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Romano A, Giardini F, Columbus S, de Kwaadsteniet EW, Kisfalusi D, Triki Z, Snijders C, Hagel K. Reputation and socio-ecology in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200295. [PMID: 34601915 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reputation is a fundamental feature of human sociality as it sustains cooperative relationships among unrelated individuals. Research from various disciplines provides insights on how individuals form impressions of others, condition their behaviours based on the reputation of their interacting partners and spread or learn such reputations. However, past research has often neglected the socio-ecological conditions that can shape reputation systems and their effect on cooperation. Here, we outline how social environments, cultural values and institutions come to play a crucial role in how people navigate reputation systems. Moreover, we illustrate how these socio-ecological dimensions affect the interdependence underlying social interactions (e.g. potential recipients of reputational benefits, degree of dependence) and the extent to which reputation systems promote cooperation. To do so, we review the interdisciplinary literature that illustrates how reputation systems are shaped by the variation of prominent ecological features. Finally, we discuss the implications of a socio-ecological approach to the study of reputation and outline potential avenues for future research. This article is part of the theme issue 'The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Romano
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F Giardini
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen and Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Columbus
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E W de Kwaadsteniet
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Kisfalusi
- Computational Social Science-Research Centre for Educational and Network Studies (CSS-RECENS), Centre for Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Triki
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Snijders
- Human-Technology Interaction Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K Hagel
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Yennello S, McIntosh L, Burns J, Tereshatov E, Tabacaru G, McCann L, Schultz S, Lofton K, Abbott A, Avila G, Berko M, Engelthaler E, Hagel K, Hannaman A, Harvey B, Hood A, McCarthy M, McIntosh A, Sorensen M, Tobin Z, Vonder Haar A. Advances in 211At production at Texas A&M University. EPJ Web Conf 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202125203002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha emitting radionuclides with medically relevant half-lives are interesting for treatment of tumors and other diseases because they deposit large amounts of energy close to the location of the radioisotope. Researchers at the Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University are developing a program to produce 211At, an alpha emitter with a medically relevant half-life. The properties of 211At make it a great candidate for targeted alpha therapy for cancer due to its short half-life (7.2 h). Astatine-211 has now been produced multiple times and reliability of this process is being improved.
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3
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Broesch T, Crittenden AN, Beheim BA, Blackwell AD, Bunce JA, Colleran H, Hagel K, Kline M, McElreath R, Nelson RG, Pisor AC, Prall S, Pretelli I, Purzycki B, Quinn EA, Ross C, Scelza B, Starkweather K, Stieglitz J, Mulder MB. Navigating cross-cultural research: methodological and ethical considerations. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201245. [PMID: 32962541 PMCID: PMC7542829 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensifying pace of research based on cross-cultural studies in the social sciences necessitates a discussion of the unique challenges of multi-sited research. Given an increasing demand for social scientists to expand their data collection beyond WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) populations, there is an urgent need for transdisciplinary conversations on the logistical, scientific and ethical considerations inherent to this type of scholarship. As a group of social scientists engaged in cross-cultural research in psychology and anthropology, we hope to guide prospective cross-cultural researchers through some of the complex scientific and ethical challenges involved in such work: (a) study site selection, (b) community involvement and (c) culturally appropriate research methods. We aim to shed light on some of the difficult ethical quandaries of this type of research. Our recommendation emphasizes a community-centred approach, in which the desires of the community regarding research approach and methodology, community involvement, results communication and distribution, and data sharing are held in the highest regard by the researchers. We argue that such considerations are central to scientific rigour and the foundation of the study of human behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Broesch
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, BC, Canada
| | | | - Bret A. Beheim
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aaron D. Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - John A. Bunce
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidi Colleran
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- BirthRites Independent Max Planck Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Hagel
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michelle Kline
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Richard McElreath
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Anne C. Pisor
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sean Prall
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Ilaria Pretelli
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Purzycki
- Department of the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Cody Ross
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brooke Scelza
- Department of Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathrine Starkweather
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Monique Borgerhoff Mulder
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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4
