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Taghizadeh K, Ruf M, Luding S, Steeb H. X-ray 3D imaging-based microunderstanding of granular mixtures: Stiffness enhancement by adding small fractions of soft particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219999120. [PMID: 37339218 PMCID: PMC10293847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219999120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This research focuses on performing ultrasound propagation measurements and micro-X-ray computed tomography (µXRCT) imaging on prestressed granular packings prepared with biphasic mixtures of monodisperse glass and rubber particles at different compositions/fractions. Ultrasound experiments employing piezoelectric transducers, mounted in an oedometric cell (complementing earlier triaxial cell experiments), are used to excite and detect longitudinal ultrasound waves through randomly prepared mixtures of monodisperse stiff/soft particles. While the fraction of the soft particles is increasing linearly from zero, the effective macroscopic stiffness of the granular packings transits nonlinearly and nonmonotonically toward the soft limit, remarkably via an interesting stiffer regime for small rubber fractions between 0.1 ≲ ν ≲ 0.2. The contact network of dense packings, as accessed from µXRCT, plays a key role in understanding this phenomenon, considering the structure of the network, the chain length, the grain contacts, and the particle coordination. While the maximum stiffness is due to surprisingly shortened chains, the sudden drop in elastic stiffness of the mixture packings, at ν ≈ 0.4, is associated with chains of particles that include both glass and rubber particles (soft chains); for ν ≲ 0.3, the dominant chains include only glass particles (hard chains). At the drop, ν ≈ 0.4, the coordination number of glass and rubber networks is approximately four and three, respectively, i.e., neither of the networks are jammed, and the chains need to include particles from another species to propagate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Taghizadeh
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Multi-Scale Mechanics, University of Twente, AE Enschede7500, The Netherlands
| | - M. Ruf
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart70569, Germany
| | - S. Luding
- Multi-Scale Mechanics, University of Twente, AE Enschede7500, The Netherlands
| | - H. Steeb
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart70569, Germany
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2
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Abstract
When a mechanical wave travels through a medium, its intensity diminishes with distance. The research focuses on the energy transfer with distance as well as across different wavenumbers, as the mechanical wave propagates. The diffusive characteristic of energy propagation has been discussed for one-dimensional chains composed of random, pre-stressed soft and stiff particles interacting through Hertzian repulsive forces, which can be solved analytically after linearization. The effect of soft-stiff ratio (disorder in property) on energy transfer across wavenumbers is examined using a standing sinusoidal wave initial condition (with a specific wavenumber). From the total energy signals in wavenumber space, as function of time, it is observed that stronger disorder leads to more rapid loss of energy of the signal and faster transfer of energy to other wavenumbers.
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Ross AE, Bengani LC, Tulsan R, Maidana DE, Salvador-Culla B, Kobashi H, Kolovou PE, Zhai H, Taghizadeh K, Kuang L, Mehta M, Vavvas DG, Kohane DS, Ciolino JB. Topical sustained drug delivery to the retina with a drug-eluting contact lens. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Dowling DP, Kung Y, Croft A, Taghizadeh K, Kelly W, Walsh CT, Drennan CL. Exploring the Molecular Determinants of Heterocycle Formation in Hybrid Nonribosomal Peptides/Polyketides. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.796.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Croft
- Univeristy of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
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Edrissi B, Taghizadeh K, Moeller BC, Yu R, Kracko D, Doyle-Eisele M, Swenberg JA, Dedon PC. N 6-Formyllysine as a Biomarker of Formaldehyde Exposure: Formation and Loss of N 6-Formyllysine in Nasal Epithelium in Long-Term, Low-Dose Inhalation Studies in Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1572-1576. [PMID: 28692800 PMCID: PMC5807069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to both endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde has been established to be carcinogenic, likely by virtue of forming nucleic acid and proteins adducts such as N6-formyllysine. To better assess N6-formyllysine as a biomarker of formaldehyde exposure, we studied accumulation of N6-formyllysine adducts in tissues of rats exposed by inhalation to 2 ppm [13C2H2]-formaldehyde for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days (6 h/day) and investigated adduct loss over a 7-day postexposure period using liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Our results showed formation of exogenous adducts in nasal epithelium and to some extent in trachea but not in distant tissues of lung, bone marrow, or white blood cells, with a 2-fold increase over endogenous N6-formyllysine over a 3-week exposure period. Postexposure analyses indicated a biexponential decay of N6-formyllysine in proteins extracted from different cellular compartments, with half-lives of ∼25 and ∼182 h for the fast and slow phases, respectively, in cytoplasmic proteins. These results parallel the behavior of DNA adducts and DNA-protein cross-links, with protein adducts cleared faster than DNA-protein cross-links, and point to the potential utility of N6-formyllysine protein adducts as biomarkers of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Edrissi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Moeller
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Dean Kracko
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | | | - James A. Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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6
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Edrissi B, Taghizadeh K, Moeller BC, Kracko D, Doyle-Eisele M, Swenberg JA, Dedon PC. Dosimetry of N⁶-formyllysine adducts following [¹³C²H₂]-formaldehyde exposures in rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1421-3. [PMID: 24087891 PMCID: PMC3805309 DOI: 10.1021/tx400320u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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With formaldehyde as the major source
of endogenous N6-formyllysine protein
adducts, we quantified endogenous
and exogenous N6-formyllysine in the nasal
epithelium of rats exposed by inhalation to 0.7, 2, 5.8, and 9.1 ppm
[13C2H2]-formaldehyde using liquid
chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Exogenous N6-formyllysine was detected in the nasal epithelium,
with concentration-dependent formation in total as well as fractionated
(cytoplasmic, membrane, nuclear) proteins, but was not detected in
the lung, liver, or bone marrow. Endogenous adducts dominated at all
exposure conditions, with a 6 h 9.1 ppm formaldehyde exposure resulting
in one-third of the total load of N6-formyllysine
being derived from exogenous sources. The results parallel previous
studies of formaldehyde-induced DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Edrissi
- Department of Biological Engineering, ‡Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
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7
