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Bond KA, Williams E, Nicholson S, Lim S, Johnson D, Cox B, Putland M, Gardiner E, Tippett E, Graham M, Mordant F, Catton M, Lewin SR, Subbarao K, Howden BP, Williamson DA. Longitudinal evaluation of laboratory-based serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection. Pathology 2021; 53:773-779. [PMID: 34412859 PMCID: PMC8289701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 infection are now widely available for use in diagnostic laboratories. Limited data are available on the performance characteristics in different settings, and at time periods remote from the initial infection. Validation of the Abbott (Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG), DiaSorin (Liaison SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG) and Roche (Cobas Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2) assays was undertaken utilising 217 serum samples from 131 participants up to 7 months following COVID-19 infection. The Abbott and DiaSorin assays were implemented into routine laboratory workflow, with outcomes reported for 2764 clinical specimens. Sensitivity and specificity were concordant with the range reported by the manufacturers for all assays. Sensitivity across the convalescent period was highest for the Roche at 95.2-100% (95% CI 81.0-100%), then the DiaSorin at 88.1-100% (95% CI 76.0-100%), followed by the Abbott 68.2-100% (95% CI 53.4-100%). Sensitivity of the Abbott assay fell from approximately 5 months; on this assay paired serum samples for 45 participants showed a significant drop in the signal-to-cut-off ratio and 10 sero-reversion events. When used in clinical practice, all samples testing positive by both DiaSorin and Abbott assays were confirmed as true positive results. In this low prevalence setting, despite high laboratory specificity, the positive predictive value of a single positive assay was low. Comprehensive validation of serological assays is necessary to determine the optimal assay for each diagnostic setting. In this low prevalence setting we found implementation of two assays with different antibody targets maximised sensitivity and specificity, with confirmatory testing necessary for any sample which was positive in only one assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - E Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - S Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - S Lim
- Department of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of General Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - D Johnson
- Department of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of General Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - B Cox
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - M Putland
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - E Gardiner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - E Tippett
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - M Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Vic, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - F Mordant
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - M Catton
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - S R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - K Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - B P Howden
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - D A Williamson
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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Bond KA, Franklin L, Sutton B, Stevenson MA, Firestone SM. Review of 20 years of human acute Q fever notifications in Victoria, 1994-2013. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:223-230. [PMID: 29878326 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiological and clinical features of acute Q fever in Victoria from 1994 to 2013. DESIGN Retrospective case series and spatiotemporal analyses of human notification data. METHODS Records for all confirmed cases of Q fever in Victoria notified between 1994 and 2013 were reviewed. Clinical and epidemiological features of the cases were described and spatiotemporal analysis undertaken for all cases potentially acquired within Victoria. RESULTS A total of 659 confirmed acute Q fever cases were notified over the study period. Cases decreased at a rate of 4.2% per annum (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9, 7.4%). Notification rates decreased among abattoir workers and related occupations by 10.9% per annum (95% CI: 6.5, 15.0%), whereas those among dairy farmers rose by 14.9% per annum (95% CI: 4.7, 26.0%). The mean age of cases increased over the study period while the ratio of male to female cases decreased. Spatiotemporal analysis suggested endemic transmission, with 55% of cases associated with abattoirs and related businesses and a further 30% considered to have acquired the infection locally. In addition to abattoir-associated clusters, important foci for local acquisition included South and East Gippsland, Wodonga and an outbreak centred on a dairy goat farm west of Melbourne. CONCLUSIONS There has been a reduction in cases of acute Q fever in Victoria over the past 20 years and a changing epidemiology with respect to age, sex and acquisition source. Epidemiological and spatiotemporal analyses suggested a low level of endemic transmission within the state, with multiple foci of increased zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bond
- Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Health and Human Services, Victoria, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Department, Austin Health, VIA, Australia
| | - L Franklin
- Communicable Diseases Epidemiology and Surveillance, Department of Health and Human Services, VIC, Australia
| | - B Sutton
- Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Health and Human Services, Victoria, Australia
| | - M A Stevenson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S M Firestone
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Berry JA, Bond KA, Cowper ΜM, Green A, Linklater CM. Factors Influencing the Diffusion of Uranium, Plutonium and Radium through Sherwood Sandstone from Sellafield, Cumbria. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.1994.6667.s1.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Berry
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - K. A. Bond
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Μ. M. Cowper
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - A. Green
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - C. M. Linklater
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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Baston GΜN, Berry JA, Bond KA, Boult KA, Linklater CM. Effects of Cellulosic Degradation Product Concentration on Actinide Sorption on Tuffs from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, Sellafield, Cumbria. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.1994.6667.s1.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Μ. N. Baston
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot,
| | - J. A. Berry
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - K. A. Bond
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - K. A. Boult
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - C. M. Linklater
