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Castro J, Daniels MH, Lu C, Brennan D, Gotur D, Lee YT, Knockenhauer K, Case A, Wu J, Buker SM, Liu J, Sparling BA, Sickmier EA, Blakemore SJ, Boriack-Sjodin PA, Duncan KW, Ribich S, Copeland RA. Abstract 1136: Targeting DHX9 inhibition as a novel therapeutic modality in microsatellite instable colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
DHX9 is a multifunctional DEAH-box ATP-independent RNA helicase which has been reported to play important roles in replication, transcription, translation, RNA splicing and RNA processing which contribute to DHX9’s role in maintenance of genomic stability. Functionally, DHX9’s role involves binding to as well as unwinding and/or resolving double-stranded and single-stranded DNA/RNA, DNA/RNA hybrids (R-loops), circular RNA and DNA/RNA G quadraplexes. Overexpression of DHX9 is evident in multiple cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC) and lung cancer. In addition, microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors exhibiting defective mismatch repair (dMMR) show a strong dependence on DHX9, making this helicase an attractive target for oncology drug discovery.
Here we describe data supporting targeting DHX9 in MSI CRC as a novel therapeutic, and the first identification of potent and selective in vitro and in vivo small molecule inhibitors of DHX9. We demonstrate that DHX9 inhibition in MSI CRC, delivered either through siRNA knockdown or compound treatment, leads to an increase in RNA/DNA secondary structures such as R-loops and circRNA (i.e. circBRIP1) inducing replication stress. Cell lines that are dMMR (i.e. MSI) are unable to resolve this replication stress, resulting in prevention of DNA replication in S phase and later onset of apoptosis. We were able to confirm this selective dependency in a panel of 20 CRC cell lines; anti-proliferative effects mediated by DHX9 inhibition were dependent on cell line dMMR status in a 10-day proliferation assay. Furthermore, compound 1, an orally bioavailable DHX9 inhibitor was used to investigate in vivo efficacy in MSI CRC (LS411N) and MSS CRC (SW480) xenograft models. Compound 1 was well tolerated across the 28-day treatment period with robust and durable tumor regression (TGI = 105 %) observed in the LS411N tumor xenograft model only. In addition, following cessation of treatment, minimal tumor regrowth was observed in a 28-day post treatment window. Tumor and plasma concentrations of compound 1 and changes in pharmacodynamic markers of DHX9 inhibition, such as circBRIP1 mRNA, were measured and resulting PK and PD data were highly correlated. Together, these preclinical data validate DHX9 as a tractable new target with potential utility as a novel treatment for patients with MSI CRC.
Citation Format: Jennifer Castro, Matthew H. Daniels, Chuang Lu, David Brennan, Deepali Gotur, Young-Tae Lee, Kevin Knockenhauer, April Case, Jie Wu, Shane M. Buker, Julie Liu, Brian A. Sparling, E. Allen Sickmier, Stephen J. Blakemore, P. Ann Boriack-Sjodin, Kenneth W. Duncan, Scott Ribich, Robert A. Copeland. Targeting DHX9 inhibition as a novel therapeutic modality in microsatellite instable colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1136.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Wu
- 1Accent Therapeutics, Lexington, MA
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Alford JS, Lampe JW, Brach D, Chesworth R, Cosmopoulos K, Duncan KW, Eckley ST, Kutok JL, Raimondi A, Riera TV, Shook B, Tang C, Totman J, Farrow NA. Conformational-Design-Driven Discovery of EZM0414: A Selective, Potent SETD2 Inhibitor for Clinical Studies. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1137-1143. [PMID: 35859865 PMCID: PMC9290024 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
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SETD2, a lysine N-methyltransferase, is a histone
methyltransferase that plays an important role in various cellular
processes and was identified as a target of interest in multiple myeloma
that features a t(4,14) translocation. We recently reported the discovery
of a novel small-molecule SETD2 inhibitor tool compound that is suitable
for preclinical studies. Herein we describe the conformational-design-driven
evolution of the advanced chemistry lead, which resulted in compounds
appropriate for clinical evaluation. Further optimization of this
chemical series led to the discovery of EZM0414, which is a potent,
selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of SETD2 with good pharmacokinetic
properties and robust pharmacodynamic activity in a mouse xenograft
model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Alford
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John W. Lampe
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dorothy Brach
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard Chesworth
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kat Cosmopoulos
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kenneth W. Duncan
