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Menta N, Nussbaum D, Khilnani A, Dowlut-McElroy T, Habeshian KA. Insights from a joint pediatric dermatology-gynecology vulvar clinic: A retrospective study. Pediatr Dermatol 2024; 41:41-45. [PMID: 38057120 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pediatric vulvar disease has not been widely explored in the medical literature. Few studies focus on vulvar disease in skin of color. The vulvar disease can be distressing for young patients given the sensitive location, and providers may lack experience in diagnosing and managing vulvar dermatoses. We sought to characterize the conditions seen, diagnostic challenges encountered, and the racial and ethnic factors associated with vulvar diseases in our multidisciplinary pediatric dermatology-gynecology vulvar clinic at Children's National. METHODS Medical records of 220 patients who presented to our multidisciplinary pediatric dermatology-gynecology clinic were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Lichen sclerosus (LS) (36%, n = 80), inflammatory vulvitis (11%, n = 23), and vitiligo (9%, n = 19) were the three most frequent conditions observed. These conditions were often misdiagnosed as one another. There was a mean delay in diagnosis after symptom onset in LS patients of 16.43 months. CONCLUSIONS LS, inflammatory vulvitis, and vitiligo are common vulvar diseases among pediatric patients. Accurate diagnosis is important because LS must be treated aggressively to prevent sequelae. Further studies are warranted to help differentiate LS and vitiligo with consideration of skin tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Menta
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dillon Nussbaum
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aneka Khilnani
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tazim Dowlut-McElroy
- Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Kaiane A Habeshian
- Pediatric Dermatology, Division of Dermatology, Children's National, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Bhuiyan J, Habeshian KA, Booser AC, Gomez-Lobo V, Dowlut-McElroy T. Botulinum Toxin Injections as a Treatment of Refractory Vulvodynia in Adolescents: A Case Series. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2023; 36:497-500. [PMID: 37301425 PMCID: PMC10527077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvodynia involves vulvar discomfort that occurs in the absence of an identifiable cause. Because vulvodynia is often accompanied by myofascial pain and pelvic floor tension, transvaginal botulinum toxin (BT) injection into the pelvic floor has been proposed as a possible treatment. METHODS Retrospective case series RESULTS: Three adolescents with vulvodynia had a suboptimal response to treatment with several interventions, including neuromodulators (oral and topical), tricyclic antidepressants (oral and topical), and pelvic floor physical therapy. Subsequently, these patients underwent BT injections to the pelvic floor as treatment with varying responses. CONCLUSION In select adolescent patients with vulvodynia, transvaginal BT injection into the pelvic floor can be an effective treatment. Further studies are needed to assess the optimal dosing, frequency, and sites of BT injections in the treatment of vulvodynia in pediatric and adolescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bhuiyan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Adam C Booser
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Veronica Gomez-Lobo
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C
| | - Tazim Dowlut-McElroy
- Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
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3
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Gao JL, Rogers GF, Myseros JS, Habeshian KA. Facial cleft presenting as a congenital facial papule. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:990-991. [PMID: 35677994 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tessier number 3 craniofacial clefts are a rare congenital deformity of the oronasoocular region with variable severity, most often with serious impacts on appearance and function due to involvement of the bone and soft tissue. However, they can occasionally manifest mildly as a skin-colored congenital facial papule present with subtle anatomic anomalies and signs of deeper involvement, such as crusting and oozing. Recognizing that a congenital facial papule, including non-midline lesions, may be the presenting sign of an underlying developmental anomaly is important to avoid missing the diagnosis of a more extensive underlying congenital defect. We present a rare case of a forme fruste variant of a Tessier number 3 craniofacial cleft to raise awareness of its presentation and advise initial management in hopes of improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Gao
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Gary F Rogers
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, United States.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - John S Myseros
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, United States.,Division of Neurosurgery, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Kaiane A Habeshian
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, United States.,Division of Dermatology, Children's National, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
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4
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Ewulu A, Cardis MA, Habeshian KA. An intertriginous eruption in an infant. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:979-981. [PMID: 36440993 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adaora Ewulu
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michael A Cardis
- Department of Dermatology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center/Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kaiane A Habeshian
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine/Children's National, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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5
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Torroella K, Cardis MA, Habeshian KA. Solitary patch on the thigh of a young boy. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:813-814. [PMID: 36206219 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Torroella
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michael A Cardis
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kaiane A Habeshian
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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6
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Abstract
Congenital pigmentary anomalies may be evident at birth or soon after, with some birthmarks becoming apparent later in infancy or early childhood. It is important to recognize various pigmentary anomalies in the neonate, most of which are benign but a subset of which are associated with cutaneous morbidity or systemic ramifications and require further evaluation. This review will focus on pigmentary mosaicism, congenital melanocytic nevi, nevus spilus, dermal melanocytosis, and pigmentary anomalies associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (café au lait spots, freckling, plexiform neurofibromas, nevus anemicus), tuberous sclerosis (hypomelanotic macules), and incontinentia pigmenti.
