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Thieu KP, Rosenbach M, Xu X, Kist JM. Neutrophilic dermatosis complicating lenalidomide therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:709-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Thieu KP, Morrow MP, Shedlock DJ, Schoenly KA, Mallilankaraman K, Choo AY, Fagone P, Weiner DB, Muthumani K. HIV-1 Vpr: regulator of viral survival. Curr HIV Res 2009; 7:153-62. [PMID: 19275584 DOI: 10.2174/157016209787581454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 Vpr protein is a viral accessory protein that plays a number of important roles during HIV infection. The activities of Vpr are numerous and include the induction of apoptosis, the modulation of cell cycle arrest, as well as control of viral transcription. Study of HIV clones lacking Vpr in vitro and analysis of HIV variants isolated from long-term nonprogressors in vivo highlight the importance of Vpr for viral replication as well as immune suppression and cell death. Vpr may therefore be considered among the most important accessory proteins encoded by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh P Thieu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Muthumani K, Lambert VM, Shanmugam M, Thieu KP, Choo AY, Chung JCW, Satishchandran A, Kim JJ, Weiner DB, Ugen KE. Anti-tumor activity mediated by protein and peptide transduction of HIV viral protein R (Vpr). Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:180-7. [PMID: 19029839 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.2.7205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides that are capable of traversing the cell membrane, via protein transduction domains (PTDs), are attractive either directly as drugs or indirectly as carriers for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. For example, an HIV-1 Tat derived peptide has successfully delivered a large variety of "cargoes" including proteins, peptides and nucleic acids into cells when conjugate to the PTD. There also exists other naturally occurring membrane permeable peptides which have potential as PTDs. Specifically, one of the accessory proteins of HIV (viral protein R; i.e., Vpr), which is important in controlling viral pathogenesis, possesses cell transduction domain characteristics. Related to these characteristics, Vpr has also been demonstrated to induce cell cycle arrest and host/target cell apoptosis, suggesting a potential anti-cancer activity for this protein. In this report we assessed the ability of Vpr protein or peptides, with or without conjugation to a PTD, to mediate anti-cancer activity against several tumor cell lines. Specifically, several Vpr peptides spanning carboxy amino acids 65-83 induced significant (i.e., greater than 50%) in vitro growth inhibition/toxicity of murine B16.F10 melanoma cells. Likewise, in in vitro experiments with other tumor cell lines, conjugation of Vpr to the Tat derived PTD and transfection of this construct into cells enhanced the induction of in vitro apoptosis by this protein when compared to the effects of transfection of cells with unconjugated Vpr. These results underscore the potential for Vpr based reagents as well as PTDs to enhance anti-tumor activity, and warrants further examination of Vpr protein and derived peptides as potential therapeutic agents against progressive cell proliferative diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Thieu
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, USA
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Thieu KP, King S, Fuhlbrigge RC. Assessing function of skin homing T cell selectin-ligands via selective knockdown with siRNA (B62). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.b62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The recruitment of T cells to skin is a key feature of inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and eczema. Skin homing T cells express cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), a carbohydrate epitope that binds to E-selectin on postcapillary venules and mediates lymphocyte tethering and rolling in shear flow. E-selectin ligand (ESL) activity and CLA epitope expression have been described on P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and leukosialin (CD43). CLA+ PSGL-1 serves as both a P-selectin ligand (PSL) and an ESL, whereas CLA+ CD43 is only an ESL. Although their ESL functions appear redundant, the true relative contribution of PSGL-1 and CD43 to ESL activity in human CLA+ T cells has not yet been evaluated.
Using siRNA, we inhibited expression of PSGL-1, CD43, or both on CLA+ T cells by 70–80%, as measured by flow cytometry. PSGL-1 knockdown resulted in a 70% reduction of PSL but relatively unchanged ESL activity, as assessed by shear flow binding assays. CD43 knockdown did not signficantly impact either PSL or ESL activity. Surprisingly, knockdown of both PSGL-1 and CD43 did not noticeably reduce ESL activity nor CLA expression.
