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Likotrafiti E, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Antimicrobial activity of selected synbiotics targeted for the elderly against pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:83-91. [PMID: 26754553 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1134444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two synbiotic combinations, Lactobacillus fermentum with short-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS-LF) and Bifidobacterium longum with isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO-BL), against enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and enteropathogenic E. coli O86. Antimicrobial activity was determined (1) by co-culturing the synbiotics and pathogens in batch cultures, and (2) with the three-stage continuous culture system (gut model), inoculated with faecal slurry from an elderly donor. In the co-culture experiments, IMO-BL was significantly inhibitory to both E. coli strains, while FOS-LF was slightly inhibitory or not inhibitory. Factors other than acid production appeared to play a role in the inhibition. In the gut models, both synbiotics effectively inhibited E. coli O157 in the first vessel, but not in vessels 2 and 3. E. coli O86 was not significantly inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Likotrafiti
- a Department of Food Technology, Laboratory of Food Microbiology , A.T.E.I. of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - K M Tuohy
- b Department of Food Quality and Nutrition , Research and Innovation Centre - Fondazione Edmund Mach , S. Michele ( TN ) , Italy
| | - G R Gibson
- c Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Reading , Reading , UK
| | - R A Rastall
- c Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Reading , Reading , UK
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Shen Q, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Ward RE. In vitro measurement of the impact of human milk oligosaccharides on the faecal microbiota of weaned formula-fed infants compared to a mixture of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:337-43. [PMID: 21214609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the impact of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) from a single donor (SO), HMOs from multiple donors (PO), a fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides mixture (FG) on the composition of a batch culture inoculated with faecal microbiota from formula-fed infants. METHODS AND RESULTS Three substrates were compared using 24-h pH-controlled anaerobic batch cultures inoculated with infant faecal slurries. Changes in bacterial populations, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiles were determined. All three substrates significantly increased numbers of bifidobacteria, bacteroides and those aligning with the clostridial cluster XIVa. Neither the FG nor the HMOs substrates supported the growth of the Clostridium perfringens-histolyticum group. SCFA production corresponded to changes observed in bacterial populations. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprint analysis showed a distinct profile of faecal bacteria present in each infant. CONCLUSIONS HMOs modulated infant faecal culture composition in a similar manner to the prebiotic mixture FG in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first demonstration of the impact of pure HMOs on the mixed culture of infant faecal bacteria. HMOs induced the growth of several saccharolytic bacterial groups and may thus play a role in the health-promoting attributes of human breast milk and have an extended significance in infant diet during/after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shen
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.
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Dong H, Rowland I, Tuohy KM, Thomas LV, Yaqoob P. Selective effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on T cell activation, natural killer cell activity and cytokine production. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:378-88. [PMID: 20456417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of host immunity is an important potential mechanism by which probiotics confer health benefits. This study was designed to investigate the effects of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS), on immune function using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. In addition, the role of monocytes in LcS-induced immunity was also explored. LcS promoted natural killer (NK) cell activity and preferentially induced expression of CD69 and CD25 on CD8(+) and CD56(+) subsets in the absence of any other stimulus. LcS also induced production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-12 and IL-10 in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the presence of LPS, LcS enhanced IL-1beta production but inhibited LPS-induced IL-10 and IL-6 production, and had no further effect on TNF-alpha and IL-12 production. Monocyte depletion reduced significantly the impact of LcS on lymphocyte activation, cytokine production and natural killer (NK) cell activity. In conclusion, LcS activated cytotoxic lymphocytes preferentially in both the innate and specific immune systems, which suggests that LcS could potentiate the destruction of infected cells in the body. LcS also induced both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in the absence of LPS, but in some cases inhibited LPS-induced cytokine production. Monocytes play an important role in LcS-induced immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dong
