1
|
Kurańska M, Ptak M, Malewska E, Prociak A, Barczewski M, Dymek M, Fernandes FAO, de Sousa RA, Polaczek K, Studniarz K, Uram K. Cork Porous Biocomposites with Polyurethane Matrix Modified with Polyol Based on Used Cooking Oil. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3032. [PMID: 37109868 PMCID: PMC10146137 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Renewable materials are materials that are replenished naturally and can be used again and again. These materials include things such as bamboo, cork, hemp, and recycled plastic. The use of renewable components helps to reduce the dependence on petrochemical resources and reduce waste. Adopting these materials in various industries such as construction, packaging, and textiles can lead to a more sustainable future and decrease the carbon footprint. The presented research describes new porous polyurethane biocomposites based on used cooking oil polyol (50 per hundred polyol-php) modified with cork (3, 6, 9, and 12 php). The research described here demonstrated that it is possible to replace some petrochemical raw materials with raw materials of renewable origin. This was achieved by replacing one of the petrochemical components used for the synthesis of the polyurethane matrix with a waste vegetable oil component. The modified foams were analyzed in terms of their apparent density, coefficient of thermal conductivity, compressive strength at 10% of deformation, brittleness, short-term water absorption, thermal stability, and water vapor permeability, while their morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy and the content of closed cells. After the successful introduction of a bio-filler, it was found that the thermal insulation properties of the modified biomaterials were comparable to those of the reference material. It was concluded that it is possible to replace some petrochemical raw materials with raw materials of renewable origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kurańska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Mariusz Ptak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 7/9, 50-371 Wrocław, Poland; (M.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Elżbieta Malewska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Dymek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 7/9, 50-371 Wrocław, Poland; (M.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Fábio A. O. Fernandes
- TEMA: Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.A.O.F.); (R.A.d.S.)
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Alves de Sousa
- TEMA: Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.A.O.F.); (R.A.d.S.)
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Polaczek
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Karolina Studniarz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Katarzyna Uram
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (K.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malewska E, Prociak A, Vevere L, Vanags E, Zemła M, Uram K, Kirpluks M, Cabulis U, Bryk M. New Thermo-Reflective Coatings for Applications as a Layer of Heat Insulating Materials. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5642. [PMID: 36013779 PMCID: PMC9413095 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents new thermo-reflective coatings with different properties. Basic, anti-corrosion and self-extinguishing coatings were analyzed. The coatings were obtained with a thickness varying from 1 to 3 mm. The coatings were subjected to detailed tests assessing their physical-mechanical properties, i.e., tensile strength, abrasion, pull-off test, water absorption, vapor permeability and thermal properties, i.e., the thermal performance of the reflective coatings, thermal transmittance, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, as well as thermomechanical analysis and thermal conductivity. In addition, the possibility of using such coatings in a wide range of temperatures and during application to various materials used as a substrate, i.e., concrete, metal and rigid polyurethane foam, was tested. The thermal analysis of coatings revealed that materials are stable to temperatures above 200 °C, there are no thermal transitions in the negative temperature region and shrinking in low temperatures is minimal (less than 0.5%). From the data obtained within the framework of this study, it can be concluded that anticorrosive, basic and self-extinguishing coatings are eligible for thermo-insulation applications in temperatures up to 200 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Malewska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Laima Vevere
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Edgars Vanags
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Marcin Zemła
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Uram
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mirosław Bryk
- Implementation Company “Damiton”, Mirosław Bryk, Stadnicka 1c, 32-410 Dobczyce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kurańska M, Cabulis U, Prociak A, Polaczek K, Uram K, Kirpluks M. Scale-Up and Testing of Polyurethane Bio-Foams as Potential Cryogenic Insulation Materials. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15103469. [PMID: 35629497 PMCID: PMC9146507 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article compares the properties of closed-cell PUR bio-foams produced on a laboratory scale and on an industrial scale. In the formulation used, the polyol premix contained 40 wt.% of a bio-polyol based on rapeseed oil. Selected useful properties of the foams obtained on the two scales and the use of one-step and spraying methods were compared. In the case of the spraying method, the experimental system was compared to a commercial one. Given the possibility of applying the bio-foams in insulation systems for cryogenic and liquefied natural gas (LNG) applications, a compressive strength analysis of the foams was carried out at room temperature as well as at −196 °C. It was found that the foams modified with the bio-polyol were characterized by a higher compressive strength at low temperatures than commercial foams based on a petrochemical polyol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kurańska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence: (U.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.P.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: (U.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Polaczek
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Katarzyna Uram