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Jedele A, McIntosh AB, Hagel K, Huang M, Heilborn L, Kohley Z, May LW, McCleskey E, Youngs M, Zarrella A, Yennello SJ. Characterizing Neutron-Proton Equilibration in Nuclear Reactions with Subzeptosecond Resolution. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:062501. [PMID: 28234540 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.062501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study neutron-proton equilibration in dynamically deformed atomic nuclei created in nuclear collisions. The two ends of the elongated nucleus are initially dissimilar in composition and equilibrate on a subzeptosecond time scale following first-order kinetics. We use angular momentum to relate the breakup orientation to the time scale of the breakup. The extracted rate constant is 3 zs^{-1}, which corresponds to a mean equilibration time of 0.3 zs. This technique enables new insight into the nuclear equation of state that governs many nuclear and astrophysical phenomena leading to the origin of the chemical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jedele
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - A B McIntosh
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - K Hagel
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - M Huang
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - L Heilborn
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Z Kohley
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L W May
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - E McCleskey
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - M Youngs
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - A Zarrella
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - S J Yennello
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Abstract
Direct reciprocity is a major mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Several classical studies have suggested that humans should quickly learn to adopt reciprocal strategies to establish mutual cooperation in repeated interactions. On the other hand, the recently discovered theory of ZD strategies has found that subjects who use extortionate strategies are able to exploit and subdue cooperators. Although such extortioners have been predicted to succeed in any population of adaptive opponents, theoretical follow-up studies questioned whether extortion can evolve in reality. However, most of these studies presumed that individuals have similar strategic possibilities and comparable outside options, whereas asymmetries are ubiquitous in real world applications. Here we show with a model and an economic experiment that extortionate strategies readily emerge once subjects differ in their strategic power. Our experiment combines a repeated social dilemma with asymmetric partner choice. In our main treatment there is one randomly chosen group member who is unilaterally allowed to exchange one of the other group members after every ten rounds of the social dilemma. We find that this asymmetric replacement opportunity generally promotes cooperation, but often the resulting payoff distribution reflects the underlying power structure. Almost half of the subjects in a better strategic position turn into extortioners, who quickly proceed to exploit their peers. By adapting their cooperation probabilities consistent with ZD theory, extortioners force their co-players to cooperate without being similarly cooperative themselves. Comparison to non-extortionate players under the same conditions indicates a substantial net gain to extortion. Our results thus highlight how power asymmetries can endanger mutually beneficial interactions, and transform them into exploitative relationships. In particular, our results indicate that the extortionate strategies predicted from ZD theory could play a more prominent role in our daily interactions than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hilbe
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, United States of America
- IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Kristin Hagel
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Manfred Milinski
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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6
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Barbui M, Hagel K, Gauthier J, Wuenschel S, de Souza RT, Hudan S, Fang D, Goldberg V, Zheng H, Giuliani G, Rapisarda G, Kim EJ, Liu X, Natowitz J. Study of 12C excited states decaying into three αparticles using the thick target inverse kinematic technique. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611707013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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7
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Wieloch A, Adamczyk M, Barbui M, Blando N, Giuliani G, Hagel K, Kim EJ, Kowalski S, Majka Z, Natowitz J, Pelczar K, Płaneta R, Schmidt K, Sosin Z, Wuenschel S, Zelga K, Zheng H. A novel approach to the island of stability of super-heavy elements search. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611701003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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Schmidt K, Natowitz J, Barbui M, Hagel K, Bonasera A, Giuliani G, Zheng H, Rodrigues M, Wada R, Huang M, Botosso C, Kowalski S. Properties of excited A = 40 nuclear systems with varying matter composition. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611707021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Hagel K, Hempel M, Natowitz JB, Röpke G, Typel S, Wuenschel S, Wada R, Barbui M, Schmidt K. From femtonova to supernova: Heavy-ion collisions and the supernova equation of state. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611707018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Schmidt K, Kim EJ, Wuenschel S, Barbui M, Natowitz JB, Hagel K, Wada R, Bottosso C, Giuliani G, Qin L, Kohley Z, Bonasera A, Chen Z, Huang M, Wang J, Zheng H, Kowalski S, Rodrigues MRD, Fabris D, Moretto S, Pesente S, Viesti G, Cinausero M, Prete G, Nebbia G, Keutgen T, El Masri Y, Majka Z, Ma YG. Clustering in alpha conjugate nuclei. EPJ Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20158800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Barbui M, Hagel K, Goldberg V, Natowitz J, Zheng H, Giuliani G, Rapisarda G, Wuenschel S, Liu X. Exploring the alpha cluster structure of nuclei using the thick target inverse kinematics technique for multiple alpha decays. EPJ Web of Conferences 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20146603005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Bang W, Barbui M, Bonasera A, Quevedo HJ, Dyer G, Bernstein AC, Hagel K, Schmidt K, Gaul E, Donovan ME, Consoli F, De Angelis R, Andreoli P, Barbarino M, Kimura S, Mazzocco M, Natowitz JB, Ditmire T. Experimental study of fusion neutron and proton yields produced by petawatt-laser-irradiated D₂-³He or CD₄-³He clustering gases. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 88:033108. [PMID: 24125372 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.033108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on experiments in which the Texas Petawatt laser irradiated a mixture of deuterium or deuterated methane clusters and helium-3 gas, generating three types of nuclear fusion reactions: D(d,^{3}He)n, D(d,t)p, and ^{3}He(d,p)^{4}He. We measured the yields of fusion neutrons and protons from these reactions and found them to agree with yields based on a simple cylindrical plasma model using known cross sections and measured plasma parameters. Within our measurement errors, the fusion products were isotropically distributed. Plasma temperatures, important for the cross sections, were determined by two independent methods: (1) deuterium ion time of flight and (2) utilizing the ratio of neutron yield to proton yield from D(d,^{3}He)n and ^{3}He(d,p)^{4}He reactions, respectively. This experiment produced the highest ion temperature ever achieved with laser-irradiated deuterium clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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13