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Gomez E, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Klinder A, Costabile A. In vitro evaluation of the fermentation properties and potential prebiotic activity of Agave fructans. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:2114-21. [PMID: 19941629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was carried out to evaluate in vitro the fermentation properties and the potential prebiotic activity of Agave-fructans extracted from Agave tequilana (Predilife). METHODS AND RESULTS Five different commercial prebiotics were compared using 24-h pH-controlled anaerobic batch cultures inoculated with human faecal slurries. Measurement of prebiotic efficacy was obtained by comparing bacterial changes, and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) was also determined. Effects upon major groups of the microbiota were monitored over 24 h incubations by fluorescence in situ hybridization. SCFA were measured by HPLC. Fermentation of the Agave fructans (Predilife) resulted in a large increase in numbers of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. CONCLUSIONS Under the in vitro conditions used, this study has shown the differential impact of Predilife on the microbial ecology of the human gut. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study reporting of a potential prebiotic mode of activity for Agave fructans investigated which significantly increased populations of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli compared to cellulose used as a control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gomez
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico city, Mexico
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Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Knauf C, Burcelin RG, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Delzenne NM. Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2374-83. [PMID: 17823788 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent evidence suggests that a particular gut microbial community may favour occurrence of the metabolic diseases. Recently, we reported that high-fat (HF) feeding was associated with higher endotoxaemia and lower Bifidobacterium species (spp.) caecal content in mice. We therefore tested whether restoration of the quantity of caecal Bifidobacterium spp. could modulate metabolic endotoxaemia, the inflammatory tone and the development of diabetes. METHODS Since bifidobacteria have been reported to reduce intestinal endotoxin levels and improve mucosal barrier function, we specifically increased the gut bifidobacterial content of HF-diet-fed mice through the use of a prebiotic (oligofructose [OFS]). RESULTS Compared with normal chow-fed control mice, HF feeding significantly reduced intestinal Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including levels of bifidobacteria, a dominant member of the intestinal microbiota, which is seen as physiologically positive. As expected, HF-OFS-fed mice had totally restored quantities of bifidobacteria. HF-feeding significantly increased endotoxaemia, which was normalised to control levels in HF-OFS-treated mice. Multiple-correlation analyses showed that endotoxaemia significantly and negatively correlated with Bifidobacterium spp., but no relationship was seen between endotoxaemia and any other bacterial group. Finally, in HF-OFS-treated-mice, Bifidobacterium spp. significantly and positively correlated with improved glucose tolerance, glucose-induced insulin secretion and normalised inflammatory tone (decreased endotoxaemia, plasma and adipose tissue proinflammatory cytokines). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these findings suggest that the gut microbiota contribute towards the pathophysiological regulation of endotoxaemia and set the tone of inflammation for occurrence of diabetes and/or obesity. Thus, it would be useful to develop specific strategies for modifying gut microbiota in favour of bifidobacteria to prevent the deleterious effect of HF-diet-induced metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cani
- Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73/69, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Ghoddusi HB, Grandison MA, Grandison AS, Tuohy KM. In vitro study on gas generation and prebiotic effects of some carbohydrates and their mixtures. Anaerobe 2007; 13:193-9. [PMID: 17669667 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the effect of inulin (IN), fructooligosaccharide (FOS), polydextrose (POL) and isomaltooligosaccharides (ISO), alone and in combination, on gas production, gas composition and prebiotic effects. Static batch culture fermentation was performed with faecal samples from three healthy volunteers to study the volume and composition of gas generated and changes in bacterial populations. Four carbohydrates alone or mixed with one another (50:50) were examined. Prebiotic index (PI) was calculated and used to compare the prebiotic effect. The high amount of gas produced by IN was reduced by mixing it with FOS. No reduction in gas generation was observed when POL and ISO mixed with other substrates. It was found that the mixture of IN and FOS was effective in reducing the amount of gas produced while augmenting or maintaining their potential to support the growth of bifidobacteria in faecal batch culture as the highest PI was achieved with FOS alone and a mixture of FOS and IN. It was also found that high volume of gas was generated in presence of POL and ISO and they had lower prebiotic effect. The results of this study imply that a mixture of prebiotics could prove effective in reducing the amount of gas generated by the gut microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Ghoddusi