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinico-pathological findings, response to treatment and prevalence of complications in dogs with primary hypoparathyroidism. DESIGN Retrospective study of 17 dogs presenting to the University of Melbourne Veterinary Clinical Centre and Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital over a 15 year period (1990 to 2004). Case records were evaluated for signalment, body weight, diet type, historical and clinical findings, serum total calcium, phosphate, albumin and parathyroid hormone concentrations, urinary fractional excretion ratios of calcium and phosphate, electrocardiogram (ECG) results, treatments administered, outcome and period of follow-up. RESULTS The most common breeds identified were St Bernard (three dogs), Chihuahua (two dogs), German Shepherd (two dogs) and Jack Russell Terrier (two dogs). Three dogs were cross bred. Seizures, muscle tremors and fasciculations, stiff gait, tetany, muscle cramping, behavioural change and hyperventilation were the most common clinical signs. Vomiting, inappetence, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, hyperthermia, facial pruritus, ataxia, weakness, cataracts, and circling also occurred with less frequency. The mean duration of observed clinical signs preceding diagnosis was 33 days (median 13 days, range 1 to 173 days). All dogs had marked hypocalcaemia with normal or mildly increased serum albumin concentrations. Mean phosphate concentrations were significantly higher in inappetent dogs (P = 0.049). Mean serum calcium concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with cataracts compared to those without (P = 0.046). There were no other significant relationships between serum calcium or phosphate concentrations and the clinical presentation or outcome. No significant correlations were identified between the presence of a particular clinical sign and the duration of clinical signs. ECGs were obtained in four dogs and all exhibited QT interval prolongation due to a ST-segment prolongation. Sixteen of 17 dogs were treated successfully for hypocalcaemia and discharged from hospital. Acute management included parenteral calcium gluconate (10 dogs) and intravenous anticonvulsants (five dogs). Chronic therapy included oral vitamin D analogues and calcium supplementation. Treatment complications occurred in two dogs and included acute renal failure (one dog) and iatrogenic tissue necrosis following subcutaneous calcium administration (one dog). The mean follow-up period was 14.5 months (median 13 months, range 0 to 39 months). Twelve dogs were alive at the last follow up and two dogs were euthanased for unrelated reasons. The type of vitamin D analogue used was not associated with outcome. CONCLUSION Primary hypoparathyroidism was an uncommon diagnosis in dogs. Saint Bernards, cross bred dogs, German Shepherd dogs and Terrier breeds were most commonly affected. Neurological signs were the most common presenting clinical signs, although alimentary signs may have been more common than previously reported. Dogs with primary hypoparathyroidism appeared to have a good prognosis following initiation of calcium supplementation and vitamin D therapy. Complications of treatment were uncommon and could be minimised with regular monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Russell
- School of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Clinical Science, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150
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Lefcort H, Aguon MQ, Bond KA, Chapman KR, Chaquette R, Clark J, Kornachuk P, Lang BZ, Martin JC. Indirect effects of heavy metals on parasites may cause shifts in snail species compositions. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2002; 43:34-41. [PMID: 12045872 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-002-1173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied the direct and indirect effects of pollution on the distributions and abundances of two closely related species of pulmonate freshwater snails. Physella columbiana is more numerous at heavy metal-polluted lakes, and Lymnaea palustris is more numerous at reference lakes. Both species are present at all sites, as are predatory bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). The direct effects examined included the snails' growth and reproduction in both the presence and absence of heavy metals and their short-term survival when exposed to large concentrations of heavy metals. The indirect effects were the species' ability to elude capture by sunfish and the diversity and abundance of parasites within the snails. We found that heavy metals had little direct effect on growth and reproduction and that both species acquired similar levels of metals in their tissues. Interestingly, P. columbiana (the more abundant species in polluted lakes) actually exhibited higher recruitment in the absence of metals than did L. palustris (reference lakes). L. palustris has life history characteristics that favor increased growth and reduced reproduction. These characteristics resulted in decreased predation of adults by gape-limited predators and a greater ability to cope with heavy parasite burdens. P. columbiana exhibited slower growth, which resulted in increased predation although higher reproduction rates may compensate.The major effect of heavy metals on species distributions was indirect on the snails' parasites. Parasites appeared to be very susceptible to metals, and this resulted in lower parasite diversity and intensities at polluted sites for both species of snails. P. columbiana may only be able to outcompete L. palustris at polluted sites due to the indirect effects of heavy metals; the negative effect of heavy metals on parasites, and a proposed negative effect of metals on the foraging ability of sunfish that favors the faster-reproducing P. columbiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lefcort
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington 99258-0001, USA.
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Baston GΜN, Berry JA, Bond KA, Boult KA, Linklater CM. Effects of Cellulosic Degradation Product Concentration on Actinide Sorption on Tuffs from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, Sellafield, Cumbria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.1994.6667.special-issue.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Μ. N. Baston
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot,
| | - J. A. Berry
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - K. A. Bond
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - K. A. Boult
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - C. M. Linklater
- AEA Technology, Decommissioning and Waste Management, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Berry
- AEA Decommissioning and Radwaste, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - K. A. Bond
- AEA Decommissioning and Radwaste, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Μ. N. Baston
- AEA Decommissioning and Radwaste, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - J. A. Berry
- AEA Decommissioning and Radwaste, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - K. A. Bond
- AEA Decommissioning and Radwaste, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - M. Brownsword
- AEA Decommissioning and Radwaste, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - C. M. Linklater
- AEA Decommissioning and Radwaste, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Bond
- Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - J. E. Cross
- Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - F. T. Ewart
- Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RA, UK
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