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Barbui M, Bang W, Bonasera A, Hagel K, Schmidt K, Natowitz JB, Burch R, Giuliani G, Barbarino M, Zheng H, Dyer G, Quevedo HJ, Gaul E, Bernstein AC, Donovan M, Kimura S, Mazzocco M, Consoli F, De Angelis R, Andreoli P, Ditmire T. Measurement of the plasma astrophysical S factor for the 3He(d,p)4He reaction in exploding molecular clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:082502. [PMID: 24010431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.082502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The plasma astrophysical S factor for the 3He(d,p)4He fusion reaction was measured for the first time at temperatures of few keV, using the interaction of intense ultrafast laser pulses with molecular deuterium clusters mixed with 3He atoms. Different proportions of D2 and 3He or CD4 and 3He were mixed in the gas target in order to allow the measurement of the cross section for the 3He(d,p)4He reaction. The yield of 14.7 MeV protons from the 3He(d,p)4He reaction was measured in order to extract the astrophysical S factor at low energies. Our result is in agreement with other S factor parametrizations found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barbui
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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14
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Bang W, Barbui M, Bonasera A, Dyer G, Quevedo HJ, Hagel K, Schmidt K, Consoli F, De Angelis R, Andreoli P, Gaul E, Bernstein AC, Donovan M, Barbarino M, Kimura S, Mazzocco M, Sura J, Natowitz JB, Ditmire T. Temperature measurements of fusion plasmas produced by Petawatt-Laser-Irradiated D2 - (3)He or CD4 - (3)He clustering gases. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:055002. [PMID: 23952411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two different methods have been employed to determine the plasma temperature in a laser-cluster fusion experiment on the Texas Petawatt laser. In the first, the temperature was derived from time-of-flight data of deuterium ions ejected from exploding D(2) or CD(4) clusters. In the second, the temperature was measured from the ratio of the rates of two different nuclear fusion reactions occurring in the plasma at the same time: D(d,(3)He)n and (3)He(d,p)(4)He. The temperatures determined by these two methods agree well, which indicates that (i) the ion energy distribution is not significantly distorted when ions travel in the disassembling plasma; (ii) the kinetic energy of deuterium ions, especially the "hottest part" responsible for nuclear fusion, is well described by a near-Maxwellian distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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15
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Qin L, Hagel K, Wada R, Natowitz JB, Shlomo S, Bonasera A, Röpke G, Typel S, Chen Z, Huang M, Wang J, Zheng H, Kowalski S, Barbui M, Rodrigues MRD, Schmidt K, Fabris D, Lunardon M, Moretto S, Nebbia G, Pesente S, Rizzi V, Viesti G, Cinausero M, Prete G, Keutgen T, El Masri Y, Majka Z, Ma YG. Laboratory tests of low density astrophysical nuclear equations of state. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:172701. [PMID: 22680857 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.172701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Clustering in low density nuclear matter has been investigated using the NIMROD multidetector at Texas A&M University. Thermal coalescence modes were employed to extract densities, ρ, and temperatures, T, for evolving systems formed in collisions of 47A MeV (40)Ar+(112)Sn, (124)Sn and (64)Zn+(112)Sn, (124)Sn. The yields of d, t, (3)He, and (4)He have been determined at ρ=0.002 to 0.03 nucleons/fm(3) and T=5 to 11 MeV. The experimentally derived equilibrium constants for α particle production are compared with those predicted by a number of astrophysical equations of state. The data provide important new constraints on the model calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Qin
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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16
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Hagel K, Wada R, Qin L, Natowitz JB, Shlomo S, Bonasera A, Röpke G, Typel S, Chen Z, Huang M, Wang J, Zheng H, Kowalski S, Bottosso C, Barbui M, Rodrigues MRD, Schmidt K, Fabris D, Lunardon M, Moretto S, Nebbia G, Pesente S, Rizzi V, Viesti G, Cinausero M, Prete G, Keutgen T, El Masri Y, Majka Z. Experimental determination of in-medium cluster binding energies and Mott points in nuclear matter. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:062702. [PMID: 22401061 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.062702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In-medium binding energies and Mott points for d, t, 3He and α clusters in low-density nuclear matter have been determined at specific combinations of temperature and density in low-density nuclear matter produced in collisions of 47A MeV 40Ar and 64Zn projectiles with 112Sn and 124Sn target nuclei. The experimentally derived values of the in-medium modified binding energies are in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions based upon the implementation of Pauli blocking effects in a quantum statistical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hagel
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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17
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Natowitz JB, Röpke G, Typel S, Blaschke D, Bonasera A, Hagel K, Klähn T, Kowalski S, Qin L, Shlomo S, Wada R, Wolter HH. Symmetry energy of dilute warm nuclear matter. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:202501. [PMID: 20867023 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.202501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The symmetry energy of nuclear matter is a fundamental ingredient in the investigation of exotic nuclei, heavy-ion collisions, and astrophysical phenomena. New data from heavy-ion collisions can be used to extract the free symmetry energy and the internal symmetry energy at subsaturation densities and temperatures below 10 MeV. Conventional theoretical calculations of the symmetry energy based on mean-field approaches fail to give the correct low-temperature, low-density limit that is governed by correlations, in particular, by the appearance of bound states. A recently developed quantum-statistical approach that takes the formation of clusters into account predicts symmetry energies that are in very good agreement with the experimental data. A consistent description of the symmetry energy is given that joins the correct low-density limit with quasiparticle approaches valid near the saturation density.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Natowitz