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Chemistry, Food Biosciences & Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Tuohy KM, Pinart-Gilberga M, Jones M, Hoyles L, McCartney AL, Gibson GR. Survivability of a probiotic Lactobacillus casei in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy human volunteers and its impact on the faecal microflora. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1026-32. [PMID: 17381746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to measure the gastrointestinal survival of Lactobacillus casei and its impact on the gut microflora in healthy human volunteers. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty healthy volunteers took part in a double-blind placebo-controlled probiotic feeding study (10 fed probiotic, 10 fed placebo). The probiotic was delivered in two 65 ml aliquots of fermented milk drink (FMD) daily for 21 days at a dose of 8.6 +/- 0.1 Log(10)Lact. casei CFU ml(-1) FMD. Faecal samples were collected before, during and after FMD or placebo consumption, and important groups of faecal bacteria enumerated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using oligonucleotide probes targeting the 16S rRNA. The fed Lact. casei was enumerated using selective nutrient agar and colony identity confirmed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Seven days after ingestion of FMD, the Lact. casei was recovered from faecal samples taken from the active treatment group at 7.1 +/- 0.4 Log(10) CFU g(-1) faeces (mean +/- SD, n = 9) and numbers were maintained at this level until day 21. Lact. casei persisted in six volunteers until day 28 at 5.0 +/- 0.9 Log(10) CFU g(-1) faeces (mean +/- SD, n = 6). Numbers of faecal lactobacilli increased significantly upon FMD ingestion. In addition, the numbers of bifidobacteria were higher on days 7 and 21 than on days 0 and 28 in both FMD fed and placebo fed groups. Consumption of Lact. casei had little discernible effect on other bacterial groups enumerated. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of FMD enabled a probiotic Lact. casei strain to be maintained in the gastrointestinal tract of volunteers at a stable relatively high population level during the probiotic feeding period. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study has confirmed that this probiotic version of Lact. casei survives well within the human gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Tuohy
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.
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Fava F, Lovegrove JA, Gitau R, Jackson KG, Tuohy KM. The Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism: Implications for Human Health and Coronary Heart Disease. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13:3005-21. [PMID: 17073643 DOI: 10.2174/092986706778521814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in Western societies, affecting about one third of the population before their seventieth year. Over the past decades modifiable risk factors of CHD have been identified, including smoking and diet. These factors when altered can have a significant impact on an individuals' risk of developing CHD, their overall health and quality of life. There is strong evidence suggesting that dietary intake of plant foods rich in fibre and polyphenolic compounds, effectively lowers the risk of developing CHD. However, the efficacy of these foods often appears to be greater than the sum of their recognised biologically active parts. Here we discuss the hypothesis that beneficial metabolic and vascular effects of dietary fibre and plant polyphenols are due to an up regulation of the colon-systemic metabolic axis by these compounds. Fibres and many polyphenols are converted into biologically active compounds by the colonic microbiota. This microbiota imparts great metabolic versatility and dynamism, with many of their reductive or hydrolytic activities appearing complementary to oxidative or conjugative human metabolism. Understanding these microbial activities is central to determining the role of different dietary components in preventing or beneficially impacting on the impaired lipid metabolism and vascular dysfunction that typifies CHD and type II diabetes. This approach lays the foundation for rational selection of health promoting foods, rational target driven design of functional foods, and provides an essential thus-far, overlooked, dynamic to our understanding of how foods recognised as "healthy" impact on the human metabonome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fava
- The School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
