-700). In order to obtain structural information of the pre-complex, a covalent complex between the two proteins was prepared. A water-soluble carbodiimide [EDC (1-ethyl-3(3 dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride] was used for the cross linking reaction. The reaction was optimized varying a wide number of experimental parameters such as ionic strength, protein and cross linker concentration, and utilization of different cross linkers and reaction time between the crosslinker and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Correia
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, 2825-114, Portugal
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Coelho AV, Matias PM, Sieker LC, Morais J, Carrondo MA, Lampreia J, Costa C, Moura JJ, Moura I, Le Gall J. Preliminary crystallographic analysis and further characterization of a dodecaheme cytochrome c from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 1996; 52:1202-8. [PMID: 15299587 DOI: 10.1107/s090744499600738x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dodecaheme cytochrome c has been purified from Desulfovibrio (D.) desulfuricans ATCC 27774 cells grown under both nitrate and sulfate-respiring conditions. Therefore, it is likely to play a role in the electron-transfer system of both respiratory chains. Its molecular mass (37768 kDa) was determined by electrospray mass spectrometry. Its first 39 amino acids were sequenced and a motif was found between amino acids 32 and 37 that seems to exist in all the cytochromes of the c(3) type from sulfate-reducing bacteria sequenced at present. The midpoint redox potentials of this cytochrome were estimated to be -68, -120, -248 and -310 mV. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the oxidized cytochrome shows several low-spin components with a g(max) spreading from 3.254 to 2.983. Two crystalline forms were obtained by vapour diffusion from a solution containing 2% PEG 6000 and 0.25-0.75 M acetate buffer pH = 5.5. Both crystals belong to monoclinic space groups: one is P2(1), with a = 61.00, b = 106.19, c = 82.05 A, beta = 103.61 degrees, and the other is C2 with a = 152.17, b = 98.45, c = 89.24 A, beta = 119.18 degrees. Density measurements of the P2(1) crystals suggest that there are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Self-rotation function calculations indicate, in both crystal forms, the presence of a non-crystallographic axis perpendicular to the crystallographic twofold axis. This result and the calculated values for the volume per unit molecular weight of the C2 crystals suggest the presence of two or four molecules in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Oeiras, Portugal
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Devreese B, Tavares P, Lampreia J, Van Damme N, Le Gall J, Moura JJ, Van Beeumen J, Moura I. Primary structure of desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774, a new class of non-heme iron proteins. FEBS Lett 1996; 385:138-42. [PMID: 8647238 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The primary structure of desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774, a redox protein with two mononuclear iron sites, was determined by automatic Edman degradation and mass spectrometry of the composing peptides. It contains 125 amino acid residues of which five are cysteines. The first four, Cys-9, Cys-12, Cys-28 and Cys-29, are responsible for the binding of Center I which has a distorted tetrahedral sulfur coordination similar to that found in desulforedoxin from D. gigas. The remaining Cys-115 is proposed to be involved in the coordination of Center II, which is probably octahedrally coordinated with predominantly nitrogen/oxygen containing ligands as previously suggested by Mössbauer and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Devreese
- Vakgroep Biochemie Fysiologie en Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Belguim
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Pereira AS, Franco R, Feio MJ, Pinto C, Lampreia J, Reis MA, Calvete J, Moura I, Beech I, Lino AR, Moura JJ. Characterization of representative enzymes from a sulfate reducing bacterium implicated in the corrosion of steel. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 221:414-21. [PMID: 8619870 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This communication reports the isolation, purification and characterization of key enzymes involved in dissimilatory sulfate reduction of a sulfate reducing bacterium classified as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subspecies desulfuricans New Jersey (NCIMB 8313) (Ddd NJ). The chosen strain, originally recovered from a corroding cast iron heat exchanger, was grown in large scale batch cultures. Physico-chemical and spectroscopic studies of the purified enzymes were carried out. These analyses revealed a high degree of similarity between proteins isolated from the DddNJ strain and the homologous proteins obtained from Desulfomicrobium baculatus Norway 4. In view of the results obtained, taxonomic reclassification of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subspecies desulfuricans New Jersey (NCIMB 8313) into Desulfomicrobium baculatus (New Jersey) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pereira
- Departmento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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Devreese B, Tavares P, Lampreia J, LeGall J, Moura J, Van Beeumen J, Moura I. The primary structure of desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfovibro desulfuricans ATCC 27774. J Inorg Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(95)97516-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Caldeira J, Palma PN, Regalla M, Lampreia J, Calvete J, Schäfer W, Legall J, Moura I, Moura JJ. Primary sequence, oxidation-reduction potentials and tertiary-structure prediction of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 flavodoxin. Eur J Biochem 1994; 220:987-95. [PMID: 8143752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Flavodoxin was isolated and purified from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774, a sulfate-reducing organism that can also utilize nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor. Mid-point oxidation-reduction potentials of this flavodoxin were determined by ultraviolet/visible and EPR methods coupled to potentiometric measurements and their pH dependence