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sean T. Eckley
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Kutok
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alejandra Raimondi
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thomas V. Riera
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian Shook
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cuyue Tang
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jennifer Totman
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Neil A. Farrow
- Epizyme Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, Sixth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Lampe JW, Alford JS, Boriak-Sjodin PA, Brach D, Cosmopoulos K, Duncan KW, Eckley ST, Foley MA, Harvey DM, Motwani V, Munchhof MJ, Raimondi A, Riera TV, Tang C, Thomenius MJ, Totman J, Farrow NA. Discovery of a First-in-Class Inhibitor of the Histone Methyltransferase SETD2 Suitable for Preclinical Studies. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1539-1545. [PMID: 34671445 PMCID: PMC8521618 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
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SET domain-containing
protein 2 (SETD2), a histone methyltransferase,
has been identified as a target of interest in certain hematological
malignancies, including multiple myeloma. This account details the
discovery of EPZ-719, a novel and potent SETD2 inhibitor
with a high selectivity over other histone methyltransferases. A screening
campaign of the Epizyme proprietary histone methyltransferase-biased
library identified potential leads based on a 2-amidoindole core.
Structure-based drug design (SBDD) and drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics
(DMPK) optimization resulted in EPZ-719, an attractive
tool compound for the interrogation of SETD2 biology that enables in vivo target validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Lampe
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joshua S. Alford
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - P. Ann Boriak-Sjodin
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dorothy Brach
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kat Cosmopoulos
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kenneth W. Duncan
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sean T. Eckley
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan A. Foley
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Darren M. Harvey
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vinny Motwani
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael J. Munchhof
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alejandra Raimondi
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thomas V. Riera
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cuyue Tang
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael J. Thomenius
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jennifer Totman
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Neil A. Farrow
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Drew AE, Jacques SL, Eichinger LW, Pantano C, Motwani V, Tang C, Tang C, Farrow N, Brach D, Howe S, Raimondi A, Dransfield DT, Duncan KW, Stickland K, Huang L, Lampe J. Abstract 1768: Identification of a potent, orally-available SMARCA2/4 inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo activity in preclinical models of SMARCA4-mutant NSCLC. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 2 (SMARCA2) is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase and a catalytic component of the SWI/SNF complex. SWI/SNF-mediated nucleosome remodeling is a critical regulator of chromatin accessibility resulting in transcriptional regulation of gene sets that determine and maintain cell state. The role of SMARCA2 as the catalytic driver of SWI/SNF activity is mutually exclusive with that of its close paralog, SMARCA4. Loss of functional SMARCA4, as is reported in a subset of NSCLC and other cancer types generally confers a dependency on SMARCA2. Cancers lacking functional SMARCA4 have been shown to be sensitive to loss of SMARCA2 function either through genetic ablation or the use of a small molecule SMARCA2/4 inhibitor. We describe the identification and characterization of a small molecule SMARCA2/4 inhibitor Compound 1 and its selective activity in the SMARCA4-mutant setting both in in vitro and in vivo model systems. The compound demonstrates inhibition of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 enzymatic activity in biochemical assays and broad selectivity against other helicases. Selective sensitivity in anti-proliferative assays of 15-fold was observed in NSCLC cell lines with SMARCA4 protein loss compared to those harboring WT SMARCA4 protein. Oral dosing demonstrates dose-dependent in vivo SMARCA2 inhibition and anti-tumor activity in SMARCA4-mutant NSCLC xenograft models. This compound is suitable for further exploration of the role of SMARCA2/4 and SWI/SNF in vitro and in vivo in cancer and other indications.