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Edrissi B, Taghizadeh K, Dedon PC. Quantitative analysis of histone modifications: formaldehyde is a source of pathological n(6)-formyllysine that is refractory to histone deacetylases. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003328. [PMID: 23468656 PMCID: PMC3585032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant protein modifications play an important role in the pathophysiology of many human diseases, in terms of both dysfunction of physiological modifications and the formation of pathological modifications by reaction of proteins with endogenous electrophiles. Recent studies have identified a chemical homolog of lysine acetylation, N6-formyllysine, as an abundant modification of histone and chromatin proteins, one possible source of which is the reaction of lysine with 3′-formylphosphate residues from DNA oxidation. Using a new liquid chromatography-coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify all N6-methyl-, -acetyl- and -formyl-lysine modifications, we now report that endogenous formaldehyde is a major source of N6-formyllysine and that this adduct is widespread among cellular proteins in all compartments. N6-formyllysine was evenly distributed among different classes of histone proteins from human TK6 cells at 1–4 modifications per 104 lysines, which contrasted strongly with lysine acetylation and mono-, di-, and tri-methylation levels of 1.5-380, 5-870, 0-1400, and 0-390 per 104 lysines, respectively. While isotope labeling studies revealed that lysine demethylation is not a source of N6-formyllysine in histones, formaldehyde exposure was observed to cause a dose-dependent increase in N6-formyllysine, with use of [13C,2H2]-formaldehyde revealing unchanged levels of adducts derived from endogenous sources. Inhibitors of class I and class II histone deacetylases did not affect the levels of N6-formyllysine in TK6 cells, and the class III histone deacetylase, SIRT1, had minimal activity (<10%) with a peptide substrate containing the formyl adduct. These data suggest that N6-formyllysine is refractory to removal by histone deacetylases, which supports the idea that this abundant protein modification could interfere with normal regulation of gene expression if it arises at conserved sites of physiological protein secondary modification. Oxidative stress and inflammation lead to the generation of a multitude of electrophiles in cells that in turn react with nucleophilic macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and proteins, leading to progression of a variety of disorders and diseases. Emerging evidence points to widespread modification of cellular proteins by N6-formylation of lysine as a result of adventitious reactions with endogenous electrophiles. N6-Formyllysine is a chemical homolog of the biologically important N6-acetyllysine and thus may interfere with acetylation signaling in cells. While N6-formyllysine adducts are now well recognized as abundant protein modifications in cells, the source of these pathological adducts remains unclear. Our previous study proposed N6-formylation of lysine in histone proteins occurred by reaction of lysine with 3′-formylphosphate residues arising from DNA oxidation. Here, we investigate additional sources as well as the fate of this abundant pathological protein modification. Our results reveal that endogenous formaldehyde is a major source of N6-formyllysine and that this adduct is widely distributed among proteins in all cell compartments. We also demonstrate for the first time that N6-formyllysine modifications do not undergo appreciable removal by histone deacetylases, which suggests that they persist in proteins and possibly interfere with the signaling functions at conserved lysine positions in histone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Edrissi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Cui L, Ye W, Prestwich EG, Wishnok JS, Taghizadeh K, Dedon PC, Tannenbaum SR. Comparative analysis of four oxidized guanine lesions from reactions of DNA with peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen, and γ-radiation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:195-202. [PMID: 23140136 PMCID: PMC3578445 DOI: 10.1021/tx300294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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Oxidative damage to DNA has many origins, including irradiation,
inflammation, and oxidative stress, but the chemistries are not the
same. The most oxidizable base in DNA is 2-deoxyguanosine (dG), and
the primary oxidation products are 8-oxodG and 2-amino-imidazolone.
The latter rapidly converts to 2,2-diamino-oxazolone (Ox), and 8-oxodG
is further oxidized to spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) and guanidinohydantoin
(Gh). In this study, we have examined the dose–response relationship
for the formation of the above four products arising in calf thymus
DNA exposed to gamma irradiation, photoactivated rose bengal, and
two sources of peroxynitrite. In order to carry out these experiments,
we developed a chromatographic system and synthesized isotopomeric
internal standards to enable accurate and precise analysis based upon
selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. 8-OxodG was the most
abundant products in all cases, but its accumulation was highly dependent
on the nature of the oxidizing agent and the subsequent conversion
to Sp and Gh. Among the other oxidation products, Ox was the most
abundant, and Sp was formed in significantly greater yield than Gh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Lim KS, Cui L, Taghizadeh K, Wishnok JS, Chan W, DeMott MS, Babu IR, Tannenbaum SR, Dedon PC. In situ analysis of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine oxidation reveals sequence- and agent-specific damage spectra. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18053-64. [PMID: 23057664 DOI: 10.1021/ja307525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Guanine is a major target for oxidation in DNA, with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) as a major product. 8-oxodG is itself significantly more susceptible to oxidation than guanine, with the resulting damage consisting of more than 10 different products. This complexity has hampered efforts to understand the determinants of biologically relevant DNA oxidation chemistry. To address this problem, we have developed a high mass accuracy mass spectrometric method to quantify oxidation products arising site specifically in DNA. We applied this method to quantify the role of sequence context in defining the spectrum of damage products arising from oxidation of 8-oxodG by two oxidants: nitrosoperoxycarbonate (ONOOCO(2)(-)), a macrophage-derived chemical mediator of inflammation, and the classical one-electron oxidant, riboflavin-mediated photooxidation. The results reveal the predominance of dehydroguanidinohydantoin (DGh) in 8-oxodG oxidation by both oxidants. While the relative quantities of 8-oxodG oxidation products arising from ONOOCO(2)(-) did not vary as a function of sequence context, products of riboflavin-mediated photooxidation of 8-oxodG were highly sequence dependent. Several of the 8-oxodG oxidation products underwent hydrolytic conversion to new products with half-lives of 2-7 h. The results have implications for understanding the chemistry of DNA oxidation and the biological response to the damage, with DNA damage recognition and repair systems faced with a complex and dynamic set of damage targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Seong Lim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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10
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Calvo JA, Meira LB, Lee CYI, Moroski-Erkul CA, Abolhassani N, Taghizadeh K, Eichinger LW, Muthupalani S, Nordstrand LM, Klungland A, Samson LD. DNA repair is indispensable for survival after acute inflammation. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2680-9. [PMID: 22684101 DOI: 10.1172/jci63338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 15% of cancer deaths worldwide are associated with underlying infections or inflammatory conditions, therefore understanding how inflammation contributes to cancer etiology is important for both cancer prevention and treatment. Inflamed tissues are known to harbor elevated etheno-base (ε-base) DNA lesions induced by the lipid peroxidation that is stimulated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) released from activated neutrophils and macrophages. Inflammation contributes to carcinogenesis in part via RONS-induced cytotoxic and mutagenic DNA lesions, including ε-base lesions. The mouse alkyl adenine DNA glycosylase (AAG, also known as MPG) recognizes such base lesions, thus protecting against inflammation-associated colon cancer. Two other DNA repair enzymes are known to repair ε-base lesions, namely ALKBH2 and ALKBH3; thus, we sought to determine whether these DNA dioxygenase enzymes could protect against chronic inflammation-mediated colon carcinogenesis. Using established chemically induced colitis and colon cancer models in mice, we show here that ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 provide cancer protection similar to that of the DNA glycosylase AAG. Moreover, Alkbh2 and Alkbh3 each display apparent epistasis with Aag. Surprisingly, deficiency in all 3 DNA repair enzymes confers a massively synergistic phenotype, such that animals lacking all 3 DNA repair enzymes cannot survive even a single bout of chemically induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Calvo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Lim KS, Taghizadeh K, Wishnok JS, Babu IR, Shafirovich V, Geacintov NE, Dedon PC. Sequence-dependent variation in the reactivity of 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine toward oxidation. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:366-73. [PMID: 22103813 DOI: 10.1021/tx200422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to define the effect of DNA sequence on the reactivity of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) toward oxidation. To this end, we developed a quadrupole/time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometric method to quantify the reactivity of site specifically modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides with two model oxidants: nitrosoperoxycarbonate (ONOOCO(2)(-)), a chemical mediator of inflammation, and photoactivated riboflavin, a classical one-electron oxidant widely studied in mutagenesis and charge transport in DNA. In contrast to previous observations with guanine [ Margolin , Y. , ( 2006 ) Nat. Chem. Biol. 2 , 365 ], sequence context did not affect the reactivity of ONOOCO(2)(-) with 8-oxodG, but photosensitized riboflavin showed a strong sequence preference in its reactivity with the following order (8-oxodG = O): COA ≈ AOG > GOG ≥ COT > TOC > AOC. That the COA context was the most reactive was unexpected and suggests a new sequence context where mutation hotspots might occur. These results point to both sequence- and agent-specific effects on 8-oxodG oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Seong Lim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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12
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Wang L, Chen S, Vergin KL, Giovannoni SJ, Chan SW, DeMott MS, Taghizadeh K, Cordero OX, Cutler M, Timberlake S, Alm EJ, Polz MF, Pinhassi J, Deng Z, Dedon PC. DNA phosphorothioation is widespread and quantized in bacterial genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2963-8. [PMID: 21285367 PMCID: PMC3041111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017261108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorothioate (PT) modification of DNA, with sulfur replacing a nonbridging phosphate oxygen, was recently discovered as a product of the dnd genes found in bacteria and archaea. Given our limited understanding of the biological function of PT modifications, including sequence context, genomic frequencies, and relationships to the diversity of dnd gene clusters, we undertook a quantitative study of PT modifications in prokaryotic genomes using a liquid chromatography-coupled tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry approach. The results revealed a diversity of unique PT sequence contexts and three discrete genomic frequencies in a wide range of bacteria. Metagenomic analyses of PT modifications revealed unique ecological distributions, and a phylogenetic comparison of dnd genes and PT sequence contexts strongly supports the horizontal transfer of dnd genes. These results are consistent with the involvement of PT modifications in a type of restriction-modification system with wide distribution in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianrong Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering
- Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kevin L. Vergin
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Otto X. Cordero
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Michael Cutler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Eric J. Alm
- Department of Biological Engineering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Martin F. Polz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Marine Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Zixin Deng
- Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, and
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13
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Chan CTY, Dyavaiah M, DeMott MS, Taghizadeh K, Dedon PC, Begley TJ. A quantitative systems approach reveals dynamic control of tRNA modifications during cellular stress. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001247. [PMID: 21187895 PMCID: PMC3002981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of study have revealed more than 100 ribonucleoside structures incorporated as post-transcriptional modifications mainly in tRNA and rRNA, yet the larger functional dynamics of this conserved system are unclear. To this end, we developed a highly precise mass spectrometric method to quantify tRNA modifications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our approach revealed several novel biosynthetic pathways for RNA modifications and led to the discovery of signature changes in the spectrum of tRNA modifications in the damage response to mechanistically different toxicants. This is illustrated with the RNA modifications Cm, m(5)C, and m(2) (2)G, which increase following hydrogen peroxide exposure but decrease or are unaffected by exposure to methylmethane sulfonate, arsenite, and hypochlorite. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide is conferred by loss of enzymes catalyzing the formation of Cm, m(5)C, and m(2) (2)G, which demonstrates that tRNA modifications are critical features of the cellular stress response. The results of our study support a general model of dynamic control of tRNA modifications in cellular response pathways and add to the growing repertoire of mechanisms controlling translational responses in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement T. Y. Chan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gen*NY*sis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael S. DeMott
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PCD); (TJB)
| | - Thomas J. Begley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gen*NY*sis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PCD); (TJB)
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14
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Chan W, Chen B, Wang L, Taghizadeh K, Demott MS, Dedon PC. Quantification of the 2-deoxyribonolactone and nucleoside 5'-aldehyde products of 2-deoxyribose oxidation in DNA and cells by isotope-dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry: differential effects of gamma-radiation and Fe2+-EDTA. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6145-53. [PMID: 20377226 DOI: 10.1021/ja910928n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of 2-deoxyribose in DNA has emerged as a critical determinant of the cellular toxicity of oxidative damage to DNA, with oxidation of each carbon producing a unique spectrum of electrophilic products. We have developed and validated an isotope-dilution gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the rigorous quantification of two major 2-deoxyribose oxidation products: the 2-deoxyribonolactone abasic site of 1'-oxidation and the nucleoside 5'-aldehyde of 5'-oxidation chemistry. The method entails elimination of these products as 5-methylene-2(5H)-furanone (5MF) and furfural, respectively, followed by derivatization with pentafluorophenylhydrazine (PFPH), addition of isotopically labeled PFPH derivatives as internal standards, extraction of the derivatives, and quantification by GC-MS analysis. The precision and accuracy of the method were validated with oligodeoxynucleotides containing the 2-deoxyribonolactone and nucleoside 5'-aldehyde lesions. Further, the well-defined 2-deoxyribose oxidation chemistry of the enediyne antibiotics, neocarzinostatin and calicheamicin gamma(1)(I), was exploited in control studies, with neocarzinostatin producing 10 2-deoxyribonolactone and 300 nucleoside 5'-aldehyde per 10(6) nt per microM in accord with its established minor 1'- and major 5'-oxidation chemistry. Calicheamicin unexpectedly caused 1'-oxidation at a low level of 10 2-deoxyribonolactone per 10(6) nt per microM in addition to the expected predominance of 5'-oxidation at 560 nucleoside 5'-aldehyde per 10(6) nt per microM. The two hydroxyl radical-mediated DNA oxidants, gamma-radiation and Fe(2+)-EDTA, produced nucleoside 5'-aldehyde at a frequency of 57 per 10(6) nt per Gy (G-value 74 nmol/J) and 3.5 per 10(6) nt per microM, respectively, which amounted to 40% and 35%, respectively, of total 2-deoxyribose oxidation as measured by a plasmid nicking assay. However, gamma-radiation and Fe(2+)-EDTA produced different proportions of 2-deoxyribonolactone at 7% and 24% of total 2-deoxyribose oxidation, respectively, with frequencies of 10 lesions per 10(6) nt per Gy (G-value, 13 nmol/J) and 2.4 lesions per 10(6) nt per microM. Studies in TK6 human lymphoblastoid