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Walter KV, Conroy-Beam D, Buss DM, Asao K, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Aavik T, Akello G, Alhabahba MM, Alm C, Amjad N, Anjum A, Atama CS, Duyar DA, Ayebare R, Batres C, Bendixen M, Bensafia A, Bizumic B, Boussena M, Butovskaya M, Can S, Cantarero K, Carrier A, Cetinkaya H, Croy I, Cueto RM, Czub M, Dronova D, Dural S, Duyar I, Ertugrul B, Espinosa A, Estevan I, Esteves CS, Fang L, Frackowiak T, Garduño JC, González KU, Guemaz F, Gyuris P, Halamová M, Herak I, Horvat M, Hromatko I, Hui CM, Jaafar JL, Jiang F, Kafetsios K, Kavčič T, Ottesen Kennair LE, Kervyn N, Khanh Ha TT, Khilji IA, Köbis NC, Lan HM, Láng A, Lennard GR, León E, Lindholm T, Linh TT, Lopez G, Luot NV, Mailhos A, Manesi Z, Martinez R, McKerchar SL, Meskó N, Misra G, Monaghan C, Mora EC, Moya-Garófano A, Musil B, Natividade JC, Niemczyk A, Nizharadze G, Oberzaucher E, Oleszkiewicz A, Omar-Fauzee MS, Onyishi IE, Özener B, Pagani AF, Pakalniskiene V, Parise M, Pazhoohi F, Pisanski A, Pisanski K, Ponciano E, Popa C, Prokop P, Rizwan M, Sainz M, Salkičević S, Sargautyte R, Sarmány-Schuller I, Schmehl S, Sharad S, Siddiqui RS, Simonetti F, Stoyanova SY, Tadinac M, Correa Varella MA, Vauclair CM, Vega LD, Widarini DA, Yoo G, Zaťková MM, Zupančič M. Correction to: 'Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios' (2023) by Walter et al.. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231513. [PMID: 37440323 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
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Sorokowski P, Kowal M, Sternberg RJ, Aavik T, Akello G, Alhabahba MM, Alm C, Amjad N, Anjum A, Asao K, Atama CS, Atamtürk Duyar D, Ayebare R, Conroy-Beam D, Bendixen M, Bensafia A, Bizumic B, Boussena M, Buss DM, Butovskaya M, Can S, Carrier A, Cetinkaya H, Croy I, Cueto RM, Czub M, Dronova D, Dural S, Duyar I, Ertugrul B, Espinosa A, Estevan I, Esteves CS, Frackowiak T, Garduño JC, González KU, Guemaz F, Halamová M, Herak I, Horvat M, Hromatko I, Hui CM, Jaafar JL, Jiang F, Kafetsios K, Kavčič T, Kennair LEO, Kervyn N, Ha TTK, Khilji IA, Köbis NC, Kostic A, Lan HM, Láng A, Lennard GR, León E, Lindholm T, Linh TT, Lopez G, Van Luot N, Mailhos A, Manesi Z, Martinez R, McKerchar SL, Meskó N, Pejičić M, Misra G, Monaghan C, Mora EC, Moya-Garófano A, Musil B, Natividade JC, Nizharadze G, Oberzaucher E, Oleszkiewicz A, Omar-Fauzee MS, Onyishi IE, Özener B, Pagani AF, Pakalniskiene V, Parise M, Pazhoohi F, Pisanski A, Pisanski K, Ponciano E, Popa C, Prokop P, Rizwan M, Sainz M, Salkičević S, Sargautyte R, Sarmány-Schuller I, Schmehl S, Shahid A, Sharad S, Siddiqui RS, Simonetti F, Tadinac M, Vauclair CM, Vega LD, Walter KV, Widarini DA, Yoo G, Zaťková M, Zupančič M, Sorokowska A. Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:773. [PMID: 36641519 PMCID: PMC9840424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries' modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Asao
- Westminster College, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mons Bendixen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Boris Bizumic
- Australian National University AU, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Seda Can
- Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daria Dronova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Seda Dural
- Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbona, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Mária Halamová
- Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Iskra Herak
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Konstantinos Kafetsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Kavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | - Nils C Köbis
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hoang Moc Lan
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities (VNU-Hanoi), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Ernesto León
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Trinh Thi Linh
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities (VNU-Hanoi), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Giulia Lopez
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Nguyen Van Luot
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities (VNU-Hanoi), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Zoi Manesi
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edna Ponciano
- University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Coimba, Brazil
| | - Camelia Popa
- Romanian Academy - Institute of Philosophy and Psychology "C. Rădulescu-Motru", Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Mario Sainz
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gyesook Yoo
- Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee, South Korea
| | - Marta Zaťková
- Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