Citation Format: Allison E. Drew, Suzanne L. Jacques, Lindsey W. Eichinger, Chloe Pantano, Vinny Motwani, Cuyue Tang, Cuyue Tang, Neil Farrow, Dorothy Brach, Selene Howe, Alejandra Raimondi, Daniel T. Dransfield, Kenneth W. Duncan, Kim Stickland, Liyue Huang, John Lampe. Identification of a potent, orally-available SMARCA2/4 inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo activity in preclinical models of SMARCA4-mutant NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1768.
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Eichinger LW, Pantano C, Motwani V, Brach D, Howe S, Raimondi A, Dransfield DT, Duncan KW, Stickland K, Tang C, Farrow NA, Lampe J, Jacques SL, Drew AE. Abstract 2924: Aberrant SWI/SNF complexes lacking SMARCA2 or SMARCA4 differentially affect cell state and response to a novel SMARCA2/4 inhibitor. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 2 (SMARCA2) is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase and a catalytic component of the SWI/SNF complex. SWI/SNF-mediated nucleosome remodeling is a critical regulator of chromatin accessibility resulting in transcriptional regulation of gene sets that determine and maintain cell state. SMARCA2's role as the catalytic driver of SWI/SNF activity is mutually exclusive with that of its close paralog, SMARCA4. Here, we show that the synthetic lethal relationship between SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 can be genetically engineered bi-directionally in SMARCA2/SMARCA4 wild type (WT) cell lines. While knockout (KO) of either protein individually minimally affects cell growth, a genetically engineered cell line with loss of either SMARCA2 or SMARCA4 becomes sensitive to loss of its paralog. While SMARCA2 is infrequently lost through genetic mutation, SMARCA4 mutations occur in a wide variety of cancer types. We present CRISPR-Cas9 pooled screening data showing that cell lines with SMARCA4 mutations have a selective sensitivity to loss of SMARCA2 across multiple cancer indications, including NSCLC and ovarian carcinoma. SMARCA2 and SMARCA4, though partially redundant, also play unique roles within the cell as is evidenced by the unique set of transcriptional changes that occur in the SMARCA2/4 isogeneic cell lines, including the differential modulation of genes involved in TGFB signaling, regulation of angiogenesis, and in determinants of epithelial or mesenchymal cell state. ChIP-seq studies show changes in SWI/SNF occupancy as well as in the chromatin landscape that are specific to the loss of either SMARCA2 or SMARCA4. These isogenic cell lines also respond differently to treatment with a novel SMARCA2/4 inhibitor, Compound 1, in transcriptional as well as functional effects, providing evidence that dual inhibition with a small molecule may not be equivalent to the complete genetic ablation of these two proteins The NCI-H358 NCSLC cell line expresses WT SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 and is weakly sensitive to treatment with Compound 1. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated KO of SMARCA4 confers several-fold greater sensitivity to treatment with the novel inhibitor compared to the parental cell line. Surprisingly, KO of SMARCA2 does not confer sensitivity to inhibitor treatment. This selectivity sensitivity to treatment with Compound 1 that we observe in the SMARCA4-KO cell line is also observed across a panel of SMARCA4-mutant NSCLC. The relationship between the transcriptional and phenotypic changes that occur in these isogenic knockout lines as well as in SMARCA4-mutated NSCLC cell lines in response to SMARCA2/4 inhibitor treatment have revealed novel mechanisms driven by specific SWI/SNF complexes. These data have allowed us to better understand the potential therapeutic utility of a SMARCA2/4 inhibitor in both a SMARCA4-mut and SMARCA4-wt NSCLC patient population.