cells, in which the analytical data were corrected for losses sustained during DNA isolation, revealed background levels of 2-deoxyribonolactone and nucleoside 5'-aldehyde of 9.7 and 73 lesions per 10(6) nt, respectively. Gamma-irradiation of the cells caused increases of 0.045 and 0.22 lesions per 10(6) nt per Gy, respectively, which represents a approximately 250-fold quenching effect of the cellular environment similar to that observed in previous studies. The proportions of the various 2-deoxyribose oxidation products generated by gamma-radiation are similar for purified DNA and cells. These results are consistent with solvent exposure as a major determinant of hydroxyl radical reactivity with 2-deoxyribose in DNA, but the large differences between gamma-radiation and Fe(2+)-EDTA suggest that factors other than hydroxyl radical reactivity govern DNA oxidation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Chan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Taghizadeh K, McFaline JL, Pang B, Sullivan M, Dong M, Plummer E, Dedon PC. Quantification of DNA damage products resulting from deamination, oxidation and reaction with products of lipid peroxidation by liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:1287-98. [PMID: 18714297 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of damage products as biomarkers of inflammation has been hampered by a poor understanding of the chemical biology of inflammation, the lack of sensitive analytical methods and a focus on single chemicals as surrogates for inflammation. To overcome these problems, we developed a general and sensitive liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) method to quantify, in a single DNA sample, the nucleoside forms of seven DNA lesions reflecting the range of chemistries associated with inflammation: 2'-deoxyuridine, 2'-deoxyxanthosine and 2'-deoxyinosine from nitrosative deamination; 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine from oxidation; and 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine, 1,N(6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine and 3,N(4)-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine arising from reaction of DNA with lipid peroxidation products. Using DNA purified from cells or tissues under conditions that minimize artifacts, individual nucleosides are purified by HPLC and quantified by isotope-dilution, electrospray ionization LC/MS-MS. The method can be applied to other DNA damage products and requires 4-6 d to complete depending upon the number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koli Taghizadeh
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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16
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Son J, Pang B, McFaline JL, Taghizadeh K, Dedon PC. Surveying the damage: the challenges of developing nucleic acid biomarkers of inflammation. Mol Biosyst 2008; 4:902-8. [PMID: 18704228 DOI: 10.1039/b719411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence points to a cause and effect relationship between chronic inflammation and human maladies such as cancer, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease. A critical link between inflammation and disease may lie in the secretion of highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by macrophages and neutrophils, including hypohalous acids, nitrous anhydride, and nitrosoperoxycarbonate. Exposure of host epithelial cells to the resulting oxidation, nitration, nitrosation and halogenation chemistries leads to damage of all types of cellular molecules. Since nucleic acids sustain damage representative of the full spectrum of different chemistries and the damage likely plays a causative role in disease etiology, DNA and RNA damage products can serve as surrogates for the short-lived chemical mediators of inflammation, and as markers that provide both mechanistic understanding of the disease process and a means to quantify risk of disease. However, the very small quantities of the damaged molecules pose a challenge to the simultaneous quantification of the spectrum of lesions in the manner of proteomics or metabolomics. The goal of this Highlight is to provide an update on the chemistry of inflammation and the development of biomarkers of inflammation in the age of -omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Son
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NE47-277, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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17
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Rogers AB, Theve EJ, Feng Y, Fry RC, Taghizadeh K, Clapp KM, Boussahmain C, Cormier KS, Fox JG. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with liver-gender disruption in male mice. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11536-46. [PMID: 18089782 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a male-predominant cancer associated with chronic hepatitis. Like human viral hepatitis, murine Helicobacter hepaticus infection produces inflammation and HCC with a masculine bias. We used this model to identify potential mechanisms of male HCC predisposition. Male weanling A/JCr mice (n = 67) were gavaged with H. hepaticus or vehicle. At 1 year, mice were distributed into four groups: surgical castration, chemical castration, castration followed by dihydrotestosterone supplementation, or sexually intact controls. Responses to infection were compared with IFN-gamma challenge alone. At 21 months, there was no significant difference in hepatitis between groups. Neither castration nor androgen receptor agonism altered tumor incidence. Infected mice with severe, but not mild, disease exhibited a mosaic of alterations to sexually dimorphic genes and microsomal long-chain fatty acids. By microarray, tumorigenic hepatitis was strongly associated with liver-gender disruption, defined as the loss of a gender-identifying hepatic molecular signature. IFN-gamma alone produced similar changes, demonstrating a role for proinflammatory cytokines in this process. In conclusion, hepatocarcinogenesis in male mice with chronic hepatitis is maturationally imprinted and androgen-independent. Proinflammatory cytokines may promote HCC in a male-predominant fashion due to high sensitivity of the masculinized liver to loss of sex-specific transcriptional balance. Liver-gender disruption has pleiotropic implications for hepatic enzyme activity, lipid processing, nuclear receptor activation, apoptosis, and proliferation. We propose a multistep model linking chronic hepatitis to liver cancer through cytokine-mediated derangement of gender-specific cellular metabolism. This model introduces a novel mechanism of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis consistent with male-predominant HCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin B Rogers
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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18
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Chen B, Zhou X, Taghizadeh K, Chen J, Stubbe J, Dedon PC. GC/MS methods to quantify the 2-deoxypentos-4-ulose and 3'-phosphoglycolate pathways of 4' oxidation of 2-deoxyribose in DNA: application to DNA damage produced by gamma radiation and bleomycin. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1701-8. [PMID: 17944541 PMCID: PMC2529375 DOI: 10.1021/tx700164y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA oxidation plays a substantive role in the pathophysiology of human diseases, such as cancer. While the chemistry of nucleobase lesions has dominated studies of DNA damage, there is growing evidence that the oxidation of 2-deoxyribose in DNA plays a critical role in the genetic toxicology of oxidative stress. As part of an effort to define the spectrum of 2-deoxyribose oxidation products arising in vitro and in vivo, we now describe methods for quantifying products arising from 4' oxidation of 2-deoxyribose in DNA. The chemistry of 4' oxidation partitions between either of two pathways to form either a 2-deoxypentos-4-ulose abasic site (oxAB) or a strand break comprised of a 3'-phosphoglycolate (3PG) residue and a 5'-phosphate, with the release of either malondialdehyde and free base or a base propenal. Highly sensitive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods were developed to quantify both lesions. The abasic site was converted to a 3'-phosphoro-3-pyridazinylmethylate derivative by treatment of the damaged DNA with hydrazine, which was released from DNA as 3-hydroxymethylpyridazine (HMP) by enzymatic hydrolysis. Similarly, 3PG was released as 2-phosphoglycolic acid (PG) by enzymatic hydrolysis. Following HPLC prepurification, both PG and HMP were silylated and quantified by GC/MS, with limits of detection of 100 and 200 fmol and sensitivities of 2 and 4 lesions per 10(6) nucleotides (nt) in 250 microg of DNA, respectively. Following validation of the methods with oligodeoxynucleotides containing the two lesions, the methods were applied to DNA damage produced by bleomycin and gamma radiation. As expected for an agent known to produce only 4' oxidation of DNA, the quantities of 3PG and oxAB accounted for all 2-deoxyribose oxidation events, as indicated by slopes of 0.8 and 0.3, respectively, in plots of the lesion frequency against total 2-deoxyribose oxidation events, with the latter determined by a plasmid-nicking assay. 3PG residues and oxAB were produced at the rate of 32 and 12 lesions per 10(6) nt per microM, respectively. For gamma radiation, on the other hand, 4' oxidation was found to comprise only 13% of 2-deoxyribose oxidation chemistry, with 3% oxAB (4 per 10(6) nt per Gy) and 10% 3PG (13 per 10(6) nt per Gy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzi Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Xinfeng Zhou