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Conroy-Beam D, Walter KV, Duarte K. What is a mate preference? Probing the computational format of mate preferences using couple simulation. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kowal M, Sorokowski P, Pisanski K, Valentova JV, Varella MA, Frederick DA, Al-Shawaf L, García FE, Giammusso I, Gjoneska B, Kozma L, Otterbring T, Papadatou-Pastou M, Pfuhl G, Stöckli S, Studzinska A, Toplu-Demirtaş E, Touloumakos AK, Bakos BE, Batres C, Bonneterre S, Czamanski-Cohen J, Dacanay JC, Deschrijver E, Fisher ML, Grano C, Grigoryev D, Kačmár P, Kozlov MV, Manunta E, Massar K, McFall JP, Mebarak M, Miccoli MR, Milfont TL, Prokop P, Aavik T, Arriaga P, Baiocco R, Čeněk J, Çetinkaya H, Duyar I, Guemaz F, Ishii T, Kamburidis JA, Khun-Inkeeree H, Lidborg LH, Manor H, Nussinson R, Omar-Fauzee MSB, Pazhoohi F, Ponnet K, Santos AC, Senyk O, Spasovski O, Vintila M, Wang AH, Yoo G, Zerhouni O, Amin R, Aquino S, Boğa M, Boussena M, Can AR, Can S, Castro R, Chirumbolo A, Çoker O, Cornec C, Dural S, Eder SJ, Moharrampour NG, Grassini S, Hristova E, Ikizer G, Kervyn N, Koyuncu M, Kunisato Y, Lins S, Mandzyk T, Mari S, Mattiassi AD, Memisoglu-Sanli A, Morelli M, Novaes FC, Parise M, Banai IP, Perun M, Plohl N, Sahli FZ, Šakan D, Smojver-Azic S, Solak Ç, Söylemez S, Toyama A, Wlodarczyk A, Yamada Y, Abad-Villaverde B, Afhami R, Akello G, Alami NH, Alma L, Argyrides M, Atamtürk D, Burduli N, Cardona S, Carneiro J, Castañeda A, Chałatkiewicz I, Chopik WJ, Chubinidze D, Conroy-Beam D, Contreras-Garduño J, da Silva DR, Don YB, Donato S, Dubrov D, Duračková M, Dutt S, Ebimgbo SO, Estevan I, Etchezahar E, Fedor P, Fekih-Romdhane F, Frackowiak T, Galasinska K, Gargula Ł, Gelbart B, Yepes TG, Hamdaoui B, Hromatko I, Itibi SN, Jaforte L, Janssen SM, Jovic M, Kertechian KS, Khan F, Kobylarek A, Koso-Drljevic M, Krasnodębska A, Križanić V, Landa-Blanco M, Mailhos A, Marot T, Dorcic TM, Martinez-Banfi M, Yusof MR, Mayorga-Lascano M, Mikuličiūtė V, Mišetić K, Musil B, Najmussaqib A, Muthu KN, Natividade JC, Ndukaihe IL, Nyhus EK, Oberzaucher E, Omar SS, Ostaszewski F, Pacquing MCT, Pagani AF, Park JH, Pirtskhalava E, Reips UD, Reyes MES, Röer JP, Şahin A, Samekin A, Sargautytė R, Semenovskikh T, Siepelmeyer H, Singh S, Sołtys A, Sorokowska A, Soto-López R, Sultanova L, Tamayo-Agudelo W, Tan CS, Topanova GT, Bulut MT, Trémolière B, Tulyakul S, Türkan BN, Urbanek A, Volkodav T, Walter KV, Yaakob MFM, Zumárraga-Espinosa M. Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Walter KV, Conroy-Beam D, Buss DM, Asao K, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Aavik T, Akello G, Alhabahba MM, Alm C, Amjad N, Anjum A, Atama CS, Duyar DA, Ayebare R, Batres C, Bendixen M, Bensafia A, Bizumic B, Boussena M, Butovskaya M, Can S, Cantarero K, Carrier A, Cetinkaya H, Croy I, Cueto RM, Czub M, Dronova D, Dural S, Duyar I, Ertugrul B, Espinosa A, Estevan I, Esteves CS, Fang L, Frackowiak T, Garduño JC, González KU, Guemaz F, Gyuris P, Halamová M, Herak I, Horvat M, Hromatko I, Hui CM, Jaafar JL, Jiang F, Kafetsios K, Kavčič T, Kennair LEO, Kervyn N, Khanh Ha TT, Khilji IA, Köbis NC, Lan HM, Láng A, Lennard GR, León E, Lindholm T, Linh TT, Lopez G, Luot NV, Mailhos A, Manesi Z, Martinez R, McKerchar SL, Meskó N, Misra G, Monaghan C, Mora EC, Moya-Garófano A, Musil B, Natividade JC, Niemczyk A, Nizharadze G, Oberzaucher E, Oleszkiewicz A, Omar-Fauzee MS, Onyishi IE, Özener B, Pagani AF, Pakalniskiene V, Parise M, Pazhoohi F, Pisanski A, Pisanski K, Ponciano E, Popa C, Prokop P, Rizwan M, Sainz M, Salkičević S, Sargautyte R, Sarmány-Schuller I, Schmehl S, Sharad S, Siddiqui RS, Simonetti F, Stoyanova SY, Tadinac M, Correa Varella MA, Vauclair CM, Vega LD, Widarini DA, Yoo G, Zaťková MM, Zupančič M. Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211115. [PMID: 34284630 PMCID: PMC8292757 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn V. Walter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Daniel Conroy-Beam
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David M. Buss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kelly Asao
- Department of Psychology, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
| | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Grace Akello
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu 166, Uganda
| | | | - Charlotte Alm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Naumana Amjad
- Department of Applied Psychology, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Anjum
- Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Carlota Batres
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster 17603, USA
| | - Mons Bendixen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aicha Bensafia
- Laboratory Education-Formation-Travail (EFORT), Department of Sociology, and
| | - Boris Bizumic
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Boussena
- Laboratory EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algiers 2, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Social Anthropology, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Seda Can