Citation Format: Lindsey W. Eichinger, Chloe Pantano, Vinny Motwani, Dorothy Brach, Selene Howe, Alejandra Raimondi, Daniel T. Dransfield, Kenneth W. Duncan, Kim Stickland, Cuyue Tang, Neil A. Farrow, John Lampe, Suzanne L. Jacques, Allison E. Drew. Aberrant SWI/SNF complexes lacking SMARCA2 or SMARCA4 differentially affect cell state and response to a novel SMARCA2/4 inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2924.
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Morrison MJ, Boriack-Sjodin PA, Swinger KK, Wigle TJ, Sadalge D, Kuntz KW, Scott MP, Janzen WP, Chesworth R, Duncan KW, Harvey DM, Lampe JW, Mitchell LH, Copeland RA. Identification of a peptide inhibitor for the histone methyltransferase WHSC1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197082. [PMID: 29742153 PMCID: PMC5942779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
WHSC1 is a histone methyltransferase that is responsible for mono- and dimethylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 and has been implicated as a driver in a variety of hematological and solid tumors. Currently, there is a complete lack of validated chemical matter for this important drug discovery target. Herein we report on the first fully validated WHSC1 inhibitor, PTD2, a norleucine-containing peptide derived from the histone H4 sequence. This peptide exhibits micromolar affinity towards WHSC1 in biochemical and biophysical assays. Furthermore, a crystal structure was solved with the peptide in complex with SAM and the SET domain of WHSC1L1. This inhibitor is an important first step in creating potent, selective WHSC1 tool compounds for the purposes of understanding the complex biology in relation to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tim J. Wigle
- Epizyme Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dipti Sadalge
- Epizyme Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Kuntz
- Epizyme Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Darren M. Harvey
- Epizyme Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John W. Lampe
- Epizyme Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Drew AE, Moradei O, Jacques SL, Rioux N, Boriack-Sjodin AP, Allain C, Scott MP, Jin L, Raimondi A, Handler JL, Ott HM, Kruger RG, McCabe MT, Sneeringer C, Riera T, Shapiro G, Waters NJ, Mitchell LH, Duncan KW, Moyer MP, Copeland RA, Smith J, Chesworth R, Ribich SA. Identification of a CARM1 Inhibitor with Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Activity in Preclinical Models of Multiple Myeloma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17993. [PMID: 29269946 PMCID: PMC5740082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CARM1 is an arginine methyltransferase with diverse histone and non-histone substrates implicated in the regulation of cellular processes including transcriptional co-activation and RNA processing. CARM1 overexpression has been reported in multiple cancer types and has been shown to modulate oncogenic pathways in in vitro studies. Detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of CARM1 in oncogenesis has been limited by a lack of selective tool compounds, particularly for in vivo studies. We describe the identification and characterization of, to our knowledge, the first potent and selective inhibitor of CARM1 that exhibits anti-proliferative effects both in vitro and in vivo and, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a role for CARM1 in multiple myeloma (MM). EZM2302 (GSK3359088) is an inhibitor of CARM1 enzymatic activity in biochemical assays (IC50 = 6 nM) with broad selectivity against other histone methyltransferases. Treatment of MM cell lines with EZM2302 leads to inhibition of PABP1 and SMB methylation and cell stasis with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Oral dosing of EZM2302 demonstrates dose-dependent in vivo CARM1 inhibition and anti-tumor activity in an MM xenograft model. EZM2302 is a validated chemical probe suitable for further understanding the biological role CARM1 plays in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Jin
- Epizyme, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jessica L Handler
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heidi M Ott
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan G Kruger
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael T McCabe
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jesse Smith
- Epizyme, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Rioux N, Duncan KW, Lantz RJ, Miao X, Chan-Penebre E, Moyer MP, Munchhof MJ, Copeland RA, Chesworth R, Waters NJ. Species differences in metabolism of EPZ015666, an oxetane-containing protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) inhibitor. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:268-77. [PMID: 26294260 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1072253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Metabolite profiling and identification studies were conducted to understand the cross-species differences in the metabolic clearance of EPZ015666, a first-in-class protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) inhibitor, with anti-proliferative effects in preclinical models of Mantle Cell Lymphoma. EPZ015666 exhibited low clearance in human, mouse and rat liver microsomes, in part by introduction of a 3-substituted oxetane ring on the molecule. In contrast, a higher clearance was observed in dog liver microsomes (DLM) that translated to a higher in vivo clearance in dog compared with rodent. 