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3366, USA
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18
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Smith VM, Hagel K, Antle MC. Serotonergic potentiation of photic phase shifts: examination of receptor contributions and early biochemical/molecular events. Neuroscience 2009; 165:16-27. [PMID: 19799970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT mixed agonist/antagonist 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)4-[4-(phthalimido)butyl]-piperazine hydrobromide (NAN-190) has been shown to greatly potentiate photic phase shifts in hamsters. The mechanism of this potentiation has yet to be determined. NAN-190 is believed to act primarily through the 5-HT(1A) receptor, but also binds to several other receptors, making it uncertain as to which receptor underlies its potentiation of photic phase shifts. Also uncertain are the intracellular changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which are associated with such enhanced phase shifting. Here we examine the role of the 5-HT(1A) receptor as well as the physiological underpinnings, in terms of both gene expression and biochemical activation, in the behavioral responses to photic stimuli following pretreatment with NAN-190. Administration of NAN-190 to wildtype mice significantly potentiated late subjective night photic phase shifts, while mice lacking the 5-HT(1A) receptor (knockouts) exhibited an attenuated behavioral response to light when pretreated with NAN-190. In wildtype mice, the protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos, induced following photic stimulation, was found to be significantly decreased with NAN-190 pretreatment. Similarly, the levels of phosphorylated CREB protein, involved in a biochemical pathway leading to gene transcription, were also attenuated by NAN-190 in the wildtype mice. However, activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase I/II (ERK) pathway in wildtype mice, following the light pulse, was not affected by NAN-190 pretreatment, nor was the expression of the circadian clock components Period1 and Period2. These findings suggest that the 5-HT(1A) receptor plays a critical role in the potentiation effect observed with NAN-190, and that NAN-190 may potentiate photic phase shifts at least partly by down-regulating the activity of some (but not all) genes and biochemical pathways involved in coupling the light signal to the output of the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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Olbing H, Strohmenger P, Hagel K, Ebel KD, Brünier E. Zur Problematik der Diagnostik von Stenosen der distalen Urethra bei Mädchen. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1228994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bonasera A, Chen Z, Wada R, Hagel K, Natowitz J, Sahu P, Qin L, Kowalski S, Keutgen T, Materna T, Nakagawa T. Quantum nature of a nuclear phase transition. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:122702. [PMID: 18851368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.122702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
At finite temperatures and low densities, nuclei may undergo a phase change similar to a classical liquid-gas phase transition. Temperature is the control parameter while density and pressure are the conjugate variables. In the nucleus the difference between the proton and neutron concentrations acts as an additional order parameter, for which the symmetry potential is the conjugate variable. We present experimental results which reveal the N/Z dependence of the phase transition and discuss possible implications of these observations in terms of the Landau free energy description of critical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonasera
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Bekele S, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Dalsgaard HH, Debbe R, Fox B, Gaardhøje JJ, Hagel K, Jipa A, Johnson EB, Karabowicz R, Katryńska N, Kim EJ, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Murray M, Nygaard C, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Pal D, Qviler A, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Sanders SJ, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Yang H, Wada R. Single-transverse-spin asymmetries of identified charged hadrons in polarized pp collisions at sqrt[s]=62.4 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:042001. [PMID: 18764320 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The first measurements of xF-dependent single-spin asymmetries of identified charged hadrons, pi+/-, K+/-, and protons, from transversely polarized proton-proton collisions at 62.4 GeV at RHIC are presented. Large asymmetries are seen in the pion and kaon channels. The asymmetries in inclusive pi+ production, AN(pi+), increase with xF from 0 to approximately 0.25 and AN(pi-) decrease from 0 to approximately -0.4. Observed asymmetries for K- unexpectedly show positive values similar to those for K+, increasing with xF, whereas proton asymmetries are consistent with zero over the measured kinematic range. Comparisons of the data with predictions of QCD-based models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Bekele S, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Dalsgaard HH, Debbe R, Gaardhøje JJ, Hagel K, Ito H, Jipa A, Johnson EB, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Katrynska N, Kim EJ, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lindal S, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Nygaard C, Płaneta R, Rami F, Renault F, Ristea C, Ristea O, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Yang H, Zgura IS. Production of mesons and baryons at high rapidity and high p(T) in proton-proton collisions at square root[s] = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:252001. [PMID: 17678015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.252001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present particle spectra for charged hadrons pi(+/-), K(+/-), p, and p[over] from pp collisions at square root[s] = 200 GeV measured for the first time at forward rapidities (2.95 and 3.3). The kinematics of these measurements are skewed in a way that probes the small momentum fraction in one of the protons and large fractions in the other. Large proton to pion ratios are observed at values of transverse momentum that extend up to 4 GeV/c, where protons have momenta up to 35 GeV. Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations describe the production of pions and kaons well at these rapidities, but fail to account for the large proton yields and small p[over]/p ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Olchanski K, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Sheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Charged meson rapidity distributions in central Au+Au collisions at square root(sNN) = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:162301. [PMID: 15904216 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.162301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have measured rapidity densities dN/dy of pi+/- and K+/- over a broad rapidity range (-0.1 < y < 3.5) for central Au + Au collisions at square root(sNN) = 200 GeV. These data have significant implications for the chemistry and dynamics of the dense system that is initially created in the collisions. The full phase-space yields are 1660 +/- 15 +/- 133 (pi+), 1683 +/- 16 +/- 135 (pi-), 286 +/- 5 +/- 23 (K+), and 242 +/- 4 +/- 19 (K-). The systematics of the strange to nonstrange meson ratios are found to track the variation of the baryochemical potential with rapidity and energy. Landau-Carruthers hydrodynamics is found to describe the bulk transport of the pions in the longitudinal direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Ito H, Jipa A, Jørdre JI, Jundt F, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Lindal S, Lystad R, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Neumann B, Nielsen BS, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Ristea O, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Sheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Centrality dependence of charged-particle pseudorapidity distributions from d + Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:032301. [PMID: 15698255 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.032301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Charged-particle pseudorapidity densities are presented for the d + Au reaction at sqrt[s(NN)] = 200 GeV with -4.2 < or = eta < or = 4.2. The results, from the BRAHMS experiment at BNL Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider, are shown for minimum-bias events and 0%-30%, 30%-60%, and 60%-80% centrality classes. Models incorporating both soft physics and hard, perturbative QCD-based scattering physics agree well with the experimental results. The data do not support predictions based on strong-coupling, semiclassical QCD. In the deuteron-fragmentation region the central 200 GeV data show behavior similar to full-overlap d+Au results at sqrt[s(NN)] = 19.4 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Ito H, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Lindal S, Lystad R, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Neumann B, Nielsen BS, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Ristea O, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Evolution of the nuclear modification factors with rapidity and centrality in d + Au collisions at (sqrt)[N(S)N]=200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:242303. [PMID: 15697798 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.242303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on a study of the transverse momentum dependence of nuclear modification factors R(dAu) for charged hadrons produced in deuteron + gold collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV, as a function of collision centrality and of the pseudorapidity (eta=0, 1, 2.2, 3.2) of the produced hadrons. We find a significant and systematic decrease of R(dAu) with increasing rapidity. The midrapidity enhancement and the forward rapidity suppression are more pronounced in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions. These results are relevant to the study of the possible onset of gluon saturation at energies reached at BNL RHIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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27
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Olchanski K, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Nuclear stopping in Au+Au collisions at square root of S(NN)=200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:102301. [PMID: 15447397 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transverse momentum spectra and rapidity densities, dN/dy, of protons, antiprotons, and net protons (p-p) from central (0%-5%) Au+Au collisions at square root of S(NN)=200 GeV were measured with the BRAHMS experiment within the rapidity range 0</=y</=3. The proton and antiproton dN/dy decrease from midrapidity to y=3. The net-proton yield is roughly constant for y<1 at dN/dy approximately 7, and increases to dN/dy approximately 12 at y approximately 3. The data show that collisions at this energy exhibit a high degree of transparency and that the linear scaling of rapidity loss with rapidity observed at lower energies is broken. The energy loss per participant nucleon is estimated to be 73+/-6 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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28
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Ito H, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Lindal S, Lystad G, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, McBreen B, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Neumann B, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Ristea O, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Transverse-momentum spectra in Au+Au and d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV and the pseudorapidity dependence of high-p(T) suppression. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:072305. [PMID: 12935010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.072305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present spectra of charged hadrons from Au+Au and d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV measured with the BRAHMS experiment at RHIC. The spectra for different collision centralities are compared to spectra from p+(-)p collisions at the same energy scaled by the number of binary collisions. The resulting ratios (nuclear modification factors) for central Au+Au collisions at eta=0 and eta=2.2 evidence a strong suppression in the high p(T) region (>2 GeV/c). In contrast, the d+Au nuclear modification factor (at eta=0) exhibits an enhancement of the high p(T) yields. These measurements indicate a high energy loss of the high p(T) particles in the medium created in the central Au+Au collisions. The lack of suppression in d+Au collisions makes it unlikely that initial state effects can explain the suppression in the central Au+Au collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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29