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jingyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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19
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Kim MY, Zhou X, Delaney JC, Taghizadeh K, Dedon PC, Essigmann JM, Wogan GN. AlkB influences the chloroacetaldehyde-induced mutation spectra and toxicity in the pSP189 supF shuttle vector. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1075-83. [PMID: 17658757 DOI: 10.1021/tx700167v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), a metabolite of the carcinogen vinyl chloride, reacts with DNA to form cyclic etheno ()-lesions. AlkB, an iron-/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, repairs 1, N (6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine (A) and 3, N (4)-ethenodeoxycytidine (C) in site-specifically modified single-stranded viral genomes in vivo and also protects the E. coli genome from the toxic effects of CAA. We examined the role of AlkB as a cellular defense against CAA by characterizing the frequencies, types, and distributions of mutations induced in the double-stranded supF gene of pSP189 damaged in vitro and replicated in AlkB-proficient (AlkB (+)) and AlkB-deficient (AlkB (-)) E. coli. AlkB reduced mutagenic potency and increased the survival of CAA-damaged plasmids. Toxicity and mutagenesis data were benchmarked to levels of -adducts and DNA strand breaks measured by LC-MS/MS and a plasmid nicking assay. CAA treatment caused dose-dependent increases in A, C, and 1, N (2)-ethenodeoxyguanosine (1, N (2)-G) and small increases in strand breaks and abasic sites. Mutation frequency increased in plasmids replicated in both AlkB (+) and AlkB (-) cells; however, at the maximum CAA dose, the mutation frequency was 5-fold lower in AlkB (+) than in AlkB (-) cells, indicating that AlkB protected the genome from CAA lesions. Most induced mutations in AlkB (-) cells were G:C to A:T transitions, with lesser numbers of G:C to T:A transversions and A:T to G:C transitions. G:C to A:T and A:T to G:C transitions were lower in AlkB (+) cells than in AlkB (-) cells. Mutational hotspots at G122, G123, and G160 were common to both cell types. Three additional hotspots were found in AlkB (-) cells (C133, T134, and G159), with a decrease in mutation frequency and change in mutational signature in AlkB (+) cells. These results suggest that the AlkB protein contributes to the elimination of exocyclic DNA base adducts, suppressing the toxic and mutagenic consequences induced by this damage and contributing to genetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Pang B, Zhou X, Yu H, Dong M, Taghizadeh K, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR, Dedon PC. Lipid peroxidation dominates the chemistry of DNA adduct formation in a mouse model of inflammation. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:1807-13. [PMID: 17347141 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to define the prevalent DNA damage chemistry-associated chronic inflammation, we have quantified 12 DNA damage products in tissues from the SJL mouse model of nitric oxide (NO) overproduction. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS and immunoblot techniques, we analyzed spleen, liver and kidney from RcsX-stimulated and control mice for the level of the following adducts: the DNA oxidation products 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), guanidinohydantoin (Gh), oxazolone (Ox); 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole (NitroIm); spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) and M(1)dG; the nitrosative deamination products 2'-deoxyxanthosine, 2'-deoxyoxanosine (dO), 2'-deoxyinosine and 2'-deoxyuridine and the lipid peroxidation-derived adducts 1,N(6)-etheno-deoxyadenosine and 1,N(2)-etheno-deoxyguanosine. The levels of dO, Gh, Ox, NitroIm and Sp were all below a detection limit of approximately 1 lesion per 10(7) bases. Whereas there were only modest increases in the spleens of RcsX-treated compared with control mice for the nucleobase deamination products (10-30%) and the DNA oxidation products 8-oxodG (10%) and M(1)dG (50%), there were large (3- to 4-fold) increases in the levels of 1,N(6)-etheno-deoxyadenosine and 1,N(2)-etheno-deoxyguanosine. Similar results were obtained with the liver and with an organ not considered to be a target for inflammation in the SJL mouse, the kidney. This latter observation suggests that oxidative and nitrosative stresses associated with inflammation can affect tissues at a distance from the activated macrophages responsible for NO overproduction during chronic inflammation. These results reveal the complexity of NO chemistry in vivo and support an important role for lipids in the pathophysiology of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Jiang T, Zhou X, Taghizadeh K, Dong M, Dedon PC. N-formylation of lysine in histone proteins as a secondary modification arising from oxidative DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 104:60-5. [PMID: 17190813 PMCID: PMC1765477 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606775103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The posttranslational modification of histone and other chromatin proteins has a well recognized but poorly defined role in the physiology of gene expression. With implications for interfering with these epigenetic mechanisms, we now report the existence of a relatively abundant secondary modification of chromatin proteins, the N(6)-formylation of lysine that appears to be uniquely associated with histone and other nuclear proteins. Using both radiolabeling and sensitive bioanalytical methods, we demonstrate that the formyl moiety of 3'-formylphosphate residues arising from 5'-oxidation of deoxyribose in DNA, caused by the enediyne neocarzinostatin, for example, acylate the N(6)-amino groups of lysine side chains. A liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS) method was developed to quantify the resulting N(6)-formyl-lysine residues, which were observed to be present in unperturbed cells and all sources of histone proteins to the extent of 0.04-0.1% of all lysines in acid-soluble chromatin proteins including histones. Cells treated with neocarzinostatin showed a clear dose-response relationship for the formation of N(6)-formyl-lysine, with this nucleosome linker-selective DNA-cleaving agent causing selective N(6)-formylation of the linker histone H1. The N(6)-formyl-lysine residue appears to represent an endogenous histone secondary modification, one that bears chemical similarity to lysine N(6)-acetylation recognized as an important determinant of gene expression in mammalian cells. The N(6)-formyl modification of lysine may interfere with the signaling functions of lysine acetylation and methylation and thus contribute to the pathophysiology of oxidative and nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Biological Engineering Division and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Xinfeng Zhou
- Biological Engineering Division and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Biological Engineering Division and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Min Dong