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Manderson K, Pinart M, Tuohy KM, Grace WE, Hotchkiss AT, Widmer W, Yadhav MP, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. In vitro determination of prebiotic properties of oligosaccharides derived from an orange juice manufacturing by-product stream. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 71:8383-9. [PMID: 16332825 PMCID: PMC1317361 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.8383-8389.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentation properties of oligosaccharides derived from orange peel pectin were assessed in mixed fecal bacterial culture. The orange peel oligosaccharide fraction contained glucose in addition to rhamnogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan pectic oligosaccharides. Twenty-four-hour, temperature- and pH-controlled, stirred anaerobic fecal batch cultures were used to determine the effects that oligosaccharides derived from orange products had on the composition of the fecal microbiota. The effects were measured through fluorescent in situ hybridization to determine changes in bacterial populations, fermentation end products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to assess short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and subsequently, a prebiotic index (PI) was determined. Pectic oligosaccharides (POS) were able to increase the bifidobacterial and Eubacterium rectale numbers, albeit resulting in a lower prebiotic index than that from fructo-oligosaccharide metabolism. Orange albedo maintained the growth of most bacterial populations and gave a PI similar to that of soluble starch. Fermentation of POS resulted in an increase in the Eubacterium rectale numbers and concomitantly increased butyrate production. In conclusion, this study has shown that POS can have a beneficial effect on the fecal microflora; however, a classical prebiotic effect was not found. An increase in the Eubacterium rectale population was found, and butyrate levels increased, which is of potential benefit to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manderson
- School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom.
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Tuohy KM, Rouzaud GCM, Brück WM, Gibson GR. Modulation of the Human Gut Microflora Towards Improved Health Using Prebiotics - Assessment of Efficacy. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11:75-90. [PMID: 15638753 DOI: 10.2174/1381612053382331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness that the human gut microflora plays a critical role in maintaining host health, both within the gastrointestinal tract and, through the absorption of metabolites, systemically. An "optimal" gut microflora establishes an efficient barrier to the invasion and colonisation of the gut by pathogenic bacteria, produces a range of metabolic substrates which in turn are utilized by the host (e.g. vitamins and short chain fatty acids) and stimulates the immune system in a non-inflammatory manner. Although little is known about the individual species of bacteria responsible for these beneficial activities, it is generally accepted that the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli constitute important components of the beneficial gut microflora. A number of diet-based microflora management tools have been developed and refined over recent decades including probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic approaches. Each aims to stimulate numbers and/or activities of the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli within the gut microflora. The aim of this article is to examine how prebiotics are being applied to the improvement of human health and to review the scientific evidence supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Tuohy
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Tuohy KM, Kolida S, Lustenberger AM, Gibson GR. The prebiotic effects of biscuits containing partially hydrolysed guar gum and fructo-oligosaccharides--a human volunteer study. Br J Nutr 2001; 86:341-8. [PMID: 11570986 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2001394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that target selected groups of the human colonic microflora, thus having the ability to alter the composition towards a more 'beneficial' community, i.e. selectively increasing populations of bifidobacteria and/or lactobacilli. In the present study the prebiotic potential of partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) in a biscuit was assessed in human volunteers. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes targeting Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp. and Lactobacillus-Enterococcus spp. were used for the bacteriology and total bacteria were enumerated using the fluorescent stain 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Thirty-one volunteers consumed daily either three experimental biscuits (providing a total (g/d) of 6.6 FOS and 3.4 PHGG) or three placebo biscuits for two 21-d crossover periods. Bifidobacteria significantly increased in number on ingestion of the experimental biscuits compared with pre-treatment and placebo population levels. Bifidobacterial numbers returned to pretreatment levels within 7 d of the cessation of intake of experimental biscuits. A correlation was observed between the initial faecal bifidobacterial numbers and the magnitude of bifidogenesis, with volunteers who possessed low initial population levels of bifidobacteria experiencing the greatest increase in bifidogenesis. No changes were observed in the other bacterial groups monitored during the trial. Thus, the prebiotic nature of FOS and PHGG was maintained in a final food product as evidenced from the selective increase in bifidobacterial numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Tuohy
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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