As predicted from animal models, PSGL-1 is the major PSL on human CLA+ T cells but serves a redundant role as an ESL. The high residual amounts of CLA expression and ESL activity remaining after knockdown of both PSGL-1 and CD43 suggest that an uncharacterized ESL distinct from PSGL-1 and CD43 exists and may represent a signficant pool of ESL function on skin homing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh P Thieu
- Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., EBRC 501, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Sandy King
- Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., EBRC 501, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Robert C Fuhlbrigge
- Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., EBRC 501, Boston, MA, 02115
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Muthumani K, Choo AY, Premkumar A, Hwang DS, Thieu KP, Desai BM, Weiner DB. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr-regulated cell death: insights into mechanism. Cell Death Differ 2006; 12 Suppl 1:962-70. [PMID: 15832179 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The destruction of CD4(+) T cells and eventual induction of immunodeficiency is a hallmark of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (HIV-1). However, the mechanism of this destruction remains unresolved. Several auxiliary proteins have been proposed to play a role in this aspect of HIV pathogenesis including a 14 kDa protein named viral protein R (Vpr). Vpr has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and immune suppression. However, the mechanism(s) involved in Vpr-mediated apoptosis remains unresolved, and several proposed mechanisms for these effects are under investigation. In this review, we discuss the possibility that some of these proposed pathways might converge to modulate Vpr's behavior. Further, we also discuss caveats and future directions for investigation of the interesting biology of this HIV accessory gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Muthumani K, Choo AY, Zong WX, Madesh M, Hwang DS, Premkumar A, Thieu KP, Emmanuel J, Kumar S, Thompson CB, Weiner DB. The HIV-1 Vpr and glucocorticoid receptor complex is a gain-of-function interaction that prevents the nuclear localization of PARP-1. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8:170-9. [PMID: 16429131 PMCID: PMC3142937 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Vpr protein of HIV-1 functions as a vital accessory gene by regulating various cellular functions, including cell differentiation, apoptosis, nuclear factor of kappaB (NF-kappaB) suppression and cell-cycle arrest of the host cell. Several reports have indicated that Vpr complexes with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), but it remains unclear whether the GR pathway is required for Vpr to function. Here, we report that Vpr uses the GR pathway as a recruitment vehicle for the NF-kappaB co-activating protein, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). The GR interaction with Vpr is both necessary and sufficient to facilitate this interaction by potentiating the formation of a Vpr-GR-PARP-1 complex. The recruitment of PARP-1 by the Vpr-GR complex prevents its nuclear localization, which is necessary for Vpr to suppress NF-kappaB. The association of GR with PARP-1 is not observed with steroid (glucocorticoid) treatment, indicating that the GR association with PARP-1 is a gain of function that is solely attributed to HIV-1 Vpr. These data provide important insights into Vpr biology and its role in HIV pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Enterotoxins/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Products, vpr/metabolism
- Gene Products, vpr/pharmacology
- Gene Products, vpr/physiology
- HIV Infections/metabolism
- HIV Infections/physiopathology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukin-1/blood
- Interleukin-12/blood
- Jurkat Cells
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Mutation/genetics
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- U937 Cells
- vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Y. Choo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel S. Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arumugam Premkumar
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Khanh P. Thieu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joann Emmanuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Craig B. Thompson
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to D.B.W.
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Muthumani K, Choo AY, Hwang DS, Dayes NS, Chattergoon M, Mayilvahanan S, Thieu KP, Buckley PT, Emmanuel J, Premkumar A, Weiner DB. HIV-1 Viral Protein-R (VPR) Protects against Lethal Superantigen Challenge While Maintaining Homeostatic T Cell Levels in Vivo. Mol Ther 2005; 12:910-21. [PMID: 16006193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr exhibits many interesting features related to macrophage and T cell biology. As a viral protein or as a soluble molecule it can suppress immune cell activation and cytokine production in vitro in part by targeted inhibition of NF-kappaB. In this regard we sought to test its effects in vivo on an NF-kappaB-dependent immune pathway. We examined the activity of Vpr in a lethal toxin-mediated challenge model in mice. Intravenous delivery of Vpr was sufficient to protect mice from lethal challenge with staphylococcal endotoxin B (SEB). Furthermore, Vpr protected host CD4+ T cells from in vivo depletion likely by preventing induction of AICD of SEB-exposed cells in a post-toxin-binding fashion. Understanding the biology of Vpr's activities in this model may allow for new insight into potential mechanisms of hyperinflammatory disease and into Vpr pathobiology in the context of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 505 Stellar Chance Building, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Muthumani K, Hwang DS, Choo AY, Mayilvahanan S, Dayes NS, Thieu KP, Weiner DB. HIV-1 Vpr inhibits the maturation and activation of macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro. Int Immunol 2004; 17:103-16. [PMID: 15611322 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vpr encodes a 14 kDa protein that has been implicated in viral pathogenesis through in vitro modulation of several host cell functions. Vpr modulates cellular proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis and host cell transcription in a manner that involves the glucocorticoid pathway. To better understand the role of HIV-1 Vpr in host gene expression, approximately 9600 cellular RNA transcripts were assessed for their modulation in primary APC after treatment with a bioactive recombinant Vpr (rVpr) by DNA micro-array. As an extracellular delivered protein, Vpr down-modulated the expression of several immunologically important molecules including CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86 costimulatory molecules on MDM (monocyte-derived macrophage) and MDDC (monocyte-derived dendritic cells). Maturation of dendritic cells (DC) is known to result in a decreased capacity to produce HIV due to a post-entry block of the HIV-1 replicative cycle. Based on the changes observed in the gene array, we analyzed maturation of DC generated from monocytes in tissue culture as influenced by Vpr. We observed that Vpr-treated immature MDM and MDDC were unable to acquire high levels of costimulatory molecules and failed to develop into mature DC, even in the presence of maturation signals. These studies have importance for understanding the interaction of HIV with the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
New and effective approaches for inflammatory diseases based on novel mechanisms of action are needed. One potential source of anti-inflammatory drugs exists among viruses. Viruses have evolved to infect, replicate within, and kill human cells through diverse mechanisms. They accomplish this fact by finding ways to out with the host's complex immune machinery. It is possible that the viral proteins and pathways involved in the downregulation of host immune function during infection can be exploited as a therapeutic in diseases that result in the overactivity of the immune system. Indeed, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protein, Vpr, affects cells in a number of ways that may prove useful for exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Vpr has effects on T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, chemokine production, and Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-mediated transcription. Importantly, it has been observed that Vpr downregulates NF-kappaB and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, and IL-12. These activities are worthy of further examination for control of hyperinflammatory and hyperproliferative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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