- Biological Engineering Division and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Biological Engineering Division and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Pedersen DU, Durant JL, Taghizadeh K, Hemond HF, Lafleur AL, Cass GR. Human cell mutagens in respirable airborne particles from the northeastern United States. 2. Quantification of mutagens and other organic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39:9547-60. [PMID: 16475335 DOI: 10.1021/es050886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Few reports have characterized mutagenic compounds in respirable airborne particles (<2.5 micrometers in diameter; PM2.5) collected at different sites on a regional scale (hundreds of km). Previously, we reported differences in the human (h1A1v2) cell mutagenicity of whole and fractionated organic extracts of PM2.5 samples collected in Boston, MA, Rochester, NY, and Quabbin Reservoir, a rural site in western MA. Herein we describe the analysis of mutagens and other organic compounds in these samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to quantify approximately 150 organic compounds, including 31 known human cell mutagens. Molecular weight (MW) 226-302 amu PAHs were the most important mutagens identified: cyclopenta[cd]pyrene accounted for 1-2% of the measured mutagenicity of the samples, MW 252 PAHs accounted for 4-6%, MW 276-278 PAHs accounted for 2-5%, and MW 302 PAHs accounted for 2-3%. 6H-benzo-[cd]pyren-6-one, a PAH ketone, accounted for 3-5% of the mutagenicity. The same compounds accounted for similar portions of the total attributed mutagenicity in each sample. Mutagen levels were similar in the Boston and Rochester samples, and both were significantly higher than the Quabbin sample. This may explain whythe mutagenicities of the Boston and Rochester samples were higher than the Quabbin sample. The levels of mutagens found in semipolar fractions, however, could not explain why the mutagenicity of semipolar fractions was 2-fold higher in the Rochester sample than in the Boston sample. Known mutagens accounted for only 16-26% of the total mutagenicity of the unfractionated extracts, and only approximately 20% of the mutagenicity of the nonpolar and semipolar fractions. The remaining mutagenicity is likely attributable to other, as-yet unknown, semipolar and polar mutagens, or to interactions among chemical constituents of the samples. These findings are consistent with similar studies performed on airborne particles from Los Angeles and Washington, DC, thus indicating that PAHs, PAH-ketones, and as-yet unidentified polar organic compounds are widely distributed airborne human cell mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel U Pedersen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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23
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Delaney JC, Smeester L, Wong C, Frick LE, Taghizadeh K, Wishnok JS, Drennan CL, Samson LD, Essigmann JM. AlkB reverses etheno DNA lesions caused by lipid oxidation in vitro and in vivo. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2005; 12:855-60. [PMID: 16200073 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress converts lipids into DNA-damaging agents. The genomic lesions formed include 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (epsilonA) and 3,N(4)-ethenocytosine (epsilonC), in which two carbons of the lipid alkyl chain form an exocyclic adduct with a DNA base. Here we show that the newly characterized enzyme AlkB repairs epsilonA and epsilonC. The potent toxicity and mutagenicity of epsilonA in Escherichia coli lacking AlkB was reversed in AlkB(+) cells; AlkB also mitigated the effects of epsilonC. In vitro, AlkB cleaved the lipid-derived alkyl chain from DNA, causing epsilonA and epsilonC to revert to adenine and cytosine, respectively. Biochemically, epsilonA is epoxidized at the etheno bond. The epoxide is putatively hydrolyzed to a glycol, and the glycol moiety is released as glyoxal. These reactions show a previously unrecognized chemical versatility of AlkB. In mammals, the corresponding AlkB homologs may defend against aging, cancer and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Delaney
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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24
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Zhou X, Taghizadeh K, Dedon PC. Chemical and biological evidence for base propenals as the major source of the endogenous M1dG adduct in cellular DNA. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:25377-82. [PMID: 15878883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503079200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous DNA adduct, M(1)dG, has been shown to arise in vitro in reactions of dG with malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of both lipid peroxidation and 4'-oxidation of deoxyribose in DNA, and with base propenals also derived from deoxyribose 4'-oxidation. We now report the results of cellular studies consistent with base propenals, and not MDA, as the major source of M1dG under biological conditions. As a foundation for cellular studies, M1dG, base propenals, and MDA were quantified in purified DNA treated with oxidizing agents known to produce deoxyribose 4'-oxidation. The results revealed a consistent pattern; Fe2+-EDTA and gamma-radiation generated MDA but not base propenals or M1dG, whereas bleomycin and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) both produced M1dG as well as base propenals with no detectable MDA. These observations were then assessed in Escherichia coli with controlled membrane levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). ONOO- treatment (2 mm) of cells containing no PUFA (defined medium with 18:0/stearic acid) produced 6.5 M1dG/10(7) deoxynucleotides and no detectable lipid peroxidation products, including MDA, as compared with 3.8 M1dG/10(7) deoxynucleotides and 0.07 microg/ml lipid peroxidation products with control cells grown in a mixture of fatty acids (0.5% PUFA) mimicking Luria-Bertani medium. In cells grown with linoleic acid (18:2), the level of PUFA rose to 54% and the level of MDA rose to 0.14 microg/ml, whereas M1dG fell to 1.4/10(7) deoxynucleotides. Parallel studies with gamma-radiation revealed levels of MDA similar to those produced by ONOO- but no detectable M1dG. These results are consistent with base propenals as the major source of M1dG in this model cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Zhou
- Biological Engineering Division and Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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25
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Luo W, Gurjuar R, Ozbal C, Taghizadeh K, Lafleur A, Dasari RR, Zarbl H, Thilly WG. Quantitative detection of benzo[alpha]pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adducts by cryogenic laser induced fluorescence. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:74-80. [PMID: 12693033 DOI: 10.1021/tx0255065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, we describe a fluorescence-based method capable of measuring benzo[alpha]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE) adducts in intact genomic DNA, with a sensitivity of a few hundreds copies per cell. The assay is based on cryogenic laser-induced fluorescence technology at liquid nitrogen temperatures, coupled with an intensified charge-coupled device camera, and incorporates several enhancements to existing methodologies. One important modification was the incorporation of terbium(III)nitrate pentahydrate, Tb(NO3)3, as an internal fluorescence standard to correct for differences in light scattering and fluctuations in instrument parameters. Since the fluorescence spectrum of Tb(NO3)3 does not overlap with those of BPDE-DNA adducts, use of this lanthanide salt markedly improved the sensitivity of cryogenic laser-induced fluorescence. The limit of quantification of the assay is 6.4 BPDE-DNA adducts/10(8) nucleotides, or 776 adducts/cell, using 22.5 micrograms of genomic DNA. This assay is rapid, highly sensitive, and economical and has been applied to monitor DNA adduct levels as a function of time after exposure to BPDE in repair-competent human lymphoblastoid AHH-1 and TK6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Swallow K, Howard J, Grieco W, Benish T, Taghizadeh K, Plummer E, Lafleur AL. Correlation of PAH Structure and Fullerenes Formation in Premixed Flames. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639908019126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lafleur AL, Howard JB, Plummer E, Taghizadeh K, Necula A, Scott LT, Swallow KC. Identification of Some Novel Cyclopenta-Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ethylene Flames. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639808233840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wornat MJ, Vernaglia BA, Lafleur AL, Plummer EF, Taghizadeh K, Nelson PF, Li CZ, Necula A, Scott LT. Cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from brown coal pyrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Richter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Aaron J. Labrocca