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Blyakhman Y, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jakobsen E, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Keutgen T, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, McBreen B, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Olchanski K, Olness J, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Wieloch A, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Rapidity dependence of charged antihadron to hadron ratios in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:102301. [PMID: 12688991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present ratios of the numbers of charged antihadrons to hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV as a function of rapidity in the range y=0-3. While the ratios at midrapidity are approaching unity, the K(-)/K(+) and p;/p ratios decrease significantly at forward rapidities. An interpretation of the results within the statistical model indicates a reduction of the baryon chemical potential from mu(B) approximately 130 MeV at y=3 to mu(B) approximately 25 MeV at y=0.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Natowitz JB, Hagel K, Ma Y, Murray M, Qin L, Wada R, Wang J. Limiting temperatures and the equation of state of nuclear matter. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:212701. [PMID: 12443405 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.212701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
From experimental observations of limiting temperatures in heavy ion collisions we derive the critical temperature of infinite nuclear matter Tc=16.6+/-0.86. Theoretical model correlations between Tc, the compressibility modulus K, the effective mass m*, and the saturation density rho s are then exploited to derive the quantity (K/m*)1/2 rho -1/3 s. This quantity together with calculations employing Skyrme and Gogny interactions indicates a value of K in moderately excited nuclei that is in excellent agreement with the value determined from giant monopole resonance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Natowitz
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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31
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Blyakhman Y, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jakobsen E, Jipa A, Jørdre JI, Jundt F, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Keutgen T, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, McBreen B, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Olchanski K, Olness J, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Sheetz RA, Staszel P, Thorsteinsen TF, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Wieloch A, Zgura IS. Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles from Au + Au collisions at the maximum RHIC energy, square root[s(NN)] = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:202301. [PMID: 12005556 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.202301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Revised: 02/14/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present charged-particle multiplicities as a function of pseudorapidity and collision centrality for the 197Au+197Au reaction at square root[s(NN)] = 200 GeV. For the 5% most central events we obtain dN(ch)/deta/(eta = 0) = 625+/-55 and N(ch)/(-4.7< or =eta < or =4.7) = 4630 +/- 370, i.e., 14% and 21% increases, respectively, relative to square root[s(NN)] = 130 GeV collisions. Charged-particle production per pair of participant nucleons is found to increase from peripheral to central collisions around midrapidity. These results constrain current models of particle production at the highest RHIC energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Blyakhman Y, Brzychczyk J, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Gaardhøje JJ, Grotowski K, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jakobsen E, Jipa A, Jørdre JI, Jundt F, Jørgensen CE, Keutgen T, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden GL, Majka Z, Makeev A, McBreen B, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Olchanski K, Olness J, Ouerdane D, Planeta R, Rami F, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sanders SJ, Sheetz RA, Sosin Z, Staszel P, Thorsteinsen TF, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Wieloch A, Zgura IS. Rapidity dependence of antiproton-to-proton ratios in Au+Au collisions at square root of (sNN) = 130 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:112305. [PMID: 11531519 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Measurements, with the BRAHMS detector, of the antiproton-to-proton ratio at midrapidities and forward rapidities, are presented for Au+Au reactions at square root of [s(NN)] = 130 GeV, and for three different collision centralities. For collisions in the 0%-40% centrality range, we find N(&pmacr;)/N(p) = 0.64+/-0.04((stat))+/-0.06((syst)) at y approximately 0, 0.66+/-0.03+/-0.06 at y approximately 0.7, and 0.41+/-0.04+/-0.06 at y approximately 2. The ratios are found to be nearly independent of collision centrality and transverse momentum. The antiproton and proton rapidity densities vary differently with rapidity, and indicate a significant degree of collision transparency, although a net-baryon free midrapidity plateau (Bjorken limit) is not yet reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rietz S, Hagel K. [Falls incurred by the elderly resulting in injury: pathogenesis and rehabilitation]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 1999; 38:16-9. [PMID: 10198935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Falls prove to be a significant problem in geriatrics. 5% of falls lead to fractures and 10% to soft tissue injuries. We examined retrospectively the rehabilitation course of 78 patients, who had been treated by us after falls leading to injury. Fractures of the neck of femur predominated with 57%, followed by other fractures of the lower limbs with 13%. The remainder of the falls with consequences of injury lead to fractures of other parts and soft tissue injuries. In 34% of the falls, the cause was estimated as predominantly intrinsic and in 11% as extrinsic. 19% of the falls were a mixture of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In 36% of the cases the cause remained unknown. Before the fall occurred, 72% were independent, 26% needed help and 1 patients was in need of care. After finishing rehabilitation 54% were independent, 34% needed help and 11% were in need of care. 86% were able to return to their usual social surroundings. Rehabilitation after falls with consequences of injury goes beyond mere "orthopedic" treatment. To minimize the future risk of fall, a precise analysis of the cause of fall should be implemented. One should moreover try to optimize the environment to reduce the risk.
