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Qiao L, Sinha S, Abd El-Hafeez AA, Lo IC, Midde KK, Ngo T, Aznar N, Lopez-Sanchez I, Gupta V, Farquhar MG, Rangamani P, Ghosh P. A circuit for secretion-coupled cellular autonomy in multicellular eukaryotic cells. Mol Syst Biol 2023; 19:e11127. [PMID: 36856068 PMCID: PMC10090951 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent complex autonomous systems, displaying self-sufficiency in growth signaling. Autonomous growth is fueled by a cancer cell's ability to "secrete-and-sense" growth factors (GFs): a poorly understood phenomenon. Using an integrated computational and experimental approach, here we dissect the impact of a feedback-coupled GTPase circuit within the secretory pathway that imparts secretion-coupled autonomy. The circuit is assembled when the Ras-superfamily monomeric GTPase Arf1, and the heterotrimeric GTPase Giαβγ and their corresponding GAPs and GEFs are coupled by GIV/Girdin, a protein that is known to fuel aggressive traits in diverse cancers. One forward and two key negative feedback loops within the circuit create closed-loop control, allow the two GTPases to coregulate each other, and convert the expected switch-like behavior of Arf1-dependent secretion into an unexpected dose-response alignment behavior of sensing and secretion. Such behavior translates into cell survival that is self-sustained by stimulus-proportionate secretion. Proteomic studies and protein-protein interaction network analyses pinpoint GFs (e.g., the epidermal GF) as key stimuli for such self-sustenance. Findings highlight how the enhanced coupling of two biological switches in cancer cells is critical for multiscale feedback control to achieve secretion-coupled autonomy of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Qiao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amer Ali Abd El-Hafeez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - I-Chung Lo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony Ngo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Sanchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn G Farquhar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Qiao L, Sinha S, El-hafeez AAA, Lo I, Midde KK, Ngo T, Aznar N, Lopez-sanchez I, Gupta V, Farquhar MG, Rangamani P, Ghosh P. A Circuit for Secretion-coupled Cellular Autonomy in Multicellular Eukaryotes.. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.18.436048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTCancers represent complex autonomous systems, displaying self-sufficiency in growth signaling. Autonomous growth is fueled by a cancer cell’s ability to ‘secrete-and-sense’ growth factors: a poorly understood phenomenon. Using an integrated systems and experimental approach, here we dissect the impact of a feedback-coupled GTPase circuit within the secretory pathway that imparts secretion-coupled autonomy. The circuit is assembled when the Ras-superfamily monomeric GTPase Arf1, and the heterotrimeric GTPase Giαβγ and their corresponding GAPs and GEFs are coupled by GIV/Girdin, a protein that is known to fuel aggressive traits in diverse cancers. One forward and two key negative feedback loops within the circuit create closed-loop control (CLC), allow the two GTPases to coregulate each other, and convert the expected switch-like behavior of Arf1-dependent secretion into an unexpected dose response alignment behavior of sensing and secretion. Such behavior translates into cell survival that is self-sustained by stimulus-proportionate secretion. Proteomic studies and protein-protein interaction network analyses pinpoint growth factors (e.g., the epidermal growth factor; EGF) as a key stimuli for such self-sustenance. Findings highlight how enhanced coupling of two biological switches in cancer cells is critical for multiscale feedback control to achieve secretion-coupled autonomy of growth factors.SYNOPSIS IMAGESTANDFIRST TEXTThis work defines the inner workings of a Golgi-localized molecular circuitry comprised of coupled GTPases, which empowers cells to achieve self-sufficiency in growth factor signaling by creating a secrete-and-sense autocrine loop.HIGHLIGHTS/MAIN FINDINGSModeling and experimental approaches were used to dissect a coupled GTPase circuit.Coupling enables closed loop feedback and mutual control of GTPases.Coupling generates dose response alignment behavior of sensing and secretion of growth factors.Coupling is critical for multiscale feedback control to achieve secretion-coupled autonomy.