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7
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Bell KA, Saardi KM, Norton SA, Habeshian KA. Use of psoralen therapies obtained abroad in two children with Vitiligo. Pediatr Dermatol 2020; 37:922-924. [PMID: 32749013 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe two American-born children with vitiligo, each of whom travelled to their family's ancestral home (India and Ethiopia), where their skin conditions were treated with PUVAsol, which involves the use of topical or oral psoralens followed by exposure to natural sunlight. Both children experienced modest repigmentation and were subsequently seen in our dermatology clinics. PUVAsol may be an attractive treatment option for some families, but there are potentially serious side effects including phototoxicity and cutaneous malignancy. Dermatologists should be aware of the existence of this treatment modality as well as its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryn A Bell
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Karl M Saardi
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott A Norton
- Division of Dermatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kaiane A Habeshian
- Division of Dermatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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8
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Abstract
Congenital Volkmann ischemic contracture (CVIC) is an exceedingly rare neonatal compartment syndrome caused by intrauterine ischemia and external compression. It presents at birth with necrotic cutaneous lesions and neurologic impairment, typically in a distal upper extremity. Diagnosis and treatment are often delayed in neonates, leading to long-term neurologic sequelae. We present a rare case of CVIC in order to raise awareness of its presentation and management in hopes of improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Coerdt
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Emily L Guo
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Karl M Saardi
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kaiane A Habeshian
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia.,Division of Dermatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
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9
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris is an extraordinarily common skin condition in adolescents. The mainstays of acne treatment have remained largely unchanged over recent years. In the context of increasing antibiotic resistance worldwide, there is a global movement away from antibiotic monotherapy toward their more restrictive use. Classically reserved for nodulocystic acne, isotretinoin has become the drug of choice by dermatologists for moderate to severe acne. Given the virtually ubiquitous nature of acne in teenagers, there remains an appreciable need for novel therapies. In this article, we will cover the currently used acne treatments, evaluate the issues and data supporting their use, explore the issues of compliance and the mental health implications of acne care, and recommend directions for the field of acne management in adolescents in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiane A Habeshian
- Division of Dermatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia; and
| | - Bernard A Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Abstract
Birthmarks are common in the healthy population and are generally harmless. Certain presentations, however, raise concern for associated syndromes or potential complications. It is important for pediatricians to be familiar with both harmless and potentially concerning birthmarks. This article discusses congenital melanocytic nevi, café-au-lait macules, hypomelanotic macules, nevus depigmentosus, nevus anemicus, epidermal nevi, and nevus sebaceous, including potential syndromes and complications. [Pediatr Ann. 2019;48(1):e23-e29.].
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11
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Habeshian KA, Levitt JO. Ophthalmic cyclosporine for the treatment of psoriatic conjunctivitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:e43-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Cryan LM, Bazinet L, Habeshian KA, Cao S, Clardy J, Christensen KA, Rogers MS. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose inhibits angiogenesis via inhibition of capillary morphogenesis gene 2. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1940-5. [PMID: 23394144 PMCID: PMC3600088 DOI: 10.1021/jm301558t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) is a transmembrane extracellular matrix binding protein that is also an anthrax toxin receptor. We have shown that high-affinity CMG2 binders can inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth. We recently described a high-throughput FRET assay to identify CMG2 inhibitors. We now report the serendipitous discovery that PGG (1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose) is a CMG2 inhibitor with antiangiogenic activity. PGG is a gallotannin produced by a variety of medicinal plants that exhibits a wide variety of antitumor and other activities. We find that PGG inhibits CMG2 with a submicromolar IC50 and it also inhibits the migration of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells at similar concentrations in vitro. Finally, oral or intraperitoneal administration of PGG inhibits angiogenesis in the mouse corneal micropocket assay in vivo. Together, these results suggest that a portion of the in vivo antitumor activity of PGG may be the result of antiangiogenic activity mediated by inhibition of CMG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M. Cryan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kaiane A. Habeshian
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Michael S. Rogers
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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13