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Abstract
This study evaluates the available literature about the prognosis of patients with apallic syndrome and similar illnesses. Different therapeutic strategies are not relevant in this review. The variation of the reported material did not permit a statistical metaanalysis. However, many interesting points of view could be elaborated leading to positive assistance in everyday situations. The chance of survival and the long-term outcome of comatose patients decrease with an increase in the age of the patient, the length and the degree of the coma. Cerebral predamage worses the long-term prognosis. Traumatic head injuries have a better prognosis than nontraumatic. Children (under 18 years of age) have a better prognosis than adults. The course of the oculomotoric symptoms can be used as a prognostic criterion. The somatosensory evoked potentials in the early phase correlate with the survival-chance and the long-term prognosis. The initial speed of recovery correlates with the long term outcome. Children and adults with traumatic apallic syndrome may recover over a period of 12 months. For apallic patients with other etiologies this time limit is 3 months. Few cases of recovery have been described outside these time limits. The average survival limit of permanent apallic patients is between 3 and 5 years. Particular patients have survived decades.
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Steckmeyer JC, Kerambrun A, Angélique JC, Auger G, Bizard G, Brou R, Cabot C, Crema E, Cussol D, Durand D, Eudes P, Gonin M, Hagel K, He ZY, Jeong SC, Lebrun C, Patry JP, Péghaire A, Péter J, Régimbart R, Rosato E, Saint-Laurent F, Tamain B, Vient E, Wada R. Properties of Very Hot Nuclei Formed in 64Zn+natTi Collisions at Intermediate Energies. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 76:4895-4898. [PMID: 10061407 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Abstract
There is no doubt that vegetative patients need the appropriate medical and nursing procedures as well as family involvement, education and counselling. Additional structured stimulation programmes are used for the treatment of coma and vegetative state. The theoretical foundation is derived from animal studies. The relevance of the results for the rehabilitation of head-injured human patients remains questionable, because all animal studies involve the use of cerebral lesions different from those found in human head-injured patients. The studies of human sensory stimulation give more an orientation than a definitive statement. Very recently, hypotheses concerning sensory regulation have begun to be evaluated. Further investigations are required to provide a more definite conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grossman
- Arzt für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Neurologische Klinik Elzach/Schwarzwald, Postfach, Germany
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies made within the western countries indicate an incidence of 200-300 traumatic head injuries per 100 000 residents each year. Severe head injuries account for 5-25% of all head injuries; 10-14% of all severe head-injured patients develop into a vegetative state, in which a sleep-wake rhythm is apparent, but however in which there is no evidence of awakeness or reactivity to the environment. The most commonly used labels, in the German and international literature, for these patients are 'vegetative state', 'apallic syndrome' and 'coma vigile'. This clinical characterization is not sufficient. It is necessary to employ additional criteria to distinguish subsets of vegetative patients e.g. computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission tomography, electroencephalography, brainstem reflexes, evoked potentials, assessment scales, age, premorbid brain disorders. Diagnostic and prognostic parameters must form the basis for various decisions relating to patients' care and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grossman
- Arzt fur Neurologie un Psychiatrie, Neurologische Klinik Elzach/Schwarzwald, Postfach, Germany
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38
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Natowitz JB, Hagel K, Wada R, Majka Z, Gonthier P, Li J, Mdeiwayeh N, Xiao B, Zhao Y. Limiting temperatures of neutron rich nuclei: A possible interpretation of data from isotope yield ratios. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1995; 52:R2322-R2325. [PMID: 9970828 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.r2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Fabris D, Viesti G, Fioretto E, Cinausero M, Gelli N, Hagel K, Lucarelli F, Natowitz JB, Nebbia G, Prete G, Wada R. Excitation energy dependence of the fission probability in 200Pb compound nuclei. Phys Rev Lett 1994; 73:2676-2679. [PMID: 10057165 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hagel K, Gonin M, Wada R, Natowitz JB, Haddad F, Lou Y, Gui M, Utley D, Xiao B, Li J, Nebbia G, Fabris D, Prete G, Ruiz J, Drain D, Chambon B, Cheynis B, Guinet D, Hu XC, Demeyer A, Pastor C, Giorni A, Lleres A, Stassi P, Viano JB, Gonthier P. Violent collisions and multifragment final states in the 40Ca+40Ca reaction at 35 MeV/nucleon. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1994; 50:2017-2034. [PMID: 9969879 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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41