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - William J. Grieco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Arthur L. Lafleur
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jack B. Howard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Richter H, Taghizadeh K, Grieco WJ, Lafleur AL, Howard JB. Preparative-Scale Liquid Chromatography and Characterization of Large Fullerenes Generated in Low-Pressure Benzene Flames. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962356w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Richter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - William J. Grieco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Arthur L. Lafleur
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jack B. Howard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Lafleur AL, Howard JB, Taghizadeh K, Plummer EF, Scott LT, Necula A, Swallow KC. Identification of C20H10 Dicyclopentapyrenes in Flames: Correlation with Corannulene and Fullerene Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9605313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lafleur AL, Taghizadeh K, Howard JB, Anacleto JF, Quilliam MA. Characterization of flame-generated C10 to C 160 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry with liquid introduction via heated nebulizer interface. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 1996; 7:276-286. [PMID: 24203299 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(95)00651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/1995] [Revised: 09/29/1995] [Accepted: 09/29/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated from fuel-rich combustion of ethylene-naphthalene mixtures in a jet-stirred-plug-flow reactor were chemically characterized by combined mass spectrometric techniques to yield product composition data that cover the molecular mass region from simple PAHs (naphthalene, 128 u) to large molecules comparable in molecular size (1792 u) to nanoparticles of soot. Two techniques based on atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) were investigated: (1) APCI-MS combined with high-performance liquid chromatography through a heated nebulizer interface was found suitable for PAHs up to C36 (448 u). (2) For the characterization of larger PAHs beyond C36, direct liquid introduction (DLI) of sample into an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer through a heated nebulizer gave protonated molecular ions for PAHs over the m/z 400-2000 range. Although unequivocal elemental composition information is unattainable from the unit-resolution DLI/APCI-MS data, by starting with structural data from identified C16 to C32 PAHs, and applying PAH molecular growth principles, it was possible to generate PAH molecular maps from the DLI/APCI-MS data from which values for the elemental composition could be derived for all major peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lafleur
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Core Laboratory in Analytical Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 20C-032, 02139, Cambridge, MA
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Masonjones MC, Mukherjee J, Sarofim AF, Taghizadeh K, Lafleur AL. High Temperature Pyrolysis ofO-Terphenyl: Evidence for Kinetic Control in the Benzene Polymerization Pathway and Importance of Arene Aggregation/ Condensation Reactions in the Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639608048350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yu MC, Skipper PL, Taghizadeh K, Tannenbaum SR, Chan KK, Henderson BE, Ross RK. Acetylator phenotype, aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adduct levels, and bladder cancer risk in white, black, and Asian men in Los Angeles, California. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86:712-6. [PMID: 8158701 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/86.9.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a large body of epidemiologic and experimental data that have identified a number of arylamines as human bladder carcinogens. Metabolic activation is required to biotransform these arylamines into their carcinogenic forms, and N-hydroxylation, which is catalyzed by the hepatic cytochrome P4501A2 isoenzyme, is generally viewed as the first critical step. On the other hand, the N-acetylation reaction, catalyzed by the hepatic N-acetyltransferase enzyme, represents a detoxification pathway for such compounds. The N-acetyltransferase enzyme is coded by a single gene displaying two phenotypes, slow and rapid acetylators. In the United States, cigarette smoking is a major cause of bladder cancer in men, and carcinogenic arylamines present in cigarette smoke are believed to be responsible for inducing bladder cancer in smokers. PURPOSE Our purpose was to test the differences in three ethnic/racial groups for the prevalence of acetylator phenotypes and to ascertain whether slow acetylators actually have higher levels of activated arylamines in comparison with rapid acetylators. METHODS One hundred thirty-three male residents of Los Angeles County who were either white, black, or Asian (Chinese or Japanese) and over the age of 35 years were assessed for their acetylator phenotype and levels of 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) hemoglobin adducts. Subjects were either lifetime nonsmokers (n = 72) or current cigarette smokers of varying intensity (n = 61). RESULTS The proportion of slow acetylators was highest among whites (54%), intermediate among blacks (34%), and lowest among Asians (14%). Similarly, geometric mean levels of both 3- and 4-ABP-hemoglobin adducts were highest in whites (1.80 and 49.2 pg/g hemoglobin [Hb], respectively), intermediate in blacks (1.54 and 38.5 pg/g Hb), and lowest in Asians (0.73 and 36.0 pg/g Hb). As expected, cigarette smokers had significantly higher mean levels of both 3- and 4-ABP-hemoglobin adducts relative to nonsmokers, and the levels increased with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (P < .0005 for both adducts). Slow acetylators consistently exhibited higher mean levels of ABP-hemoglobin adducts relative to rapid acetylators, independent of race and level of smoking. CONCLUSION The present cross-sectional survey supports acetylation phenotype as an important determinant of bladder cancer risk and a possible major factor in the varying bladder cancer risk among whites, blacks, and Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Yu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033-0800
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taghizadeh
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Hammond SK, Coghlin J, Gann PH, Paul M, Taghizadeh K, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR. Relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and carcinogen-hemoglobin adduct levels in nonsmokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85:474-8. [PMID: 8445675 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/85.6.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A potent bladder carcinogen for workers in the dye industry, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), is present in environmental tobacco smoke and has been shown to bond covalently with hemoglobin. PURPOSE The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and levels of 4-ABP-hemoglobin adducts in nonsmoking pregnant women and to compare adduct levels in those women with levels in smoking pregnant women. METHODS A questionnaire on smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was administered to 15 pregnant women who smoked cigarettes and 40 who did not smoke. Exposure was quantified for 1 week with a personal diary and by air sampling with a monitor worn by each woman. The monitor collected nicotine by passive diffusion to a filter treated with sodium bisulfate, and the deposit on the filter was analyzed by gas chromatography. Aliquots of maternal blood and cord blood collected during delivery were analyzed for 4-ABP-hemoglobin adducts by gas chromatography with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. RESULTS The mean adduct level in smokers (184 pg of 4-ABP per gram of hemoglobin) was substantially higher than that in nonsmokers (22 pg/g). This difference was statistically significant. Among nonsmokers, the levels of 4-ABP adducts increased significantly with increasing environmental tobacco smoke level (P = .009). Those in the lowest exposure category (< 0.5 micrograms/m3 weekly average nicotine) had median 4-ABP-hemoglobin adduct levels of 15 pg of 4-ABP per gram of hemoglobin, while those in the highest exposure category (> or = 2.0 micrograms/m3) had median levels of 26 pg/g. Nonsmokers in this study had a median adduct level of 20 pg/g, and smokers had a median level of 143 pg/g. CONCLUSIONS 4-ABP-hemoglobin adduct levels in nonsmokers were 14% of the levels in smokers, which is consistent with findings of 20% in two other studies. Nonsmokers may receive a nontrivial dose of carcinogens from environmental tobacco smoke proportional to their exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. IMPLICATION The relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and 4-ABP-hemoglobin adduct levels supports epidemiologic evidence that environmental tobacco smoke is carcinogenic to passive smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hammond