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Cryan LM, Habeshian KA, Caldwell TP, Morris MT, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA, Rogers MS. Identification of small molecules that inhibit the interaction of TEM8 with anthrax protective antigen using a FRET assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:714-25. [PMID: 23479355 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113478655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor marker endothelial 8 (TEM8) is a receptor for the protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin. TEM8 is upregulated on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels within tumors, compared with normal blood vessels. A number of studies have demonstrated a pivotal role for TEM8 in developmental and tumor angiogenesis. We have also shown that targeting the anthrax receptors with a mutated form of PA inhibits angiogenesis and tumor formation in vivo. Here we describe the development and testing of a high-throughput fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay to identify molecules that strongly inhibit the interaction of PA and TEM8. The assay we describe is sensitive and robust, with a Z' value of 0.8. A preliminary screen of 2310 known bioactive library compounds identified ebselen and thimerosal as inhibitors of the TEM8-PA interaction. These molecules each contain a cysteine-reactive transition metal, and complementary studies indicate that their inhibition of interaction is due to modification of a cysteine residue in the TEM8 extracellular domain. This is the first demonstration of a high-throughput screening assay that identifies inhibitors of TEM8, with potential application for antianthrax and antiangiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Cryan
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Karp 11, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Rogers MS, Cryan LM, Habeshian KA, Bazinet L, Caldwell TP, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA. A FRET-based high throughput screening assay to identify inhibitors of anthrax protective antigen binding to capillary morphogenesis gene 2 protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39911. [PMID: 22768167 PMCID: PMC3386954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapies are effective for the treatment of cancer, a variety of ocular diseases, and have potential benefits in cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and psoriasis. We have previously shown that anthrax protective antigen (PA), a non-pathogenic component of anthrax toxin, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis, apparently as a result of interaction with the cell surface receptors capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) protein and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8). Hence, molecules that bind the anthrax toxin receptors may be effective to slow or halt pathological vascular growth. Here we describe development and testing of an effective homogeneous steady-state fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) high throughput screening assay designed to identify molecules that inhibit binding of PA to CMG2. Molecules identified in the screen can serve as potential lead compounds for the development of anti-angiogenic and anti-anthrax therapies. The assay to screen for inhibitors of this protein–protein interaction is sensitive and robust, with observed Z' values as high as 0.92. Preliminary screens conducted with a library of known bioactive compounds identified tannic acid and cisplatin as inhibitors of the PA-CMG2 interaction. We have confirmed that tannic acid both binds CMG2 and has anti-endothelial properties. In contrast, cisplatin appears to inhibit PA-CMG2 interaction by binding both PA and CMG2, and observed cisplatin anti-angiogenic effects are not mediated by interaction with CMG2. This work represents the first reported high throughput screening assay targeting CMG2 to identify possible inhibitors of both angiogenesis and anthrax intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorna M. Cryan
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaiane A. Habeshian
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Caldwell
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - P. Christine Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Cryan L, Habeshian KA, Cao S, Clardy J, Christensen K, Rogers MS. Abstract 5292: Identification of antiangiogenic small molecule natural products targeting anthrax toxin receptor 2. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA), the B-subunit of the binary anthrax toxin, binds to the cellular receptors capillary morphogenesis gene protein 2 (CMG2) and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) with high affinity. Both CMG2 and TEM8 are expressed on endothelial cells during angiogenesis. We have shown that wild-type PA inhibits both VEGF-induced and bFGF-induced angiogenesis at moderate but statistically significant levels. Structure-activity studies identified a PA mutant that exhibited markedly enhanced inhibition of angiogenesis and also inhibited tumor growth in vivo. This mutant, PASSSR, is unable to undergo normal cellular processing and thus, remains bound to the surface receptor. Further mutation of PASSSR so that it does not bind to these cell surface receptors abolished its ability to inhibit angiogenesis. We conclude that high affinity anthrax receptor ligands, such as PA and PASSSR, are angiogenesis inhibitors, and that anthrax toxin receptors are useful targets for anti-angiogenic therapy. The long-term goal of our research is to determine the extent to which antrax toxin receptor directed therapeutics can control tumor growth and metastasis. Here we show that in addition to inhibition of subcutaneous lung tumors, PASSSR can inhibit the growth of orthotopically implanted breast cancer cells and extend survival in this mouse model. We also sought to identify small molecule natural products that can inhibit the interaction with the anthrax toxin receptor CMG2 and to determine their antiangiogenic and antitumor capacity in vivo. This work was based on the hypothesis that small molecule natural products can inhibit CMG2-ECM interactions required for breast cancer angiogenesis. This work leverages the wide variety of chemical entities generated by endophytic fungi, and the ability of other fungal compounds such as fumagillin to provide interesting insights into angiogenesis inhibitors. Following a high-throughput screen of >10,000 natural product extracts, we identified 48 extracts with significant inhibitory activity, of which ∼0.5% exhibited measurable activity. Of these, 9 exhibited 1:1 binding to CMG2 with IC50 <100 ug/ml total solids. Purification and chemical and in vitro characterization resulting in the identification of six compounds with anti-CMG2 and endothelial cell inhibitory, one of which exhibits antiangiogenic activity. Thus, we have identified several small molecule natural product inhibitors of CMG2 and demonstrated that CMG2 inhibitors can inhibit angiogenesis and breast cancer growth. While none of these molecules is currently suitable as a lead for the development of a breast cancer therapeutic, we believe that these studies confirm that the approach that we have taken is suitable for the development of such a therapeutic and propose to dramatically expand the number of molecules screened for such activity.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5292. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5292
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Cryan
- 1Children's Hospital Boston/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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