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Aznar N, Kalogriopoulos N, Midde KK, Ghosh P. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling via GIV/Girdin: Breaking the rules of engagement, space, and time. Bioessays 2016; 38:379-93. [PMID: 26879989 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Canonical signal transduction via heterotrimeric G proteins is spatially and temporally restricted, that is, triggered exclusively at the plasma membrane (PM), only by agonist activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via a process that completes within a few hundred milliseconds. Recently, a rapidly emerging paradigm has revealed a non-canonical pathway for activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by the non-receptor guanidine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), GIV/Girdin. This pathway has distinctive temporal and spatial features and an unusual profile of receptor engagement: diverse classes of receptors, not just GPCRs can engage with GIV to trigger such activation. Such activation is spatially and temporally unrestricted, that is, can occur both at the PM and on internal membranes discontinuous with the PM, and can continue for prolonged periods of time. Here, we provide the most complete up-to-date review of the molecular mechanisms that govern the unique spatiotemporal aspects of non-canonical G protein activation by GIV and the relevance of this new paradigm in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Lopez-Sanchez I, Kalogriopoulos N, Lo IC, Kabir F, Midde KK, Wang H, Ghosh P. Focal adhesions are foci for tyrosine-based signal transduction via GIV/Girdin and G proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4313-24. [PMID: 26446841 PMCID: PMC4666128 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GIV is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor and a bona fide metastasis-related protein. It is found, unexpectedly, that focal adhesions are the major foci for GIV-dependent signaling and that GIV modulates integrin-FAK signaling via activation of G proteins. It is also shown how this phenomenon is altered during cancer progression. GIV/Girdin is a multimodular signal transducer and a bona fide metastasis-related protein. As a guanidine exchange factor (GEF), GIV modulates signals initiated by growth factors (chemical signals) by activating the G protein Gαi. Here we report that mechanical signals triggered by the extracellular matrix (ECM) also converge on GIV-GEF via β1 integrins and that focal adhesions (FAs) serve as the major hubs for mechanochemical signaling via GIV. GIV interacts with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ligand-activated β1 integrins. Phosphorylation of GIV by FAK enhances PI3K-Akt signaling, the integrity of FAs, increases cell–ECM adhesion, and triggers ECM-induced cell motility. Activation of Gαi by GIV-GEF further potentiates FAK-GIV-PI3K-Akt signaling at the FAs. Spatially restricted signaling via tyrosine phosphorylated GIV at the FAs is enhanced during cancer metastasis. Thus GIV-GEF serves as a unifying platform for integration and amplification of adhesion (mechanical) and growth factor (chemical) signals during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nicholas Kalogriopoulos
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - I-Chung Lo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Firooz Kabir
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Honghui Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Aznar N, Midde KK, Dunkel Y, Lopez-Sanchez I, Pavlova Y, Marivin A, Barbazán J, Murray F, Nitsche U, Janssen KP, Willert K, Goel A, Abal M, Garcia-Marcos M, Ghosh P. Daple is a novel non-receptor GEF required for trimeric G protein activation in Wnt signaling. eLife 2015; 4:e07091. [PMID: 26126266 PMCID: PMC4484057 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is essential for tissue homeostasis and its dysregulation causes cancer. Wnt ligands trigger signaling by activating Frizzled receptors (FZDRs), which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. However, the mechanisms of G protein activation in Wnt signaling remain controversial. In this study, we demonstrate that FZDRs activate G proteins and trigger non-canonical Wnt signaling via the Dishevelled-binding protein, Daple. Daple contains a Gα-binding and activating (GBA) motif, which activates Gαi proteins and an adjacent domain that directly binds FZDRs, thereby linking Wnt stimulation to G protein activation. This triggers non-canonical Wnt responses, that is, suppresses the β-catenin/TCF/LEF pathway and tumorigenesis, but enhances PI3K-Akt and Rac1 signals and tumor cell invasiveness. In colorectal cancers, Daple is suppressed during adenoma-to-carcinoma transformation and expressed later in metastasized tumor cells. Thus, Daple activates Gαi and enhances non-canonical Wnt signaling by FZDRs, and its dysregulation can impact both tumor initiation and progression to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Yelena Pavlova
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Arthur Marivin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Jorge Barbazán
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fiona Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Willert
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Ajay Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Miguel Abal