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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Tannenbaum SR, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS, Stillwell WG, Day BW, Taghizadeh K. Characterization of various classes of protein adducts. Environ Health Perspect 1993; 99:51-55. [PMID: 8319659 PMCID: PMC1567026 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.939951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the types of protein adducts formed by chemical carcinogens indicate that adducts may be categorized into various classes according to the nature of the carcinogen as well as the amino acid with which they react. Tryptophan(214) of serum albumin was previously shown to react specifically with N-sulfonyloxy-N-acetyl-4-aminobiphenyl. The same residue is now shown to also react with the sulfate esters of N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and N-hydroxy-N,N'-diacetylbenzidine. Thus, Trp-214 appears to be a binding site for a variety of activated N-aryl hydroxamic acids. Epoxides and diol epoxides derived from polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons alkylate carboxylic groups in hemoglobin and serum albumin. Because the esters formed are readily hydrolyzed to dihydrodiols and tetrahydrotetrols which can be determined by GC-MS, it is possible to analyze for a wide range of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) epoxide adducts. With this approach it was shown that human subjects experiencing exposure to ambient levels of environmental PAH do take up and metabolize chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene. Feral, bottom-dwelling fish inhabiting contaminated waters were also examined. Globin adducts containing certain dihydroxy groups such as those arising in anti-diol epoxide adducts were concentrated by boronate affinity chromatography and further analyzed by HPLC with diode-array UV/visible detection. Four compounds were detected that exhibited spectra characteristic of a polynuclear chromophore. Two of these appeared to be isomers. Further instrumental analysis is needed to elucidate the structure of these unknown putative adducts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Tannenbaum
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Abstract
4-Chloro-6-methoxyindole, a constituent of fava beans, forms a potent direct-acting mutagen, 4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-hydroxy-1-nitrosoindolin-3-one oxime, when nitrosated. In order to better understand the properties of this mutagen, we have studied a readily-available analog, 4-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-nitrosoindolin-3-one oxime, prepared by nitrosation of 4-chloroindole. This analog is also mutagenic, and both mutagens decompose rapidly at neutral or higher pH to yield in each case a new, less potent mutagen which then reacts further to form a nonmutagenic final product. The two products arising from 4-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-nitrosoindolin-3-one oxime, on the basis of comparison of spectroscopic and chromatographic evidence with that from authentic standards, are 4-chloro-N-nitrosodioxindole and 4-chloroisatin; those arising from 4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-hydroxy-1-nitrosoindolin-3-one oxime appear to be the corresponding 6-methoxy analogs. The interplay of these pathways with respect to net biological activity, especially under gastric conditions, remains to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Brown
- Division of Toxicology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Weston A, Caporaso NE, Taghizadeh K, Hoover RN, Tannenbaum SR, Skipper PL, Resau JH, Trump BF, Harris CC. Measurement of 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adducts in lung cancer cases and controls. Cancer Res 1991; 51:5219-23. [PMID: 1913645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin adducts of the activated carcinogenic aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl have been measured in a case-control study of lung cancer. Data obtained for lung cancer cases are compared to those obtained for controls that consisted of patients with either chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or non-pulmonary cancers. Both simple and multivariate analysis found a positive association of 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adducts with the quantity of tobacco smoked as determined by either urine cotinine or questionnaire data. No association was found between 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adducts and cancer diagnosis, and adduct levels were not related to remote tobacco use, i.e., total pack years of smoking. There was no association between the levels of adducts detected and the ability of an individual to metabolize debrisoquine (debrisoquine metabolic phenotype, CYP2D6). Whereas 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adduct levels reflected recent tobacco smoking, they were not correlated with lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Weston
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Coghlin J, Gann PH, Hammond SK, Skipper PL, Taghizadeh K, Paul M, Tannenbaum SR. 4-Aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adducts in fetuses exposed to the tobacco smoke carcinogen in utero. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83:274-80. [PMID: 1994056 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/83.4.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal-fetal exchange of a potent tobacco-related human carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, was studied in smoking (n = 14) and nonsmoking (n = 38) pregnant women. N-Hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl, the active metabolite of 4-aminobiphenyl, forms chemical addition products (adducts) with hemoglobin. Levels of 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adducts were measured in maternal-fetal paired blood samples obtained from smoking and nonsmoking women during labor and delivery. Carcinogen-hemoglobin adducts were detected in all maternal and fetal blood samples. Levels of such adducts were significantly higher (P less than .001) in maternal and fetal blood samples from smokers: the mean 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct level was 92 +/- 54 pg/g of hemoglobin in blood samples from fetuses of smokers, and 17 +/- 13 pg/g of hemoglobin in blood samples from fetuses of nonsmokers; the mean maternal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct level was 183 +/- 108 pg/g of hemoglobin in smokers, and 22 +/- 8 pg/g of hemoglobin in nonsmokers. Fetal carcinogen-adduct levels were consistently lower than maternal levels: the mean maternal to fetal ratio was 2.4 +/- 1.1 in smokers and 1.9 +/- .98 in nonsmokers. Fetal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels were strongly associated (correlation coefficient [r2] = .51, P = .002) with maternal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels when paired samples from smoking mothers were analyzed. A measure of third-trimester tobacco smoke exposure based on number of cigarettes smoked per day, amount of each cigarette smoked, and depth of inhalation was associated (r2 = .59, P = .029) with maternal 4-aminobiphenyl levels but not with fetal 4-aminobiphenyl levels. This study demonstrates that a potent tobacco-related carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, or its active metabolite, N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl, crosses the human placenta and binds to fetal hemoglobin in concentrations that are significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Coghlin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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