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Gabler L, Lötsch D, Kirchhofer D, van Schoonhoven S, Schmidt HM, Mayr L, Pirker C, Neumayer K, Dinhof C, Kastler L, Azizi AA, Dorfer C, Czech T, Haberler C, Peyrl A, Kumar R, Slavc I, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Gojo J, Berger W. TERT expression is susceptible to BRAF and ETS-factor inhibition in BRAF V600E/TERT promoter double-mutated glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:128. [PMID: 31391125 PMCID: PMC6685154 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRAF gene and the TERT promoter are among the most frequently altered genomic loci in low-grade (LGG) and high-grade-glioma (HGG), respectively. The coexistence of BRAF and TERT promoter aberrations characterizes a subset of aggressive glioma. Therefore, we investigated interactions between those alterations in malignant glioma. We analyzed co-occurrence of BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations in our clinical data (n = 8) in addition to published datasets (n = 103) and established a BRAFV600E-positive glioma cell panel (n = 9) for in vitro analyses. We investigated altered gene expression, signaling events and TERT promoter activity upon BRAF- and E-twenty-six (ETS)-factor inhibition by qRT-PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), Western blots and luciferase reporter assays. TERT promoter mutations were significantly enriched in BRAFV600E-mutated HGG as compared to BRAFV600E-mutated LGG. In vitro, BRAFV600E/TERT promoter double-mutant glioma cells showed exceptional sensitivity towards BRAF-targeting agents. Remarkably, BRAF-inhibition attenuated TERT expression and TERT promoter activity exclusively in double-mutant models, while TERT expression was undetectable in BRAFV600E-only cells. Various ETS-factors were broadly expressed, however, only ETS1 expression and phosphorylation were consistently downregulated following BRAF-inhibition. Knock-down experiments and ChIP corroborated the notion of a functional role for ETS1 and, accordingly, all double-mutant tumor cells were highly sensitive towards the ETS-factor inhibitor YK-4-279. In conclusion, our data suggest that concomitant BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations synergistically support cancer cell proliferation and immortalization. ETS1 links these two driver alterations functionally and may represent a promising therapeutic target in this aggressive glioma subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gabler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Lötsch
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Kirchhofer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sushilla van Schoonhoven
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannah M. Schmidt
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Neumayer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Neuromed Campus, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Carina Dinhof
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucia Kastler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Neuromed Campus, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Amedeo A. Azizi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Dorfer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Haberler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peyrl
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Slavc
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Spiegl-Kreinecker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Neuromed Campus, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT86/E 01, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Gojo J, Lötsch D, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Pajtler KW, Neumayer K, Korbel P, Araki A, Brandstetter A, Mohr T, Hovestadt V, Chavez L, Kirchhofer D, Ricken G, Stefanits H, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Dieckmann K, Azizi AA, Czech T, Filipits M, Kool M, Peyrl A, Slavc I, Berger W, Haberler C. Telomerase activation in posterior fossa group A ependymomas is associated with dismal prognosis and chromosome 1q gain. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1183-1194. [PMID: 28371821 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ependymomas account for up to 10% of childhood CNS tumors and have a high rate of tumor recurrence despite gross total resection. Recently, classification into molecular ependymoma subgroups has been established, but the mechanisms underlying the aggressiveness of certain subtypes remain widely enigmatic. The aim of this study was to dissect the clinical and biological role of telomerase reactivation, a frequent mechanism of cancer cells to evade cellular senescence, in pediatric ependymoma. Methods We determined telomerase enzymatic activity, hTERT mRNA expression, promoter methylation, and the rs2853669 single nucleotide polymorphism located in the hTERT promoter in a well-characterized cohort of pediatric intracranial ependymomas. Results In posterior fossa ependymoma group A (PF-EPN-A) tumors, telomerase activity varied and was significantly associated with dismal overall survival, whereas telomerase reactivation was present in all supratentorial RelA fusion-positive (ST-EPN-RELA) ependymomas. In silico analysis of methylation patterns showed that only these two subgroups harbor hypermethylated hTERT promoters suggesting telomerase reactivation via epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, chromosome 1q gain, a well-known negative prognostic factor, was strongly associated with telomerase reactivation in PF-EPN-A. Additional in silico analyses of gene expression data confirmed this finding and further showed enrichment of the E-twenty-six factor, Myc, and E2F target genes in 1q gained ependymomas. Additionally, 1q gained tumors showed elevated expression of ETV3, an E-twenty-six factor gene located on chromosome 1q. Conclusion Taken together we describe a subgroup-specific impact of telomerase reactivation on disease progression in pediatric ependymoma and provide preliminary evidence for the involved molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gojo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Lötsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Spiegl-Kreinecker
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Neumayer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Korbel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Asuka Araki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Brandstetter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Hovestadt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Kirchhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Stefanits
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Dieckmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Amedeo A Azizi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Filipits
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcel Kool
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peyrl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Haberler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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