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir 35300, Turkey
| | - Katarzyna Cantarero
- Social Behavior Research Center, Faculty in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw 53238, Poland
| | - Antonin Carrier
- Psychology Faculty (Center for the Study of Social Behavior), and
| | - Hakan Cetinkaya
- Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara 6560, Turkey
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 1069, Germany
| | - Rosa María Cueto
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Marcin Czub
- Department of Psychology, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Daria Dronova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Seda Dural
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir 35300, Turkey
| | - Izzet Duyar
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | - Berna Ertugrul
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | - Agustín Espinosa
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Ignacio Estevan
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Católica Lisbon Research Unit in Business and Economics, Portugal
| | - Luxi Fang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tomasz Frackowiak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
| | | | | | - Farida Guemaz
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Petra Gyuris
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Mária Halamová
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra 94974, Slovakia
| | - Iskra Herak
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Marina Horvat
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Hromatko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Chin-Ming Hui
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia UNAM, Morelia 58190, Mexico
| | - Jas Laile Jaafar
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Feng Jiang
- Organization and Human Resource Management, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 102202, People's Republic of China
| | - Konstantinos Kafetsios
- School of Fine Arts, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece and Katedra Psychologie, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Truong Thi Khanh Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Imran Ahmed Khilji
- Department of Psychology, Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-10/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nils C. Köbis
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Department of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Hoang Moc Lan
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - András Láng
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Georgina R. Lennard
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Ernesto León
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Trinh Thi Linh
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Giulia Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan 20123, Italy
| | - Nguyen Van Luot
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Alvaro Mailhos
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Zoi Manesi
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Martinez
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Grenada 18010, Spain
| | - Sarah L. McKerchar
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Norbert Meskó
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Girishwar Misra
- Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India
| | - Conal Monaghan
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Emanuel C. Mora
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alba Moya-Garófano
- Department of Psychology, Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-10/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Bojan Musil
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Jean Carlos Natividade
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-000, Brazil
| | | | - George Nizharadze
- Department of Social Sciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi 2, Georgia
| | | | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | | | - Ike E. Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria
| | - Baris Özener
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | | | | | - Miriam Parise
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan 20123, Italy
| | - Farid Pazhoohi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Annette Pisanski
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Katarzyna Pisanski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
- CNRS National Center for Scientific Research, Dynamic Language Laboratory, University Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Edna Ponciano
- Institute of Psychology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Center of Social Studies, University of Coimbra, 3004 Coimba, Portugal
| | - Camelia Popa
- Department of Psychology—Institute of Philosophy and Psychology “C. Rădulescu Motru” of Romanian Academy, UNATC Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84506, Slovakia