2. Structure elucidation via high resolution, accurate mass LC-MS(n) revealed that the prominent metabolites of EPZ015666 were present in hepatocytes from all species, with the highest turnover rate in dogs. M1 and M2 resulted from oxidative oxetane ring scission, whereas M3 resulted from loss of the oxetane ring via an N-dealkylation reaction. 3. The formation of M1 and M2 in DLM was significantly abrogated in the presence of the specific CYP2D inhibitor, quinidine, and to a lesser extent by the CYP3A inhibitor, ketoconazole, corroborating data from human recombinant isozymes. 4. Our data indicate a marked species difference in the metabolism of the PRMT5 inhibitor EPZ015666, with oxetane ring scission the predominant metabolic pathway in dog mediated largely by CYP2D.
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Duncan KW, Rioux N, Boriack-Sjodin PA, Munchhof MJ, Reiter LA, Majer CR, Jin L, Johnston LD, Chan-Penebre E, Kuplast KG, Porter Scott M, Pollock RM, Waters NJ, Smith JJ, Moyer MP, Copeland RA, Chesworth R. Structure and Property Guided Design in the Identification of PRMT5 Tool Compound EPZ015666. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:162-6. [PMID: 26985292 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent publication of a potent and selective inhibitor of protein methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) provides the scientific community with in vivo-active tool compound EPZ015666 (GSK3235025) to probe the underlying pharmacology of this key enzyme. Herein, we report the design and optimization strategies employed on an initial hit compound with poor in vitro clearance to yield in vivo tool compound EPZ015666 and an additional potent in vitro tool molecule EPZ015866 (GSK3203591).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Duncan
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathalie Rioux
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Michael J. Munchhof
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lawrence A. Reiter
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christina R. Majer
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - L. Danielle Johnston
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elayne Chan-Penebre
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kristy G. Kuplast
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Roy M. Pollock
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nigel J. Waters
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jesse J. Smith
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mikel P. Moyer
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert A. Copeland
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard Chesworth
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Sidhu M, Cotoner CA, Guleng B, Arihiro S, Chang S, Duncan KW, Ajami AM, Chau M, Reinecker HC. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2416-26. [PMID: 21438094 PMCID: PMC3657752 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We developed a series of dendritic cell autoimmune modulators (DCAMs) based on small molecule Flt3 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the inhibition of intestinal inflammation and oral delivery. METHODS DCAMs were administered orally during and after induction of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Dendritic cell recruitment and inflammatory responses were determined in the mucosal immune system during acute intestinal inflammatory responses and mucosal recovery. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were utilized to define the mechanisms by which DCAMs can modify responses to microbial signals. RESULTS Oral doses of DCAMs prevented severe weight loss and mucosal inflammation associated with DSS colitis in mice. The presence of DCAMs increased the number of CD11c(+) PDCA1(+) dendritic cells, induced interleukin (IL)-10 expression, and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in the mucosal immune system. Surprisingly, DCAMs regulated innate immune responses in macrophages resulting in the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production and the induction of IL-10 expression during Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling. CONCLUSIONS We identified two new imidazoacridinone derivatives that protect mice from severe colitis and promote mucosal recovery by enhancing protective cytokine production while inhibiting proinflammatory stimuli during microbial recognition. These compounds are promising candidates for further development into potent orally available drugs for the prevention of colitis and promotion of mucosal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Sidhu
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmen Alonso Cotoner
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bayasi Guleng
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seiji Arihiro
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunyoung Chang
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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