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Marudamuthu AS, Midde KK, Ji HL, Shams H, Subramaniam R, Fu J, Idell S, Shetty S. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cigarette smoke exposure and influenza A virus infection-induced lung injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123187. [PMID: 25932922 PMCID: PMC4416821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenchymal lung inflammation and airway and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis are associated with cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), which contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Epidemiological studies indicate that people exposed to chronic cigarette smoke with or without COPD are more susceptible to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We found increased p53, PAI-1 and apoptosis in AECs, with accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs of patients with COPD. In Wild-type (WT) mice with passive CSE (PCSE), p53 and PAI-1 expression and apoptosis were increased in AECs as was lung inflammation, while those lacking p53 or PAI-1 resisted AEC apoptosis and lung inflammation. Further, inhibition of p53-mediated induction of PAI-1 by treatment of WT mice with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) reduced PCSE-induced lung inflammation and reversed PCSE-induced suppression of eosinophil-associated RNase1 (EAR1). Competitive inhibition of the p53-PAI-1 mRNA interaction by expressing p53-binding 3’UTR sequences of PAI-1 mRNA likewise suppressed CS-induced PAI-1 and AEC apoptosis and restored EAR1 expression. Consistent with PCSE-induced lung injury, IAV infection increased p53, PAI-1 and apoptosis in AECs in association with pulmonary inflammation. Lung inflammation induced by PCSE was worsened by subsequent exposure to IAV. Mice lacking PAI-1 that were exposed to IAV showed minimal viral burden based on M2 antigen and hemagglutination analyses, whereas transgenic mice that overexpress PAI-1 without PCSE showed increased M2 antigen and inflammation after IAV infection. These observations indicate that increased PAI-1 expression promotes AEC apoptosis and exacerbates lung inflammation induced by IAV following PCSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhar P. Bhandary
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shwetha K. Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amarnath S. Marudamuthu
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Midde
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hong-Long Ji
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Homoyoun Shams
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jian Fu
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Steven Idell
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lo IC, Gupta V, Midde KK, Taupin V, Lopez-Sanchez I, Kufareva I, Abagyan R, Randazzo PA, Farquhar MG, Ghosh P. Activation of Gαi at the Golgi by GIV/Girdin imposes finiteness in Arf1 signaling. Dev Cell 2015; 33:189-203. [PMID: 25865347 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A long-held tenet of heterotrimeric G protein signal transduction is that it is triggered by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the PM. Here, we demonstrate that Gi is activated in the Golgi by GIV/Girdin, a non-receptor guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). GIV-dependent activation of Gi at the Golgi maintains the finiteness of the cyclical activation of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), a fundamental step in vesicle traffic in all eukaryotes. Several interactions with other major components of Golgi trafficking-e.g., active Arf1, its regulator, ArfGAP2/3, and the adaptor protein β-COP-enable GIV to coordinately regulate Arf1 signaling. When the GIV-Gαi pathway is selectively inhibited, levels of GTP-bound Arf1 are elevated and protein transport along the secretory pathway is delayed. These findings define a paradigm in non-canonical G protein signaling at the Golgi, which places GIV-GEF at the crossroads between signals gated by the trimeric G proteins and the Arf family of monomeric GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Lo
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vanessa Taupin
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marilyn G Farquhar
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Midde KK, Aznar N, Laederich MB, Ma GS, Kunkel MT, Newton AC, Ghosh P. Multimodular biosensors reveal a novel platform for activation of G proteins by growth factor receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E937-46. [PMID: 25713130 PMCID: PMC4352799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420140112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental cues are transmitted to the interior of the cell via a complex network of signaling hubs. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and trimeric G proteins are two such major signaling hubs in eukaryotes. Conventionally, canonical signal transduction via trimeric G proteins is thought to be triggered exclusively by G protein-coupled receptors. Here we used molecular engineering to develop modular fluorescent biosensors that exploit the remarkable specificity of bimolecular recognition, i.e., of both G proteins and RTKs, and reveal the workings of a novel platform for activation of G proteins by RTKs in single living cells. Comprised of the unique modular makeup of guanidine exchange factor Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV)/girdin, a guanidine exchange factor that links G proteins to a variety of RTKs, these biosensors provide direct evidence that RTK-GIV-Gαi ternary complexes are formed in living cells and that Gαi is transactivated within minutes after growth factor stimulation at the plasma membrane. Thus, GIV-derived biosensors provide a versatile strategy for visualizing, monitoring, and manipulating the dynamic association of Gαi with RTKs for noncanonical transactivation of G proteins in cells and illuminate a fundamental signaling event regulated by GIV during diverse cellular processes and pathophysiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Midde KK. Evidence for Pre- and Post-Power Stroke of Cross-Bridges of Contracting Skeletal Muscle. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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