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Psychology, University of Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Mario Sainz
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Svjetlana Salkičević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ruta Sargautyte
- Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius 1513, Lithuania
| | - Ivan Sarmány-Schuller
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Psychology SAS, Bratislava, 84104, Slovakia
| | - Susanne Schmehl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Shivantika Sharad
- Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Razi Sultan Siddiqui
- Department of Management Sciences, DHA Suffa University, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
| | - Franco Simonetti
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | | | - Meri Tadinac
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marco Antonio Correa Varella
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Diego Vega
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Dwi Ajeng Widarini
- Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Prof. Dr Moestopo (Beragama), Jakarta 10270, Indonesia
| | - Gyesook Yoo
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 024-47, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Marta Zaťková
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Maja Zupančič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Walter KV, Conroy-Beam D, Buss DM, Asao K, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Aavik T, Akello G, Alhabahba MM, Alm C, Amjad N, Anjum A, Atama CS, Atamtürk Duyar D, Ayebare R, Batres C, Bendixen M, Bensafia A, Bizumic B, Boussena M, Butovskaya M, Can S, Cantarero K, Carrier A, Cetinkaya H, Croy I, Cueto RM, Czub M, Dronova D, Dural S, Duyar I, Ertugrul B, Espinosa A, Estevan I, Esteves CS, Fang L, Frackowiak T, Garduño JC, González KU, Guemaz F, Gyuris P, Halamová M, Herak I, Horvat M, Hromatko I, Hui CM, Jaafar JL, Jiang F, Kafetsios K, Kavčič T, Kennair LEO, Kervyn N, Khanh Ha TT, Khilji IA, Köbis NC, Lan HM, Láng A, Lennard GR, León E, Lindholm T, Linh TT, Lopez G, Van Luot N, Mailhos A, Manesi Z, Martinez R, McKerchar SL, Meskó N, Misra G, Monaghan C, Mora EC, Moya-Garófano A, Musil B, Natividade JC, Niemczyk A, Nizharadze G, Oberzaucher E, Oleszkiewicz A, Omar-Fauzee MS, Onyishi IE, Özener B, Pagani AF, Pakalniskiene V, Parise M, Pazhoohi F, Pisanski A, Pisanski K, Ponciano E, Popa C, Prokop P, Rizwan M, Sainz M, Salkičević S, Sargautyte R, Sarmány-Schuller I, Schmehl S, Sharad S, Siddiqui RS, Simonetti F, Stoyanova SY, Tadinac M, Varella MAC, Vauclair CM, Vega LD, Widarini DA, Yoo G, Zat'ková M, Zupančič M. Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Across 45 Countries: A Large-Scale Replication. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:408-423. [PMID: 32196435 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620904154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable research has examined human mate preferences across cultures, finding universal sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and resources as well as sources of systematic cultural variation. Two competing perspectives-an evolutionary psychological perspective and a biosocial role perspective-offer alternative explanations for these findings. However, the original data on which each perspective relies are decades old, and the literature is fraught with conflicting methods, analyses, results, and conclusions. Using a new 45-country sample (N = 14,399), we attempted to replicate classic studies and test both the evolutionary and biosocial role perspectives. Support for universal sex differences in preferences remains robust: Men, more than women, prefer attractive, young mates, and women, more than men, prefer older mates with financial prospects. Cross-culturally, both sexes have mates closer to their own ages as gender equality increases. Beyond age of partner, neither pathogen prevalence nor gender equality robustly predicted sex differences or preferences across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn V Walter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - Daniel Conroy-Beam
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - David M Buss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kelly Asao
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden
| | | | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu
| | - Grace Akello
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University
| | | | | | - Naumana Amjad
- Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab
| | - Afifa Anjum
- Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab
| | | | | | | | | | - Mons Bendixen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
| | - Aicha Bensafia
- Laboratory Education-Formation-Travail (EFORT), Department of Sociology, University of Algiers
| | - Boris Bizumic