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Fabris D, Fioretto E, Viesti G, Cinausero M, Gelli N, Hagel K, Lucarelli F, Natowitz JB, Nebbia G, Prete G, Wada R. Alpha particle emission as a probe of the level density in highly excited A~200 nuclei. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1994; 50:R1261-R1264. [PMID: 9969842 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.r1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Utley D, Wada R, Hagel K, Li J, Bin X, Gui M, Lou Y, Tezkratt R, Natowitz JB, Gonin M. Excitation energy deposition in central collisions of 40A MeV 40Ar with 232Th. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1994; 49:R1737-R1741. [PMID: 9969465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.49.r1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gui M, Hagel K, Wada R, Lou Y, Utley D, Xiao B, Li J, Natowitz JB, Enders G, Kühn W, Metag V, Novotny R, Schwalb O, Charity RJ, Freifelder R, Gobbi A, Henning W, Hildenbrand KD, Mayer R, Simon RS, Wessels JP, Casini G, Olmi A, Stefanini AA. Mass asymmetry dependence of scission times in the reactions of 18.5A MeV 136Xe+48Ti. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1993; 48:1791-1814. [PMID: 9969024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Enders G, Berg FD, Hagel K, Kühn W, Metag V, Novotny R, Pfeiffer M, Schwalb O, Charity RJ, Gobbi A, Freifelder R, Henning W, Hildenbrand KD, Holzmann R, Mayer RS, Simon RS, Wessels JP, Casini G, Olmi A, Stefanini AA. Excitation-energy dependence of the giant dipole resonance width. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 69:249-252. [PMID: 10046625 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hagel K, Gonin M, Wada R, Natowitz JB, Sa BH, Lou Y, Gui M, Utley D, Nebbia G, Fabris D, Prete G, Ruiz J, Drain D, Chambon B, Cheynis B, Guinet D, Hu XC, Demeyer A, Pastor C, Giorni A, Lleres A, Stassi P, Viano JB, Gonthier P. Multifragmentation of 40Ca+40Ca. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 68:2141-2144. [PMID: 10045319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Nebbia G, Ruiz JA, Fabris D, Viesti G, Burch RH, Gramegna F, Prete G, Giorni A, Lleres A, Viano JB, Chambon B, Cheynis B, Demeyer A, Drain D, Guinet D, Hu XC, Gonin M, Hagel K, Natowitz JB, Wada R, Gonthier PL. Incomplete fusion and cluster production in heavy-ion collisions at 30 MeV/nucleon. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1992; 45:317-325. [PMID: 9967758 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.45.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gonin M, Cooke L, Hagel K, Lou Y, Natowitz JB, Schmitt RP, Shlomo S, Srivastava B, Turmel W, Utsunomiya H, Wada R, Nardelli G, Nebbia G, Viesti G, Zanon R, Fornal B, Prete G, Niita K, Hannuschke S, Gonthier P, Wilkins B. Dynamical effects on the de-excitation of hot nuclei with A. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1990; 42:2125-2142. [PMID: 9966960 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.42.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Schmaltz AA, Bein G, Grävinghoff L, Hagel K, Hentrich F, Hofstetter R, Lindinger A, Kallfelz HC, Kramer HH, Mennicken U. Balloon valvuloplasty of pulmonary stenosis in infants and children--co-operative study of the German Society of Pediatric Cardiology. Eur Heart J 1989; 10:967-71. [PMID: 2686996 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Balloon valvuloplasty (BVP) of pulmonary stenosis (PST) was performed in 305 infants and children in 20 heart centres of the Federal Republic of Germany. 273 patients suffered from isolated PST. Their age ranged from 3 days to 18 years (mean = 5.85 +/- 4.82 years), their weight from 2.9 to 60 kg. The pressure gradient was measured invasively in the sedated or anaesthetized child, partly by CW Doppler. BVP was performed by mono- or trefoil catheters, mostly oversized. As a result, mean pressure gradient fell from 71.7 +/- 32 mmHg before to 31.8 +/- 25 mmHg immediately after BVP (P less than 0.0001). The gradient was reduced by less than 30% in 13% of the patients, by 30-49% in 23%, and by greater than or equal to 50% in 64%. Among 33 patients with a gradient reduction of less than 30%, nine were aged less than 1 year, nine had dysplastic valves, and nine had a short-term infundibular reaction and good late results. Gradient reduction was not improved with oversized balloons and was independent of the initial gradient. Follow-up for a mean 11.2 +/- 8 months showed a further slight improvement, probably due to regression of infundibular hypertrophy. In the whole group we observed infundibular reaction in 12%, serious complications with one late death in 4%. From the start, BVP proved to be a secure and effective tool for elimination of pulmonary stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Schmaltz
- Abt. Pädiatr. Kardiologie, Univ. Childrens Hospital, Essen, FR Germany
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Wada R, Fabris D, Hagel K, Nebbia G, Lou Y, Gonin M, Natowitz JB, Billerey R, Cheynis B, Demeyer A, Drain D, Guinet D, Pastor C, Vagneron L, Zaid K, Alarja J, Giorni A, Heuer D, Morand C, Viano B, Mazur C, Ng C, Leray S, Lucas R, Ribrag M, Tomasi E. Temperatures and excitation energies of hot nuclei in the reactions of 32S+Ag and 16O+Ag at 30 MeV/nucleon. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1989; 39:497-515. [PMID: 9955222 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.39.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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50
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Viesti G, Fornal B, Fabris D, Hagel K, Natowitz JB, Nebbia G, Prete G, Trotti F. Decay of deformed 59Cu nuclei. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 38:2640-2658. [PMID: 9955105 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.38.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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