studied in detail. The redox potential E2, for the couple oxidized/semiquinone forms at pH 6.7 and 25 degrees C is -40 mV, while the value for the semiquinone/hydroquinone forms (E1), at the same pH, -387 mV. E2 varies linearly with pH, while E1 is independent of pH at high values. However, at low pH (< 7.0), this value is less negative, compatible with a redox-linked protonation of the flavodoxin hydroquinone. A comparative study is presented for Desulfovibrio salexigens NCIB 8403 flavodoxin [Moura, I., Moura, J.J.G., Bruschi, M. & LeGall, J. (1980) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 591, 1-8]. The complete primary amino acid sequence was obtained by automated Edman degradation from peptides obtained by chemical and enzymic procedures. The amino acid sequence was confirmed by FAB/MS. Using the previously determined tridimensional structure of Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin as a model [similarity, 48.6%; Watenpaugh, K.D., Sieker, L.C., Jensen, L.H., LeGall, J. & Dubourdieu M. (1972) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 69, 3185-3188], the tridimensional structure of D. desulfuricans ATCC 27774 flavodoxin was predicted using AMBER force-field calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caldeira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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16
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Caldeira J, Palma N, Regalla M, Lampreia J, LeGall J, Calvete J, Moura I, Moura JJ. Primary sequence, redox potentials and 3D molecular structure prediction of D. desulfuricans ATCC 27774 flavodoxin. J Inorg Biochem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(93)85229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Lampreia J, Fauque G, Speich N, Dahl C, Moura I, Trüper HG, Moura JJ. Spectroscopic studies on APS reductase isolated from the hyperthermophilic sulfate-reducing archaebacterium Archaeglobus fulgidus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181:342-7. [PMID: 1659811 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl sulfate (APS) reductase, the key enzyme of the dissimilatory sulfate respiration, catalyzes the reduction of APS (the activated form of sulfate) to sulfite with release of AMP. A spectroscopic study was carried out with the APS reductase purified from the extremely thermophilic sulfate-reducing archaebacterium Archaeoglobus fulgidus DSM 4304. Combined ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and low temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies were used in order to characterize the active centers and the reactivity towards AMP and sulfite of this enzyme. The A. fulgidus APS reductase is an iron-sulfur flavoprotein containing two distinct [4Fe-4S] clusters (Centers I and II) very similar to the homologous enzyme from Desulfovibrio gigas. Center I, which has a high redox potential, is reduced by AMP and sulfite, and Center II has a very negative redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lampreia
- Centro de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (CTQB), Portugal
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Pereira M, Lampreia J, LeGall J, Moura I, Moura J. APS reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (ATCC 27774). J Inorg Biochem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(91)84255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lampreia J, Moura I, Teixeira M, Peck HD, Legall J, Huynh BH, Moura JJ. The active centers of adenylylsulfate reductase from Desulfovibrio gigas. Characterization and spectroscopic studies. Eur J Biochem 1990; 188:653-64. [PMID: 2158885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to utilize sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor, sulfate-reducing bacteria are equipped with a complex enzymatic system in which adenylylsulfate (AdoPSO4) reductase plays one of the major roles, reducing AdoPSO4 (the activated form of sulfate) to sulfite, with release of AMP. The enzyme has been purified to homogeneity from the anaerobic sulfate reducer Desulfovibrio gigas. The protein is composed of two non-identical subunits (70 kDa and 23 kDa) and is isolated in a multimeric form (approximately 400 kDa). It is an iron-sulfur, flavin-containing protein, with one FAD moiety, eight iron atoms and a minimum molecular mass of 93 kDa. Low-temperature EPR studies were performed to characterize its redox centers. In the native state, the enzyme showed an almost isotropic signal centered at g = 2.02 and only detectable below 20 K. This signal represented a minor species (0.10-0.25 spins/mol) and showed line broadening in the enzyme isolated from 57Fe-grown cells. Addition of sulfite had a minor effect on the EPR spectrum, but caused a major decrease in the visible region of the optical spectrum (around 392 nm). Further addition of AMP induced only a minor change in the visible spectrum whereas major changes were seen in the EPR spectrum; the appearance of a rhombic signal at g values 2.096, 1.940 and 1.890 (reduced Fe-S center I) observable below 30 K and a concomitant decrease in intensity of the g = 2.02 signal were detected. Effects of chemical reductants (ascorbate, H2/hydrogenase-reduced methyl viologen and dithionite) were also studied. A short time reduction with dithionite (15 s) or reduction with methyl viologen gave rise to the full reduction of center I (with slightly modified g values at 2.079, 1.939 and 1.897), and the complete disappearance of the g = 2.02 signal. Further reduction with dithionite produces a very complex EPR spectrum of a spin-spin-coupled nature (observable below 20 K), indicating the presence of at least two iron-sulfur centers, (centers I and II). Mössbauer studies on 57Fe-enriched D. gigas AdoPSO4 reductase demonstrated unambiguously the presence of two 4Fe clusters. Center II has a redox potential less than or equal to 400 mV and exhibits spectroscopic properties that are characteristic of a ferredoxin-type [4Fe-4S] cluster. Center I exhibits spectra with atypical Mössbauer parameters in its reduced state and has a midpoint potential around 0 mV, which is distinct from that of a ferredoxin-type [4Fe-4S] cluster, suggesting a different structure and/or a distinct cluster-ligand environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lampreia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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