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University
| | - Mahmoud Boussena
- Laboratory EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algiers
| | - Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Center for Social Anthropology, Russian State University for the Humanities
| | - Seda Can
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics
| | - Katarzyna Cantarero
- Social Behavior Research Center, Faculty in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | - Antonin Carrier
- Psychology Faculty (Center for the Study of Social Behavior), Université Catholique de Louvain
| | | | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Rosa María Cueto
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social, Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
| | - Marcin Czub
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw
| | - Daria Dronova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Seda Dural
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics
| | - Izzet Duyar
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University
| | | | - Agustín Espinosa
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social, Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
| | | | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (CIS-IUL)
| | - Luxi Fang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | | | - Jorge Contreras Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Unidad Morelia
| | | | - Farida Guemaz
- Laboratory EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Setif
| | | | - Mária Halamová
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University
| | - Iskra Herak
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations, Université Catholique de Louvain
| | - Marina Horvat
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor
| | - Ivana Hromatko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb
| | - Chin-Ming Hui
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Jas Laile Jaafar
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya
| | - Feng Jiang
- Organization and Human Resource Management, Central University of Finance and Economics
| | | | - Tina Kavčič
- Faculty of Education, University of Primorska
| | | | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations, Université Catholique de Louvain
| | - Truong Thi Khanh Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi
| | - Imran Ahmed Khilji
- Department of Psychology, Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-10/4, Islamabad
| | - Nils C Köbis
- Department of Economics, Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Mating, University of Amsterdam
| | - Hoang Moc Lan
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi
| | | | | | - Ernesto León
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social, Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
| | | | - Trinh Thi Linh
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi
| | - Giulia Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | - Nguyen Van Luot
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi
| | | | - Zoi Manesi
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | - Conal Monaghan
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University
| | - Emanuel C Mora
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana
| | | | - Bojan Musil
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miriam Parise
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | - Farid Pazhoohi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - Annette Pisanski
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana
| | - Katarzyna Pisanski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Lyon/Saint-Étienne
| | - Edna Ponciano
- Institute of Psychology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
| | - Camelia Popa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, Universitatea Nationala de Arta Teatrala si Cinematografica-Centrul Internațional de Cercetare şi Educație în Tehnologii Inovativ Creative (UNATC-CINETIc), Romanian Academy
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Mario Sainz
- School of Psychology, University of Monterrey
| | - Svjetlana Salkičević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb
| | | | - Ivan Sarmány-Schuller
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Shivantika Sharad
- Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi
| | | | | | | | - Meri Tadinac
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb
| | | | - Christin-Melanie Vauclair
- Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (CIS-IUL)
| | | | - Dwi Ajeng Widarini
- Faculty of Communication, University Prof. Dr Moestopo (Beragama), Jakarta, 10270, Indonesia
| | - Gyesook Yoo
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Kyung Hee University
| | - Marta Zat'ková
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University
| | - Maja Zupančič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana
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