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uram K, Prociak A, Vevere L, Pomilovskis R, Cabulis U, Kirpluks M. Natural Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation Applicable at Cryogenic Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244276. [PMID: 34960827 PMCID: PMC8707178 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents research into the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams with bio-polyols from rapeseed and tall oil. Rigid polyurethane foams were designed with a cryogenic insulation application for aerospace in mind. The polyurethane systems containing non-renewable diethylene glycol (DEG) were modified by replacing it with rapeseed oil-based low functional polyol (LF), obtained by a two-step reaction of epoxidation and oxirane ring opening with 1-hexanol. It was observed that as the proportion of the LF polyol in the polyurethane system increased, so too did the apparent density of the foam material. An increase in the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient was associated with an increase in the value of apparent density. Mechanical tests showed that the rigid polyurethane foam had higher compressive strength at cryogenic temperatures compared with the values obtained at room temperature. The adhesion test indicated that the foams subjected to cryo-shock obtained similar values of adhesion strength to the materials that were not subjected to this test. The results obtained were higher than 0.1 MPa, which is a favourable value for foam materials in low-temperature applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Uram
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Laima Vevere
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (R.P.); (U.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Ralfs Pomilovskis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (R.P.); (U.C.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena St. 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (R.P.); (U.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (R.P.); (U.C.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uram K, Kurańska M, Andrzejewski J, Prociak A. Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Biochar. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:5616. [PMID: 34640011 PMCID: PMC8510147 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents results of research on the preparation of biochar-modified rigid polyurethane foams that could be successfully used as thermal insulation materials. The biochar was introduced into polyurethane systems in an amount of up to 20 wt.%. As a result, foam cells became elongated in the direction of foam growth and their cross-sectional areas decreased. The filler-containing systems exhibited a reduction in their apparent densities of up to 20% compared to the unfilled system while maintaining a thermal conductivity of 25 mW/m·K. Biochar in rigid polyurethane foams improved their dimensional and thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Uram
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.U.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Kurańska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.U.); (A.P.)
| | - Jacek Andrzejewski
- Polymer Processing Division, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.U.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prociak A, Kurańska M, Uram K, Wójtowicz M. Bio-Polyurethane Foams Modified with a Mixture of Bio-Polyols of Different Chemical Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152469. [PMID: 34372072 PMCID: PMC8347397 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams prepared using different contents of a mixture of two bio-polyols (20–40 php). The bio-polyols were obtained through epoxidation and a ring opening reaction. Different chemical structures of the bio-polyols resulted from the use of 1-hexanol and 1,6-hexanediol as opening agents. The bio-polyols were characterized by hydroxyl values of 104 and 250 mgKOH/g and viscosities of 643 and 5128 mPa·s, respectively. Next, the influence of the bio-polyols on the foaming process of PUR systems as well as the foam properties was evaluated. The bio-foams modified with different contents of the bio-polyols were next compared with a reference foam obtained using a polyether petrochemical polyol. The effect of the apparent density reduction as a result of replacing the petrochemical polyol was minimized by decreasing the water content in the formulation. It was found that the modification of the recipe by changing the content of water, acting as a chemical foaming agent, did not affect the foaming process. However, the introduction of the bio-polyols mixture limited the reactivity of the systems by reducing the maximum temperature of the foaming process. The bio-materials with comparable apparent densities to that of the reference material were characterized by similar values of the thermal conductivity coefficient and a decrease in their mechanical strengths. A deterioration of mechanical properties was caused by the plasticization of the polyurethane matrices with the bio-polyols containing dangling chains. However, all materials were dimensionally stable at room temperature.
Collapse
|
7
|
Szkaradkiewicz-Karpinska AK, Zeidler A, Goslinska-Kuzniarek O, Uram K, Szkaradkiewicz A. Oral Lactobacilli and salivary acidic proline-rich proteins (APRP-1/2) in dental caries. J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 69:139-144. [PMID: 29769430 DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2018.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A previous study shows that levels of acidic salivary proline-rich phosphoproteins-1/2 (APRP-1/2) increase with caries severity. The aim of this study was to examine whether this relationship also depends on the presence of H2O2-producing strains of Lactobacillus spp. Adults with severe caries (decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) > 13.9, n = 28) were compared with similarly aged adults who had minimal caries (DMFT < 5, n = 20). A total of 48 samples of whole unstimulated saliva were collected in the morning and centrifuged. Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from the sediment in Rogosa agar and peroxide (H2O2) production was determined by growing the isolates on TMB-Plus agar. Salivary APRP-1/2 content in the saliva supernatant was estimated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent sandwich assay (ELISA). Lactobacilli were present in 67% of both caries groups but were H2O2 positive only in the minimal caries group. Irrespective of the presence of Lactobacilli, the total content of APRP-1/2 proteins was 34.5 ± 4.9 ng/ml in severe caries but just under half this in minimal caries. We conclude that Lactobacillus spp. was absent from about a third of the severe and minimal caries groups, and H2O2-producing strains were present only in the minimal caries group. The severe caries group possessed twice the content of salivary APRP 1/2 proteins as the minimal caries group. The implications of these findings for caries development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Szkaradkiewicz-Karpinska
- Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Zeidler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - K Uram
- Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Szkaradkiewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|