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Menzel F, Kaiser N, Haehnel S, Rapp F, Patties I, Schöneberg N, Haimon Z, Immig K, Bechmann I. Impact of X-irradiation on microglia. Glia 2017; 66:15-33. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Kaiser
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Susann Haehnel
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Felicitas Rapp
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Ina Patties
- Department of Radiation Therapy; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Zhana Haimon
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Kerstin Immig
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
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Schiefenhövel F, Immig K, Prodinger C, Bechmann I. Indications for cellular migration from the central nervous system to its draining lymph nodes in CD11c-GFP + bone-marrow chimeras following EAE. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2151-2166. [PMID: 28421248 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept as to how the brain maintains its immune privilege has initially been based on observations that it is lacking classical lymph vessels and later, the absence of dendritic cells (DC). This view has been challenged by several groups demonstrating drainage/migration of injected tracers and cells into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) and the presence of brain antigens in CLNs in the course of various brain pathologies. Using CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic (tg) mice, we have shown the existence of CD11c+ cells, a main DC marker, within the brain parenchyma. Since injecting tracers or cells may cause barrier artefacts, we have now transplanted wild type (wt)-bone marrow (BM) to lethally irradiated CD11c-DTR-GFP tg mice to restrict the CD11c-DTR-GFP+ population to the brain and induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We observed ramified GFP+ cells in the olfactory bulb, the cribriform plate, the nasal mucosa and superficial CLNs. We measured a significant increase of host gfp genomic DNA (gDNA) levels in lymph nodes (LNs) previously described as draining stations for the central nervous system (CNS). Using flow cytometry analysis, we observed an increase of the percentage of CD11c-GFP+ cells in brain parenchyma in the course of EAE which is most likely due to an up-regulation of CD11c of resident microglial cells since levels of gfp gDNA did not increase. Our data supports the hypothesis that brain-resident antigen presenting cells (APC) are capable of migrating to CNS-draining LNs to present myelin-associated epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridtjof Schiefenhövel
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststraße 25, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Immig
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststraße 25, 04317, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Carolin Prodinger
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststraße 25, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststraße 25, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
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Orthgiess J, Gericke M, Immig K, Schulz A, Hirrlinger J, Bechmann I, Eilers J. Neurons exhibit Lyz2 promoter activity in vivo: Implications for using LysM-Cre mice in myeloid cell research. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1529-32. [PMID: 27062494 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To characterize LysM-Cre mediated gene targeting in mice, we crossed LysM-Cre mice to two independent reporter-mouse lines (tdTomato or YFP). Surprisingly, we found that more than 90% of cells with LysM-Cre mediated recombination in the brain were neurons, rather than myeloid cells, such as microglia. Hence, by using the LysM-Cre mouse line for conditional knockout approaches, a significant neuronal recombination needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Orthgiess
- Carl-Ludwig Institute of Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Immig
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Eilers
- Carl-Ludwig Institute of Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Immig K, Gericke M, Menzel F, Merz F, Krueger M, Schiefenhövel F, Lösche A, Jäger K, Hanisch UK, Biber K, Bechmann I. CD11c-positive cells from brain, spleen, lung, and liver exhibit site-specific immune phenotypes and plastically adapt to new environments. Glia 2014; 63:611-25. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Immig
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Felicitas Merz
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Andreas Lösche
- IZKF-FACS-Core Unit; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Kathrin Jäger
- IZKF-FACS-Core Unit; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Knut Biber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Section of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
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Preissler J, Grosche A, Lede V, Le Duc D, Krügel K, Matyash V, Szulzewsky F, Kallendrusch S, Immig K, Kettenmann H, Bechmann I, Schöneberg T, Schulz A. Altered microglial phagocytosis in GPR34-deficient mice. Glia 2014; 63:206-15. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Preissler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Paul-Flechsig Institute, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Vera Lede
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Diana Le Duc
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Katja Krügel
- Paul-Flechsig Institute, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Vitali Matyash
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Sonja Kallendrusch
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Kerstin Immig
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Haase J, Weyer U, Immig K, Klöting N, Blüher M, Eilers J, Bechmann I, Gericke M. Local proliferation of macrophages in adipose tissue during obesity-induced inflammation. Diabetologia 2014; 57:562-71. [PMID: 24343232 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue (AT), and the increase in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Macrophages have been regarded as post-mitotic, but recent observations have challenged this view. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that macrophages proliferate within AT in diet-induced obesity in mice and humans. METHODS We studied the expression of proliferation markers by immunofluorescence, PCR and flow cytometry in three different models of mouse obesity as well as in humans (n = 239). The cell fate of dividing macrophages was assessed by live imaging of AT explants. RESULTS We show that ATMs undergo mitosis within AT, predominantly within crown-like structures (CLS). We found a time-dependent increase in ATM proliferation when mice were fed a high-fat diet. Upregulation of CD206 and CD301 in proliferating ATMs indicated preferential M2 polarisation. Live imaging within AT explants from mice revealed that macrophages emigrate out of the CLS to become resident in the interstitium. In humans, we confirmed the increased expression of proliferation markers of CD68(+) macrophages in CLS and demonstrated a higher mRNA expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 in AT from obese patients. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Local proliferation contributes to the increase in M2 macrophages in AT. Our data confirm CLS as the primary site of proliferation and a new source of ATMs and support a model of different recruitment mechanisms for classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Haase
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Fischer W, Urban N, Immig K, Franke H, Schaefer M. Natural compounds with P2X7 receptor-modulating properties. Purinergic Signal 2013; 10:313-26. [PMID: 24163006 PMCID: PMC4040168 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X7 receptor is a membrane-bound, non-selective cation channel, expressed in a variety of cell types. The P2X7 senses high extracellular ATP concentrations and seems to be implicated in a wide range of cellular functions as well as pathophysiological processes, including immune responses and inflammation, release of gliotransmitters and cytokines, cancer cell growth or development of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we identified natural compounds and analogues that can block or sensitize the ATP (1 mM)-induced Ca(2+) response using a HEK293 cell line stably expressing human P2X7 and fluorometric imaging plate reader technology. For instance, teniposide potently blocked the human P2X7 at sub-miromolar concentrations, but not human P2X4 or rat P2X2. A marked block of ATP-induced Ca(2+) entry and Yo-Pro-1 uptake was also observed in human A375 melanoma cells and mouse microglial cells, both expressing P2X7. On the other hand, agelasine (AGL) and garcinolic acid (GA) facilitated the P2X7 response to ATP in all three cell populations. GA also enhanced the YO-PRO-1 uptake, whereas AGL did not affect the ATP-stimulated intracellular accumulation of this dye. According to the pathophysiological role of P2X7 in various diseases, selective modulators may have potential for further development, e.g. as neuroprotective or antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Fischer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany,
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