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Zhang W, Zheng XS, Agwanda B, Ommeh S, Zhao K, Lichoti J, Wang N, Chen J, Li B, Yang XL, Mani S, Ngeiywa KJ, Zhu Y, Hu B, Onyuok SO, Yan B, Anderson DE, Wang LF, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Serological evidence of MERS-CoV and HKU8-related CoV co-infection in Kenyan camels. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1528-1534. [PMID: 31645223 PMCID: PMC6818114 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1679610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dromedary camels are important reservoir hosts of various coronaviruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that cause human infections. CoV genomes regularly undergo recombination during infection as observed in bat SARS-related CoVs. Here we report for the first time that only a small proportion of MERS-CoV receptor-binding domain positive (RBD) of spike protein positive camel sera in Kenya were also seropositive to MERS-CoV nucleocapsid (NP). In contrast, many of them contain antibodies against bat HKU8-related (HKU8r)-CoVs. Among 584 camel samples that were positive against MERS-CoV RBD, we found only 0.48 (8.22%) samples were also positive for NP. Furthermore, we found bat HKU8r-CoV NP antibody in 73 (12.5%) of the MERS-CoV RBD positive and NP negative samples, yet found only 3 (0.43%) of the HKU8r-CoV S1 antibody in the same samples. These findings may indicate co-infection with MERS-CoV and a HKU8r-CoV in camels. It may also raise the possibility of the circulation of a recombinant coronavirus virus with the spike of MERS-CoV and the NP of a HKU8r-CoV in Kenya. We failed to find molecular evidence of an HKU8r-CoV or a putative recombinant virus. Our findings should alert other investigators to look for molecular evidence of HKU8r-CoV or recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Sheila Ommeh
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Kai Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jacqueline Lichoti
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture , Livestock and Fisheries , Kenya
| | - Ning Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture , Livestock and Fisheries , Kenya.,Kenya Camel Association , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Yan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Samson Omondi Onyuok
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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Ommeh S, Zhang W, Zohaib A, Chen J, Zhang H, Hu B, Ge XY, Yang XL, Masika M, Obanda V, Luo Y, Li S, Waruhiu C, Li B, Zhu Y, Ouma D, Odendo V, Wang LF, Anderson DE, Lichoti J, Mungube E, Gakuya F, Zhou P, Ngeiywa KJ, Yan B, Agwanda B, Shi ZL. Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov) and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in Kenya. Virol Sin 2018; 33:484-492. [PMID: 30570714 PMCID: PMC6335226 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels (82.37%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive (74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19) than male camels (P < 0.001) (53.74%, 95% CI 48.48–58.90). Only 11 camel nasal swabs were positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences showed that Kenyan MERS-CoV clustered within sub-clade C2, which is associated with the African clade, but did not contain signature deletions of orf4b in African viruses. None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS-CoV in Kenyan camels. Further one-health surveillance approaches in camels, wildlife, and human populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Ommeh
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ali Zohaib
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Moses Masika
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 30197-00100, Kenya
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, 40241-00100, Kenya
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Cecilia Waruhiu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Desterio Ouma
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, 57811-00200, Kenya
| | - Vincent Odendo
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, 57811-00200, Kenya
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Veterinary Services Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Veterinary Services Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Lichoti
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Irrigation, Nairobi, 34188-00100, Kenya
| | - Erick Mungube
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, 57811-00200, Kenya
| | - Francis Gakuya
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, 40241-00100, Kenya
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Irrigation, Nairobi, 34188-00100, Kenya.,Kenya Camel Association, Nairobi, 30095-00100, Kenya
| | - Bing Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, 40658-00100, Kenya.
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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